AI Project Research Articles

Ethically Responsible and Trustworthy Autonomous Systems for 6G

Following commercial deployment of SG, 6G research has attracted attention from both academia and industry. 6G will continue to support what has been promised in SG, and in addition to that, it will bring new opportunities for economic growth by offering high precision services such as immersive services and metaverse. 6G will be much more complex than SG, and autonomous systems will be indispensable in reaching the aims of 6G networks. Autonomous systems for 6G let AI models themselves make decisions autonomously to operate the network and meet service requirements. Little or zero human intervention will be expected in the process of decision making. As many 6G services are mission-critical applications or have direct impacts on human lives, ethical responsibility and trustworthiness is a necessity of 6G autonomous systems and is also one of the key factors to ensure the success of 6G. In this article, we propose a new framework for ethically responsible and trustworthy autonomous systems for 6G by embedding an ethical platform for the responsible delivery of an AI project into the system design. In addition to the proposed framework, we also develop a closed control loop to reduce human intervention in the process of decision making. A case study on edge offloading is provided to show the practicality of the proposed framework. At the end of the article, we provide a list of research challenges and open issues that would be useful in guiding further research in this area.

JPEG Column: 94th JPEG Meeting

The 94 th JPEG meeting was held online from 17 to 21 January 2022. A major milestone has been reached at this meeting with the release of the final call for proposals under the JPEG AI project. This standard aims at the joint standardization of the first image coding standard based on machine learning by the IEC, ISO and ITU, offering a single stream, compact compressed domain representation, targeting both human visualization with significant compression efficiency improvement over image coding standards in common use at equivalent subjective quality and effective performance for image processing and computer vision tasks.

Prospective sensitivities of atom interferometers to gravitational waves and ultralight dark matter.

We survey the prospective sensitivities of terrestrial and space-borne atom interferometers to gravitational waves generated by cosmological and astrophysical sources, and to ultralight dark matter. We discuss the backgrounds from gravitational gradient noise in terrestrial detectors, and also binary pulsar and asteroid backgrounds in space-borne detectors. We compare the sensitivities of LIGO and LISA with those of the 100 m and 1 km stages of the AION terrestrial AI project, as well as two options for the proposed AEDGE AI space mission with cold atom clouds either inside or outside the spacecraft, considering as possible sources the mergers of black holes and neutron stars, supernovae, phase transitions in the early Universe, cosmic strings and quantum fluctuations in the early Universe that could have generated primordial black holes. We also review the capabilities of AION and AEDGE for detecting coherent waves of ultralight scalar dark matter. AION-REPORT/2021-04 KCL-PH-TH/2021-61, CERN-TH-2021-116 This article is part of the theme issue 'Quantum technologies in particle physics'.

Artificial Instinct: Lem’s Robots as a Model Case for AI

In the seventy years since AI became a field of study, the theoretical work of philosophers has played increasingly important roles in understanding many aspects of the AI project, from the metaphysics of mind and what kinds of systems can or cannot implement them, the epistemology of objectivity and algorithmic bias, the ethics of automation, drones, and specific implementations of AI, as well as analyses of AI embedded in social contexts (for example). Serious scholarship in AI ethics sometimes quotes Asimov’s speculative laws of robotics as if they were genuine proposals, and yet Lem remains historically undervalued as a theorist who uses fiction as his vehicle. Here, I argue that Lem’s fiction (in particular his fiction about robots) is overlooked but highly nuanced philosophy of AI, and that we should recognize the lessons he tried to offer us, which focused on the human and social failures rather than technological breakdowns. Stories like “How the World Was Saved” and “Upside Down Evolution” ask serious philosophical questions about AI metaphysics and ethics, and offer insightful answers that deserve more attention. Highlighting some of this work from The Cyberiad and the stories in Mortal Engines in particular, I argue that the time has never been more appropriate to attend to his philosophy in light of the widespread technological and social failures brought about by the quest for artificial intelligence. In service of this argument, I discuss some of the history and philosophical debates around AI in the last decades, as well as contemporary events that illustrate Lem’s strongest claims in critique of the human side of AI.

USE OF DATA ANALYTICS TOOLS FOR INCREASED EFFICIENCY IN THE INTERNAL AUDIT PROJECT PORTFOLIO

The constant evolution and dependence of technologies on corporate business activities and processes brought an increase in electronic transactions in company processes and, consequently, a need for transformation in the project portfolio of the Internal Audit area. Based on these needs, technological tools such as Data Analytics appear as technical support options for audit project managers to extract, model, improve and optimize the analysis and scope of the data. The purpose of this report was to present how the implementation of technological Data Analytics tools contribute positively to increasing the efficiency of the internal audit project portfolios. The results showed that the implementation of this type of technology during internal audit projects and processes could reduce the intensity of the work, expand its reach in the results and increase the efficiency of production in time and cover the cycles of audited processes. The use of Data Analytics has positive advantages for the AI ​​project portfolio and for the future of the area, such as better project planning, greater resource management, more comprehensive scope definition, agility in the execution of audit work, traceability and record of analyzes performed and performance increase.

First Steps Toward an Autonomous Accelerator, a Common Project Between DESY and KIT

Reinforcement Learning algorithms have risen in popularity in recent years in the accelerator physics community, showing potential in beam control and in the optimization and automation of tasks in accelerator operation. The Helmholtz AI project Machine Learning toward Autonomous Accelerators is a collaboration between DESY and KIT that works on investigating and developing RL applications for the automatic start-up of electron linear accelerators. The work is carried out in parallel at two similar research accelerators: ARES at DESY and FLUTE at KIT, giving the unique opportunity of transfer learning between facilities. One of the first steps of this project is the establishment of a common interface between the simulations and the machine, in order to test and apply various optimization approaches interchangeably between the two accelerators. In this paper we present the first results on the common interface and its application to beam focusing in ARES, and the idea of laser shaping with spatial light modulators at FLUTE.

Ethical and technical challenges of AI in tackling hate speech

In this paper, we discuss some of the ethical and technical challenges of using Artificial Intelligence for online content moderation. As a case study, we used an AI model developed to detect hate speech on social networks, a concept for which varying definitions are given in the scientific literature and consensus is lacking. We argue that while AI can play a central role in dealing with information overload on social media, it could cause risks of violating freedom of expression (if the project is not well conducted). We present some ethical and technical challenges involved in the entire pipeline of an AI project - from data collection to model evaluation - that hinder the large-scale use of hate speech detection algorithms. Finally, we argue that AI can assist with the detection of hate speech in social media, provided that the final judgment about the content has to be made through a process with human involvement.

Artificial Intelligence and Vocational Education and Training – Perpspective of German Vet Teachers

The digital transformation will lead to a reorganization of the occupational world. Educational institutions play an important role in this context, as they train the future workforce. This raises the question of how vocational schools are already responding to changes in the world of work today? Does Artificial Intelligence and automation play a role and if so, which one? These and other questions are addressed in this article based on an online survey of German vocational school teachers. The survey was conducted through the European Taccle AI project.

AI 프로젝트 수업에서 프로그래밍 언어 활용 수준 및 프로젝트 흥미에 따른 AI에 대한 태도 및 효능감 변화

AI 프로젝트 수업에서 프로그래밍 언어 활용 수준 및 프로젝트 흥미에 따른 AI에 대한 태도 및 효능감 변화

Minecraft as a Platform for Project-Based Learning in AI

Undergraduate courses that focus on open-ended, project-based learning teach students how to define concrete goals, transfer conceptual understanding of algorithms to code, and evaluate/analyze/present their solution. However, AI, along with machine learning, is getting increasingly varied in terms of both the approaches and applications, making it challenging to design project courses that span a sufficiently wide spectrum of AI. For these reasons, existing AI project courses are restricted to a narrow set of approaches (e.g. only reinforcement learning) or applications (e.g. only computer vision).In this paper, we propose to use Minecraft as the platform for teaching AI via project-based learning. Minecraft is an open-world sandbox game with elements of exploration, resource gathering, crafting, construction, and combat, and is supported by the Malmo library that provides a programmatic interface to the player observations and actions at various levels of granularity. In Minecraft, students can design projects to use approaches like search-based AI, reinforcement learning, supervised learning, and constraint satisfaction, on data types like text, audio, images, and tabular data. We describe our experience with an open-ended, undergraduate AI projects course using Minecraft that includes 82 different projects, covering themes that ranged from navigation, instruction following, object detection, combat, and music/image generation.

Research and development in the field of Artificial Intelligence in EU framework programmes

Abstract The aim of this contribution is to evaluate the cooperation of the European countries in projects related to the AI in the 7th Framework Programme (FP7) and in the current Horizon 2020 Programme. The analysis is based on the information obtained from European Commission database eCORDA (External COmmon Research DAtawarehouse). Dynamic scientometric maps were constructed to describe in more detail the collaboration of European subjects in the EC funded AI research. Within the FP7, 1223 projects in the AI field received roughly 2,8 billion €. In the current H2020 programme the EC has already provided 2,1 billion € for 1081 projects in AI. In the FP7, higher education institutions dominated in both the number of awarded project and the received financial support. In the H2020 programme, a profound shift favouring business enterprise sector occurred. Approximately one third of AI projects in the FP7 was in the thematic area Information and Communication Technologies. In the H2020 programme the EC extended the support further to other thematic areas including global societal challenges especially in the field of transport and security. The extent of the involvement of the member countries varies extensively. The countries above average participating in the AI projects are Germany, Italy, Austria, Spain, Portugal, and Slovenia. The Czech Republic falls in the group of less participating countries. The Czech Republic also exhibits a smaller increase of the participation between RP7 and H2020. Universities involved in approximately two thirds of AI project have dominated in the Czech participation in the FP7. In the H2020 program their share in the AI project decreased by approximately 10 percent points. On the other side, their share of financial support was conserved. The most participating universities were the Czech Technical University Prague (24 projects, and 30% share of the EC contribution for the Czech AI projects) and the Brno University of Technology (14 projects, and 12,4% financial share). In the business enterprise sector Honeywell International s. r. o. attained the highest participation. The Czech subjects collaborate most frequently with German, British, Italian and French research teams.

Molecular evolution of Zika virus during its emergence in the 20th century

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus first isolated in Uganda in 1947. Although entomological and virologic surveillance have reported ZIKV enzootic activity in diverse countries of Africa and Asia, few human cases were reported until 2007, when a Zika fever epidemic took place in Micronesia. In the context of West Africa, the WHO Collaborating Centre for Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fever at Institut Pasteur of Dakar (http://www.pasteur.fr/recherche/banques/ CRORA/) reports the periodic circulation of ZIKV since 1968. Despite several reports on ZIKV, the genetic relationships among viral strains from West Africa remain poorly understood. To evaluate the viral spread and its molecular epidemiology, we investigated 37 ZIKV isolates collected from 1968 to 2002 in six localities in Senegal and Cote d’Ivoire. In addition, we included strains from six other countries. Our results suggested that these two countries in West Africa experienced at least two independent introductions of ZIKV during the 20 century, and that apparently these viral lineages were not restricted by mosquito vector species. Moreover, we present evidence that ZIKV has possibly undergone recombination in nature and that a loss of the N154 glycosylation site in the envelope protein was a possible adaptive response to the Aedes dalzieli vector. Citation: Faye O, Freire CCM, Iamarino A, Faye O, de Oliveira JVC, et al. (2014) Molecular Evolution of Zika Virus during Its Emergence in the 20 Century. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(1): e2636. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002636 Editor: Brian Bird, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States of America Received March 4, 2013; Accepted November 27, 2013; Published January 9, 2014 Copyright: 2014 Faye et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This study was made possible by the Institute Pasteur of Dakar in Senegal, FAPESP (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brazil) projects #00/04205-6 (VGDN program), #08/17013-6 and #10/19341-4. CCMF has a CAPES studentship, AI (project #12/04818-5) and JVCdO received FAPESP scholarships and PMAZ holds a CNPq-PQ grant. Funding was also provided by NIH grant R01-AI069145. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: asall@pasteur.sn . These authors contributed equally to this work.

Margaret A Boden, Mind as machine: a history of cognitive science, 2 vols, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2008, pp. xlviii, total pp. 1631, £50.00 (paperback 978-0-19-954564-3).

Margaret A Boden, Mind as machine: a history of cognitive science, 2 vols, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2008, pp. xlviii, total pp. 1631, £50.00 (paperback 978-0-19-954564-3).

The chimpanzee mind: in search of the evolutionary roots of the human mind

The year 2008 marks the 60th anniversary of Japanese primatology. Kinji Imanishi (1902-1992) first visited Koshima island in 1948 to study wild Japanese monkeys,and to explore the evolutionary origins of human society. This year is also the 30th anniversary of the Ai project:the chimpanzee Ai first touched the keyboard connected to a computer system in 1978. This paper summarizes the historical background of the Ai project,whose principal aim is to understand the evolutionary origins of the human mind. The present paper also aims to present a theoretical framework for the discipline called comparative cognitive science (CCS). CCS is characterized by the collective efforts of researchers employing a variety of methods, together taking a holistic approach to understand the minds of nonhuman animals. While the researchers of animals usually carry out experiments in the laboratory and conduct observational studies in the natural habitat, a different permutation is also possible. Field experiments can be carried out in the natural habitat, and observational studies can be in the laboratory. Such a two-by -two- contingency table based on location and research method thus provides the basis for a holistic approach. CCS provides a unique window on understanding the chimpanzee mind as a whole. The studies of the chimpanzee mind may also result in illuminating the evolutionary roots of the human mind.

比較認知科学:アイ・プロジェクトの30年

This paper aims to reflect the 30 years of Ai project that started in 1978. Ai project started as a sort of ape-language project. However, it was uniquely different from the previous studies in terms of the computer-interfaced system and the introduction of psychophysical measurement. The original version of Ai project may be summarized as an attempt to know the perceptual world of a nonhuman animal. It combined the psychological studies on learning and perception and utilized the language-like skill as a window through which we can access to the chimpanzee mind. This paper put the Ai project in a historical context, summed up the research results, showed the fieldwork on the wild chimpanzees, and illuminated the establishment and the perspective of a new discipline named Comparative Cognitive Science.

Often, It's Not about the AI

Narrowly focused task and domain specific AI has been applied successfully for more than twenty five years, and has produced immense value in industry and government. It doesn’t lead directly to artificial general intelligence (AGI), but it does have real problem solving value. It is useful to note that many of the reasons why some otherwise meritorious AI applications fail have nothing to do with the AI per se, but rather, with systems engineering and organizational issues. For example: the domain expert is pulled out to work on more critical projects; the application champion rotates out of his/her position; or the sponsor changes priorities. A system may not make it past an initial pilot test for logistical vs. substantive technical reasons. Some embedded AI systems may work well for years on a software platform that is orphaned and porting it would be prohibitively expensive. A system may work well in a pilot test, but it might not scale for huge numbers of users without extensive performance optimization. The core AI system may be great but the user interface could be suboptimal. The delivered application system might work well, but it could be hard to maintain internally. The system may work according to the sponsor’s requirements, but it might not be applied to the part of the problem that delivers the largest economic results; or the system might not produce enough visible organizational benefits to protect it in subsequent budget battles. Alternatively, the documented results may be quite strong, but may not be communicated effectively across organizational boundaries. All software projects are vulnerable to one or more of these problems. The fact that some software projects have a relatively small percentage of their total code in embedded AI methods doesn’t make them an exception. However, knowing about these potential problems could help AI project teams to be proactive about avoiding them whenever possible.

Spanish Breast Cancer Research Group (GEICAM) population-based study on breast cancer outcomes: El Álamo project (1990–1997)

585 Background: El Álamo project is a retrospective analysis of 15381 patients (pts) diagnosed of breast cancer (BC) between 1990 and 1997 across 43 of the main Spanish hospitals. Patterns of BC presentation, treatment and survival were analysed. Methods: Two cohorts were analysed: Álamo I (AI) consisted of 4532 pts diagnosed with BC between 1990 and 1993; data were collected by end of year (yr) 2000. Álamo II (AII) consisted of 10849 pts diagnosed between 1994 and 1997; data were collected by end of yr. 2003. 158 items per pt were recorded, including demographic, therapeutic and outcome data. Results: In AI project, 17.6% of pts presented with stage I disease, vs. 24.3% in AII. 55.5% of pts in AI had stage II disease vs. 53.1% in AII. 18.7% of pts in AI had stage III disease vs. 15% in AII. 7.2% of pts in AI presented with stage IV disease vs. 5.9 in AII. Median age at diagnosis was 57 yr (AI) vs. 58 yr (AII); 65.9% vs. 67.2% of pts were postmenopausal. Regarding first treatment (FT) for stage I, II & III disease, 91% of pts in both AI and AII underwent surgery. Breast conservative surgery rate has increased from 19.5% in AI to 24% in AII, (86.5% vs. 88% in tumours ≤ 3 cm). 8% both in AI and AII received neoadjuvant chemotherapy as FT. Adjuvant systemic treatments (chemo and/or hormones) were administered to 87.6% (AI) and 92.8% (AII) of operable patients. Radiation therapy was administered to 38.8% (AI) vs. 50.7% (AII). BC recurrence rate has diminished from 36.6% (AI) to 22.5% (AII). Nine-year survival rate has increased from 63.2% (CI95%; 61.5%–64.9%) in AI to 70.1% (CI95%; 68.5%–71.8%) in AII. Conclusions: BC outcomes in Spain seem to have improved from 1990–1993 to 1994–1997. The main reason for that improvement is likely to be the BC screening program implementation in Spain, although the impact of new therapies cannot be ruled out. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Spanish Breast Cancer Research Group (GEICAM) population-based study on breast cancer outcomes (El Álamo project): Analysis of operable, node positive breast cancer patients

6045 Background: El Álamo project is a retrospective analysis of 15381 patients (pts) diagnosed of breast cancer (BC) across 43 of the main Spanish hospitals. Methods: Two cohorts were analysed: Álamo I (AI) consisted of 4532 pts diagnosed with BC between 1990 and 1993; Álamo II (AII) consisted of 10849 pts diagnosed between 1994 and 1999. AI and AII data were collected by end of year (yr) 2000 and 2003, respectively. 158 items per pt were recorded, including demographic, therapeutic and outcome data. Pts with operable, node-positive (NP) disease were selected. Results: In AI project, 51% of all pts presented with NP disease, vs. 45% in AII. Median age at diagnosis was 56 yr (AI) vs. 57 yr (AII); 63.1% vs. 63.5% of pts were postmenopausal. Percentage of pts with 1–3 NP increased from 52.2% (AI) to 54.5% (AII); whereas it decreased for pts with 4–9 NP (30% in AI vs. 26.7% in AII); proportion of pts with 3 10 NP was similar in both groups (15.5% in AI vs. 15.7% in AII). Regarding treatment, 99% of pts in both AI and AII received adjuvant therapy (AT). AT in AI group were: chemotherapy (CT) (70.4%), hormone therapy (HT) (60.6%) and radiotherapy (RT) (44.7%), usually in combination. AT in AII group were: CT (82.2%), HT (75.5%) and RT (59.2%), usually in combination. 30 pts (2.2%) were treated with high dose CT in AI vs. 296 pts (9.1%) in AII. 51.3% of all pts in AI received an anthracycline containing regimen as CT vs. 61.6% in AII. BC recurrence rate has diminished from 46.4% (AI) to 29.6% (AII). The respective nine-year survival rates for AI and AII were 58.9% (CI95%; 56.3%–61.4%) and 68.1% (CI95%; 65.5%–70.7%).Conclusions: The relative population of operable, NP BC pts has decreased by 6% in Spain between 1990 and 1997. This seems to be the main cause of outcome improvement in this group of pts, although a contribution of therapy cannot be ruled out. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Spanish Breast Cancer Research Group (GEICAM) population-based study on breast cancer outcomes (El Álamo project): Analysis of operable, node negative breast cancer patients

6044 Background: El Álamo project is a retrospective analysis of 15381 patients (pts) diagnosed of breast cancer (BC) across 43 of the main Spanish hospitals. Methods: Two cohorts were analysed: Álamo I (AI) consisted of 4532 pts diagnosed with BC between 1990 and 1993; Álamo II (AII) consisted of 10849 pts diagnosed between 1994 and 1999. AI and AII data were collected by end of year (yr) 2000 and 2003, respectively. 158 items per pt were recorded, including demographic, therapeutic and outcome data. Pts with operable node negative (NN) disease were selected. Results: In AI project, 48% (n=1806) of all pts presented with NN disease, vs. 54.4% in AII (n=4764). Median age at diagnosis was 58 yr (AI) vs. 59 yr (AII); 67.4% vs. 69.6% of pts were postmenopausal. T1 percentage increased from 47.6% (AI) to 57.4% (AII). Regarding treatment, 94% of pts in AII received adjuvant therapy (AT) vs. 86.3% in AI. AT in AI group were: chemotherapy (CT) (37.4%), hormone therapy (HT) (50.4%) and radiotherapy (RT) (32.4%). AT in AII group were: CT (43.1%), HT (70.2%) and RT (44.2%). 73.7% (AI) vs. 73.1% (AII) of pts were classified as high-risk according to 1998 St. Gallen criteria (tumour size > 2 cm and/or grade II/III and/or negative hormone receptors and/or age < 35 yr). BC recurrence rate has diminished from 22.3% (AI) to 13.4% (AII). Bone, lung and mastectomy scar are the most frequent recurrence sites. Nine-year survival rates for AI and AII were 75.6% (CI95%; 72.2%–79%) and 83.6% (CI95%; 81.4%–85.7%) respectively. Conclusions: The relative population of operable, NN BC pts has increased by 6.4% in Spain between 1990 and 1997. In addition to that, the relative percentage of T1 tumors has also increased. This is likely to be the reason of BC outcome improvement in this group, although a contribution of more effective therapies cannot be ruled out. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Wittgenstein and the Aesthetic Robot's Handicap

Ask most any cognitive scientist working today if a digital computational system could develop aesthetic sensibility and you will likely receive the optimistic reply that this remains an open empirical question. However, I attempt to show, while drawing upon the later Wittgenstein, that the correct answer is in fact available. And it is a negative a priori. It would seem, for example, that recent computational successes in textual attribution, most notably those of Donald Foster (famed finder of Ted Kazinski a.k.a. “the Unibomber”) speak favorably of the digital model's capacity to overcome the “aspect blindness” handicap in this domain. I argue however that such results are only achievable when rigid input-to-output parameters are given, and that this element is precisely what is absent in standard examples of aesthetic judgment. I thus conclude that while the connectionist model anticipated by Turing may provide the best approach for the AI project, its capacity for meeting its own sufficiency requirements is necessarily crippled by its inability to share in what can be generally referred to as the collective engagements of human solidarity.