Aid Box Research Articles

Evaluation of the health services provided by the primary schools in southwest Districts of Mogadishu, Somalia

Purpose: This study set out to evaluate the state of the School Health Services SHS in primary schools across the Southwest Districts of Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: The Southwest Districts of Mogadishu City, which are made up of the four districts "Wadajir, Dharkenley, Kahda, and Deyniile," served as the study site. In Mogadishu, these four districts rank among the biggest. The population was estimated around a million. A cross sectional descriptive study conducted from January to July 2024. A School Health Evaluation Scale Questionnaire was completed for each school by direct interview, there were about 100 elementary schools in the Area that were officially registered, comprising 60 private and 40 public schools. Results: Of the Teachers in the schools surveyed, 8 (30.8%) were trained to assess the physical status of children. Only 6 (23%) schools observe and assess health status of school children regularly. Overall, twenty-one schools (80.7%) has no sick bay/health center. 80.8% has no a policy on first aid and emergency treatment. First Aid boxes were present only 2 schools (7.7%). Only 6 schools (23%) used their dispositions to exclude and re-admit students suffering from communicable diseases from school. 7 Schools 26.9% require students to be immunized against communicable diseases. Conclusion: both public and private elementary schools in Mogadishu southwest districts, the quality of the school health services was generally poor. Thus, we would like to encourage that the management of the elementary schools be given immediate attention. First aid should be taught to at least one member of staff in every elementary school. The Ministry of Education ought to make this a requirement for registration and a policy.

Frequency of workplace incidents and injuries in veterinarians, veterinary nurses and veterinary students and measures to control these.

Veterinarians, veterinary nurses and veterinary students work and train in a variety of environments and are exposed to a wide range of hazards. (1) To compare the rate of health and safety incidents and injuries between veterinarians, veterinary nurses and veterinary students. (2) To investigate the health and safety hazard controls present in Australian veterinary workplaces. A cross-sectional study, using an online questionnaire. Anonymous links to the questionnaire were disseminated to Australian veterinarians, veterinary nurses and veterinary students. A total of 494 veterinarians, 484 veterinary nurses and 212 veterinary students completed the survey. Incidents and injuries were common, particularly sharps-related injuries and animal bites. Australian veterinary nurses and veterinarians experienced the studied incidents at similar rates to each other. Veterinary students experienced some incidents and injuries at rates higher than both veterinarians and veterinary nurses, including heatstroke, hypothermia, sunburn, electric shock, loss of consciousness, being rammed or pushed over by an animal and farm equipment injuries. Of the workplace hazard controls reported, first aid boxes were most commonly present, and safety meetings occurred least commonly. Veterinary nurses received Q fever and rabies vaccines much less frequently than veterinarians and veterinary students. This study demonstrated that improvements need to be made to the occupational health and safety standards in the Australian veterinary sector. Veterinarians and veterinary nurses had suboptimal rates of access to many of the required and critical workplace health and safety controls. Improvements to the standard of health and safety training of veterinary students are indicated, given their higher rates of certain incidents and injury.

The Influence of Comic Media Education “SIMEBA” (Siap Menghadapi Banjir) on the Self-Efficacy Level of Flood Disaster Preparedness Among Mts Muhammadiyah Sirau Students in 2023

Background: Floods cause various kinds of losses in the form of property losses and social losses. Floods in Sirau Village routinely occur every year because of the village's geographical location which is concave, but the community is always not ready to make any preparations if a flood occurs, such as planning evacuation locations, carrying out evacuation simulation exercises, not preparing a first aid box or preparing a special place to store archives. important. People need to have good self-efficacy and knowledge to overcome problems in order to avoid their impacts. Method: This research used a pre-experimental design with one group pretest-posttest. The sample was 46 respondents using proportional random sampling technique. Then the Wilcoxon test is used for statistical tests. This research instrument uses a questionnaire to collect data, and comic media as an educational intervention. Results: This research shows that the majority of respondents received a good category after the intervention with a Self Efficacy level of 73.9%. The p value obtained from the Wilcoxon test is 0.00 < 0.05. This means that there is a significant influence on the level of self-ability on preparedness for flood disasters. Conclusion: Good Self Efficacy will influence the Respondent's abilities and skills in managing or dealing with uncontrollable situations such as disasters.

Afety and Protection Practices in the Early Childhood Education Centres

A safe and secure environment is an essential part of the early childhood development of any child. This study aims to investigate the safety and protection practices of early childhood centers in the Anambra state, Nigeria, and to determine if any improvements can be made to them. This study analyzed data collected from 60 Early Childhood Care Centers (ECCE Centers) and 60 Pre-Primary Schools (Preprimary School) in Anambra State using the Evaluation of ECCE Implementation Kit (KEIEP), direct observation, and unstructured interviews, all of which were conducted using the evaluation tool. Using descriptive statistics, chi-squares, and student t-statistics, the data were analyzed. According to the results of this study, 28.0% of the private ECCE centers were in compliance with the requirements for enough space for children to play, fenced facilities, a standard first aid box, a splint bandage and an antiseptic. It is important to note that the majority of public early childhood education centers (62.0%) comply with the requirements for fencing, a first aid box, splint bandages, cotton wool, antiseptic, scissors, methylated spirit, liniment, analgesics, and thermometers, whereas 31% of those centers do not have the remaining seven practices. A conclusion of the study was that both private and public ECCE centers in Anambra State comply with the safety and protection provisions and practices in place. Keywords: Caregiver, Early Childhood Education, Protection, Safety Practices

Occupational Health Hazards among Petrol Station Workers in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

When a consumer comes to the gas station to buy fuel, the attendants are their initial point of contact. Petrol station employees deal with a variety of risks and health issues on the job. This study was carried out to ascertain the health risks, occupational safety practices, and health issues among gas station workers in Ibadan, Oyo State. Africa.
 This intervention study was conducted with all willing attendants that operate at Ibadan's filling stations. A semi-structured interviewer-administered English-language questionnaire was used to gather data. STATA 12.1 software was used for data analysis after structured interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to gather data. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the analysis. A 5% threshold for significance was used.
 The study involved 620 respondents in total for both genders, the mean age of the responders was 29.4 ± 4.6 years. The inhalation of petrol fumes, customer confrontation, and noise exposure were among the hazards that were reported. Dust-related chronic cough; heat stress that frequently leads to heat exhaustion and heat stroke; hearing loss; hypertension from excessive equipment noise; back and general body ache from bending over repeatedly at work; robbery; fire; harsh weather; and exhaust fume incidence. Health problems reported included headache, blurry vision, vomiting, drowsiness, vertigo, heartburn, slurred speech, weakness, staggering, facial flushing, itching, loss of consciousness, heart failure, convulsion, irritability, memory loss, nausea, tremor, involuntary eye movement, cough, muscle spasms, hallucination, altered vision, insomnia, poor appetite and stomach upset factor associated with health problem. The results, which have a p-value of 0.29, demonstrate that there is no meaningful correlation between occupational safety practices and health issues. Occupation-related health hazards, work environment, and health problems are significantly correlated, with p-values of less than 0.01. Additionally, there is no significant correlation (p-value of 0.12), between understanding of safety procedures and health issues.
 In conclusion, the study found that attendants at fiilling stations were subjected to a variety of risks and health issues. Poor hand washing techniques, first aid box availability, PPE awareness and use, and medical assessment procedures were all present. The Independent Petroleum Marketers Association and other relevant parties should endeavor to guarantee that filling station owners assume accountability for the well-being and security of their employees.

Ergonomic Analysis of Logging Operations in Onigambari Forest Reserve

This study attempted to determine ergonomic analysis in logging operations in Onigambari Forest Reserve. It specifically examined the risk factors associated with logging operations in the study area. The study used a reconnaissance to obtain data from 51 loggers who were available in the forest reserve using a checklist. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency count, tables and charts to achieve the study objectives. Our results showed that awareness of standard rules and safety regulations fell short of expectations, while the employers did not provide the necessary information and protective gadgets. Noise assessment showed that all workers were exposed to noise, but just 2% reported effects of noise on their work, while 21.6% reported effects of noise on their health. The study found that none of the workers had ever gone for an audiometry test. The workers agreed that accidents could affect their work; felling and breaking of tree branches were reported as the most common accidents, although worker carelessness was also reported to be a major cause, 56.9% of the workers were exposed to vibrations, of these, 39.2% were exposed to whole body vibration. 19.6% were exposed to hand-arm vibration. The study concludes and recommends that first aid boxes equipped with the necessary drugs be provided to limit, reduce and curb minor injuries from becoming complex ones. Personal protective should always be worn by loggers or operators for preventive measures as well as a reduction in hours worked per day.

Emergency Tower System For An Accident

An emergency is an accident that cannot be predicted when it will happen. Emergency situation is a patient's clinical condition that need immediate medical action, to save lives and prevent further disability. campus is a place with high mobility of the academic community, so the potential for an emergency to occur in the campus area is quite large Apart from accidents, emergency cases that require prompt and appropriate treatment are sudden cardiac arrest. The life expectancy of cardiac arrest sufferers is very dependence on the competence of helpers to provide. Therefore, the process of handling emergency cases in the campus area can be carried out by developing a risk management ecosystem through an emergency tower that is integrated in the Detector Tower wirelessly. Emergency tower is a tower to provide information related to an emergency situation. This tower use an esp8266 as microcontroller to send information, sirins for an indicator to make an announcement there is an accident. Door lock to lock first aid box that only opens when push button got pressed. The result of emergency tower are can send alert information and do two-way communication with the Detector Tower, which can provide emergency handling through the Detector Tower installed at the location of the officer in charge. While waiting the Emergency tower is equipped with a first aid kit box that can be used as well as CCTV that will monitor events in the area. The emergency tower system has 100% that can help to handle emergency situation.

Analisis Implementasi Standar K3 Perkantoran berdasarkan Permenkes No 48 Tahun 2016 di Dinas Penanggulangan Kebakaran dan Penyelamatan Provinsi DKI Jakarta Tahun 2022

Introduction: the implementation of K3 is often seen as a cost or a cost burden, not as an investment to prevent work accidents. It is undeniable that work accidents can occur in office areas. Objectives: This study aims to determine the implementation of compliance with office safety and health standards based on the Minister of Health No. 48 of 2016 at the office of the fire prevention and rescue agency of DKI Jakarta province in 2022 Method: The type of research used is descriptive research using qualitative methods that rely on observations or interviews in collecting data in the field. This study conducted in-depth interviews with three informants by referring to the research source. The instrument in this research is the researcher himself which can then be developed to finalize the data and compare it with the data obtained through observations and interviews. Data validation used in this study was the triangulation method, where the triangulation used as data source triangulation and method triangulation. Result: The results of the implementation of the fulfillment of office safety and health standards at the fire prevention and rescue office of the DKI Jakarta province found that the implementation of the fulfillment of work safety standards from 43 points checked was 24 points or 57.1% not by the standards for implementing office work safety based on Minister of Health Regulation No. 48 of 2016. Conclusion: To reduce the risk of accidents and diseases caused by office work, it is necessary to establish an office K3 unit, training K3 offices, measure, assess, and map risks in the event of a disaster and fire, conduct simulations or training on emergency response to office buildings, completing the provision of first aid boxes in case of content accidents. and usage information.

Community-Based Qualitative Study to Identify Challenges in Implementing Health Promoting Schools Framework in Government Schools of Khordha District, Odisha, India.

The WHO asserts every school should be a Health Promoting School (HPS) and laid a framework. The WHO is constantly working on expanding the number of schools modelled on it. The status of the level of health promotion needs to be explored to understand the local issues to identify key priority areas for policy making towards positive health. The study aims to explore the challenges in implementing the HPS framework in Government-run schools in Odisha. Method: A qualitative study was conducted with grounded theory using an inductive approach. In-depth interview was done among nine teachers from six government schools in the Khordha district who were selected through purposive sampling. A semi-structured open-ended interview was conducted using an interview guide among school science teachers and principals (n=9) regarding the challenges in implementing the HPS framework. Codes were generated from the transcript using the inductive approach from the WHO-HPS framework. Thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke model was using Quirkos software. Five themes with 12 codes were identified with the transcript. The respondents had little knowledge about the WHO-HPS framework. Their perception of health promotion was restricted to organizing health camps for school children. The themes were School health policy (inconsistent teachers recruitment policy, partial implementation of tobacco-free schools, outdated science syllabus),Coordination with the local community, Healthy school needs (lack of interactive and repetitive health-related training for school teachers, first aid box in schools and lack of supplementation of micronutrients like WIFS), Sanitation (inadequate funding for maintenance of sanitation) and an emerging issue of increased use of social media were reported in our findings. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that implementation of health-promoting schools requires imparting the skills to teachers by orientation and expanding the existing health services, backed with adequate funding and a firm policy commitment at the state level.

Role of Preschool Teachers in Early Childhood Care and Education: A Study of Anganwadis/Anganwadi Schools Located in Scheduled Caste Colonies of Telangana State

In India, ICDS provides early childhood education to children (3–6 years) under the supervision of Anganwadi Teacher (AWT). The study concluded that out of 42 AWTs, the majority are Schedule caste (SC) teachers and have more than 10 years of experience and only half of the AWTs have an intermediate and above qualification. The study also revealed that three-quarters of preschool children were from the SC community, and the rest came from other communities. The vast majority of AWCs have building blocks, charts, picture books and carpets, but the vast majority (65%) lack a first aid box. As per the study, the most difficult challenges for SC AWTs in organizing preschool education are as follows: insufficient space for class activities, material storage and indoor games; children’s irregularities, other responsibilities; parental migration, English medium schools and a lack of basic amenities, all of which impede proper pre-school education implementation.

Comparative Analysis of the Status of Implementation of School Health Services in Public and Primary Schools in Owerri Municipal, Imo State, Nigeria.

Effective school health service helps to reduce ill health, increase school attendance, academic performance, decrease school dropout rates, and additionally plays a role in identifying children with emotional, behavioural, and mental health problems for proper assessment and appropriate interventions. To assess the status of the school health services in selected public and private primary schools within Owerri Municipal Local Government Area, Imo State. A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out from March to April 2017. Out of the 48 government approved primary schools, 36 (12 public and 24 private) schools within Owerri Municipal LGA were assessed. Relevant data was obtained from school head teachers and direct observation was done where applicable. The responses were scored using a validated School Health Programme evaluation scale. The overall mean score for School Health Services in Owerri Municipal LGA was 13.14 with the mean scores of 14.42 for private and 10.58 for public schools which were significantly lower than the minimum acceptable score of 19. The private schools performed better than public schools in practice of School Health Services and their mean difference was statistically significant (p=0.012). School health personnel were available in fourteen (38.9%) schools, out of which one (8.3%) public school had health personnel. All (100%) schools had first aid boxes, but none of the schools had the boxes completely stocked. School health clinics were available in one (8.3%) public school and 5 (20.8%) private schools. School meals were served in six (25%) private but none in public schools. The overall status of school health services in primary schools within Owerri Municipal LGA is poor. The private schools performed comparatively better than public schools. These findings therefore portray the need for implementation of the National School Health Policy by the State Ministries of Education and Health. Keywords: Implementation, School Health Services, Public and Primary Schools.

Effectiveness of Early Childhood Education: A Case Study from Remote District of Central Punjab

This study was designed to the effectiveness of early childhood educationclassrooms in terms of available facilities and practices in PublicElementary Schools of remote district of central Punjab. In this studysurvey design was used. The target population for this study was all theHead Teachers, ECE teachers and Caregivers constituted the populationworking in all public elementary schools in district Toba Tek Singh.However, using simple random sampling method 150 head teachers, 150teachers and 150 caregivers (female) were selected. To collect data fromthe sampled participants a self-developed questionnaire was used as datacollection instrument from the sample. The items set in the questionnairewas based on categories of Facilities and Practices. The questionnaire wasalso pretested on a small group of teachers from non-selected schools toevaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The Cronbachalpha value for reliability of the questionnaire was found 0.71. It wasfound that there was scarcity of multimedia or projector, first aid box,washrooms, energy sources, necessary stationery, drinking water and newcharts to restore the interest in learning of the kids in ECE rooms. Lack inteachers and caregivers use of different pedagogies to inculcate the basicconcepts and making the

Safety and Security Measures at Buabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary in Ghana

The study was conducted to assess the safety and security measures at Buabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary in Ghana. The study used a case study design. Interviews and observation were used to gather data from 10 management staff. The study revealed that safety signs, a first aid box, a fire extinguisher, washrooms, dustbins, tour guides, security personnel, visitors seating and an emergency unit were available at the site. However, CCTV cameras, metal detectors and ambulances were not available. The study further established that safety and security measures at the site were generally inadequate; management did not consider the site to be under any threat since the monkeys had never caused any severe harm or injury to tourists, which would call for stringent security measures. The study recommends that tourism stakeholders should endevour to provide CCTV cameras, metal detectors and ambulances to deal with any incidents that may arise at the destination.

Enhancing safety measures at the Kintampo Waterfalls in Ghana: A post-disaster evaluation

The study was conducted to evaluate the safety measures put in place at Kintampo Waterfalls in Ghana following the March 18,2017, natural disaster,which led to the death of eighteen (18) students,with three (3) others sustaining varying degrees of injury. The study used a case study design. Through the observation methodand interview, data was gathered to assess the safety and security measures at Kintampo Waterfalls. The study revealed that safety signs, a first aid box, a fire extinguisher, a washroom, dustbins, tour guides, security personnel, visitors seating, and an emergency unit were available at the site. However, CCTV cameras, metal detectors, emergency response teams, and ambulances were not available. The study findings imply that destination management has attempted to improve safety and security practices at the site after the incident to avert any future occurrences. The study recommends that destination management should endeavor to provide CCTV cameras, metal detectors, permanent ambulanceservice, permanent police personnel, and an emergency response team to deal with any situation that may arise at the destination. The findings of the study provide current data on the state of Kintampo Waterfalls after the disaster to policymakers, destination managers, and the general public.

Evaluation of occupational health management status and safety issues of the small-scale fisheries sector in Bangladesh.

Small-scale fishing is one of the most precarious occupations, with high rates of threats and hazards. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the health hazards and safety issues of fishers involved in small-scale fisheries (SSF). Fifty SSF fishers (n = 50) were surveyed by using a pre-tested questionnaire between October 2019 and March 2020 at the lower Meghna River in the northern tip of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Results revealed that 56% of SSF fishermen belong to a nuclear family, and 42% completed primary education. Forty per cent had an annual income of between 1,000 and 1,500 USD. Seventy-six per cent of fishermen were found to suffer from fever, and 72%, and 60% from diarrhoea and skin diseases over the last 5 years (2015-2020), respectively. During fishing, 78% of fishermen also suffered from red-eye problems, dizziness, and headache, and 68% struggled with musculoskeletal complaints during the last 5 years. Extreme cyclonic occurrences and sudden storms were experienced by 66% and 32% of fishermen, respectively, during the last 5 years. Local pharmacies were visited by 46% of fishermen for treatment due to ease of access. Sixty-four per cent of participants applied their local indigenous knowledge to treat health-related problems. Twenty-eight per cent and 32% of fishermen used a first aid box and stored medicine on board, respectively. Most of the fishers are in great risk of medium- to high-range danger while fishing in the SSF sector in Bangladesh. Many countries have developed protocols for safe and responsible fishing. In Bangladesh, adequate attention is needed for the sustainable development of the SSF sector.

Evaluation of the I-PLAN Intervention to Promote Hearing Aid Use in New Adult Users: a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective:Provision of information is already part of standard care and may not be sufficient to promote hearing aid use. The I-PLAN is a behavior change intervention that is designed to promote hearing aid use in adults. It consists of a prompt, an action plan and provision of information. The objective was to test the effectiveness of the I-PLAN prompt and plan components in promoting hearing aid use and benefit. Hypotheses were: there would be greater hearing aid use, benefit, self-regulation, and hearing aid use habit among participants who received the prompt or plan component, compared with no prompt or no plan component, and the effect would be the greatest in participants who received both prompt and plan; and self-regulation and habit would mediate the effect of prompt and/or plan components on hearing aid use and benefit.Design:A 2 x 2 factorial randomized controlled trial design. Two hundred forty new adult patients (60 in each group) were randomized to: information (info) only; info + prompt; info + plan; or info + prompt + plan. All participants received treatment as usual in addition to I-PLAN components, which were provided in a sealed envelope at the end of the hearing aid fitting consultation. Participants in the prompt group were instructed to use their hearing aid box as a physical prompt to remind them to use the device. Participants in the plan group were instructed to write an action plan to encourage them to turn their intentions into action. Participants, audiologists, and researchers were blinded to group allocation. The primary outcome was self-reported proportion of time hearing aids were used in situations where they had listening difficulties. Secondary outcomes were hearing aid use derived from data logging, self-reported hearing aid benefit, self-reported self-regulation, and habit. Outcomes were measured at 6-week post-fitting.Results:Contrary to predictions, participants who received the prompt component reported using their hearing aid less than participants without the prompt (p = 0.03; d = 0.24). The mean proportion of time hearing aid were used was 73.4% of the time in the prompt group compared with 79.9% of the time in the no prompt group. Participants who received the plan component reported using their hearing aids more frequently than those who did not receive the plan (Meanplan = 81.0% vs Meannoplan = 71.8% of the time; p = 0.01; d = 0.34). Receiving both prompt and plan components did not change self-reported proportion of time hearing aids were used but data-logging use was significantly reduced. The prompt reduced self-regulation of hearing aid use compared with the no prompt (p = 0.04; d = 0.28), while the plan promoted stronger hearing aid use habits than the no plan group (p = 0.02; d = 0.30).Conclusions:Audiologists should consider using action plans to promote hearing aid use. Despite the decrease in hearing aid use when using the hearing aid box as a physical prompt, hearing aid use was still high (≈70% of the time). The hearing aid box may have slightly reduced hearing aid use by undermining self-regulation. Participants may have delegated responsibility for hearing aid use to the prompt. Subsequent studies should evaluate different prompts and test the long-term benefit of the plan on hearing aid use via habit formation.

Job Safety Analysis and Hazard Identification of Welding Process in Semarang - JSA Method AS/NZS 4360:2004

Background: The welding workshop in Semarang City is spread over several areas in Semarang City. There are several types of work in welding workshops, namely, cutting raw materials, assembling, welding, grinding, sanding, and painting. This study aimed to analyze occupational safety and health risks in the informal welding workshop using the JSA (Job Safety Analysis) AS/NZS 4360:2004 Risk Management method. Method: This research was conducted using semi-quantitative method with descriptive analysis. A cross-sectional research design was used because data (observations, interviews, filling in risk analysis tables, work accidents, occupational diseases, and controls) were collected at a particular time. The study was conducted in Semarang, Central Java, and the population was all informal welding workshops. Result: This study showed that there are 8 types of welding tasks, 21 potential hazards, and 24 health consequences in a welding process. The total score calculated by multiplying "chance" by "severity" shows that 11 health consequences were acceptable risk while 13 others were high risk. Conclusion: The highest score of occupational health hazards was electric shock due to chipped cable, electric shock due to a chipped short circuit, and wet/rain/cloudy work area. Welders are recommended to follow the proper instruction in the welding process, and each workshop must provide a first aid box for its workers.

Status of Public Primary Schools: Safety, Health Service Provision and Environmental Health Facilities in Sokoto Metropolis, Northwestern Nigeria

Background: Provision of security, health services and environmental health facilities in schools is crucial in achieving the overall goals of the School Health Programme (SHP) because of their implications in all the areas of school health and plays an important role in the safety of school community and in retention and learning outcomes of students. We aimed to determine the status of public primary schools with respect to safety, health service provision and environmental health facilities in Sokoto metropolis, Northwestern Nigeria.
 Methods: We conducted a cross sectional descriptive study among 40 public primary schools by multistage sampling technique. We collected data with an observation checklist using an electronic Open Data Kit (ODK) and analysed for descriptive statistics using SPSS version 23.
 Results: The majority of schools had no security fence 21 (52.5%). Security/ safety teams were present in about a third 15 (37.5%) of the schools. None of the schools had a fire alarm. However, fire extinguisher was available in only 3 (7.5%) of the schools. Health room or sick bay 16 (40.0%) and health register 14 (35.0%) were available in less than half of the schools. Health personnel 3 (7.5%) and school ambulance or school bus 3 (7.5%) were available in only a few schools. First aid box was available in most, 38 (95.0%) of the schools. However, less than half, 17 (40.0%) of the schools had Iodine in their first aid boxes. Presence of handwashing facilities with soap was observed in only 3 (7.5%) of schools. All the schools use open dumping as means of refuse disposal; however, dustbin for refuse collection in classes was observed only in about a third, 15 (37.5%) of the schools. Traditional pit latrine was the most predominant toilet type 27 (67.5%) in schools.
 Conclusion: Resources concerning safety, health service provision and environmental health facilities were found to be grossly inadequate in most of the schools observed. Government agencies involved in school administration should collaborate with other stakeholder’s in ensuring the provision of adequate resources for school health program.

Examination of the contributions of educational stakeholders in ensuring secondary schools’ safety in Southern Kebbi State, Nigeria

The study examined the contributions of educational stakeholders in ensuring secondary schools safety in southern kebbi state, Nigeria. School safety is what makes an individual student feel comfortable, accepted, associated, and integrated freely within the school environment and use all aspects of the school in other to achieve perfect learning. And to achieve this, the school environment must be designed to accomplish this purpose. All educational stakeholders’ action, interest and effort are expected to create desirable school safety. Similarly, their inaction can result in schools been unsafe, in terms of social, academic and the environment which can easily affect learning, teaching, discipline, trust and undermine the manifest goals of the school and its activities. Four research questions and four objectives were used to guide the study which examined the views and roles played by educational stakeholders in ensuring school safety. Three theories were highlighted as follows: the theory of safety, the sociological theory and the theory of trust which was what the researcher based his work on. The study adopted a descriptive survey, the population of the study, for students were 1, 2761, teachers constituted 631 while parents formed 80 respondents and Zonal Education Boards Members were 15. The instrument used for data collection was checklist and interview. The interview was recorded, transcribed and used according to the frame to code the data and link them to different themes. And for the checklist, alpha Cranach was used to determining the reliability index of the instrument, through personal visitation of the researcher. Data were collected and analyzed using frequency distribution count, tables and percentage. The results of the study revealed among others, that educational stakeholders contributed substantially in promoting schools safety in the study area through financial contributions to erect school fence, provision of school facilities and their maintenance, addressing the issue of overcrowded classes, provision of Guidance and Counseling services and first aid boxes etc. It is recommended that School authorities should provide ways in which students can report any unwanted behavioral acts, that may hinder the safety of the school, for example by providing a student suggestion box, for the students to lay complaints and make suggestions, the student needs to be included in the PTA meetings so that they too, can contribute their quota, or here their complaints, also parents and community members should be enlightened on the importance of attending PTA meetings.

5G and IoT Based Reporting and Accident Detection (RAD) System to Deliver First Aid Box Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.

Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G are enabling intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). ITSs promise to improve road safety in smart cities. Therefore, ITSs are gaining earnest devotion in the industry as well as in academics. Due to the rapid increase in population, vehicle numbers are increasing, resulting in a large number of road accidents. The majority of the time, casualties are not appropriately discovered and reported to hospitals and relatives. This lack of rapid care and first aid might result in life loss in a matter of minutes. To address all of these challenges, an intelligent system is necessary. Although several information communication technologies (ICT)-based solutions for accident detection and rescue operations have been proposed, these solutions are not compatible with all vehicles and are also costly. Therefore, we proposed a reporting and accident detection system (RAD) for a smart city that is compatible with any vehicle and less expensive. Our strategy aims to improve the transportation system at a low cost. In this context, we developed an android application that collects data related to sound, gravitational force, pressure, speed, and location of the accident from the smartphone. The value of speed helps to improve the accident detection accuracy. The collected information is further processed for accident identification. Additionally, a navigation system is designed to inform the relatives, police station, and the nearest hospital. The hospital dispatches UAV (i.e., drone with first aid box) and ambulance to the accident spot. The actual dataset from the Road Safety Open Repository is used for results generation through simulation. The proposed scheme shows promising results in terms of accuracy and response time as compared to existing techniques.