AI Production Research Articles

Shmel’kin embeddings for abstract and profinite groups

The Magnus embedding is well known: given a group A=F/R, where F is a free group, the group F/[R, R] can be represented as a subgroup of a semidirect product AT, where T is an additive group of a free Z A-module. Shmel’kin genralized this construction and found an embedding for F/V(R), where V(R) is the verbal subgroup of R corresponding to a variety V. Later, he treated F as a free product of arbitrary groups, and on condition that R is contained in a Cartesian subgroup of the product, pointed out an embedding for F/V(R). Here, we combine both these Shmel’kin embeddings and weaken the condition on R, by assuming that F is a free product of groups Ai (ieI) and a free group X, and that its normal subgroup R has trivial intersection with each factor Ai. Subject to these conditions, an embedding for F/V(R) is found; we cell it the generalized Shmel’kin embedding. For the case where V is an Abelian variety of groups, a criterion is specified determining whether elements of AT belong to an embedded group F/V(R). Similar results are proved also for profinite groups.

8] Quorum sensing, gene expression, and Pseudomonas biofilms

Quorum sensing has been shown to be important for the development of a normal P. aeruginosa biofilm, and it follows that other microorganisms may employ a similar mechanism in the development of mature biofilms. To methods for detecting the presence of AI activity in biofilms are presented that employ an AI-responsive reporter strain harboring a lacZ fusion. Method 1 involves detection of AI activity in crude biofilms, whereas Method 2 employs an AI purification procedure. By using multiple indicator strains activated by AIs various acyl chain lengths, a wide range of AI molecules can be detected. Chromosomal knockout mutants are extremely useful for examining the contribution of a given gene to a specific phenotype. For quorum-sensing gene expression studies, mutants deficient in the production of AI offer more versatility than R-protein mutants. The main advantage of the AI mutants is that they can be complemented by either the AI synthase gene or the AI itself. Complementation with the AI circumvents having to grow the cells in the presence of antibiotics and allows experimental parameters such as AI concentration and time of addition to be manipulated easily. Finally, three reporter systems suitable for monitoring gene expression in P. aeruginosa biofilms are summarized in T Table II. The choice of reporter fusion depends mainly on whether in vivo analysis is required, whether temporal gene expression is to be examined, and the availability of equipment. In the case of P. aeruginosa, expression of quorum-sensing genes can be monitored either directly, by examining fusions of the R genes or AI synthase genes, or indirectly, by analyzing expression of genes controlled by these quorum-sensing systems.

1.P.18 Production of mature apolipoprotein AI in a baculovirus/insect cell system

1.P.18 Production of mature apolipoprotein AI in a baculovirus/insect cell system

Fish-eye disease: Structural and in vivo metabolic abnormalities of high-density lipoproteins

Fish-eye disease (FED) in humans is characterized by corneal opacities and markedly decreased plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo) AI, and apo AII, but no tendency to precocious atherosclerosis is present. To elucidate this paradox, the structure of HDL, the potential of serum to promote cholesterol efflux from cultured cells, and the in vivo metabolism of HDL were examined in a 53-year-old woman with a FED syndrome in association with a markedly decreased lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in HDL due to a mutation of the LCAT gene (Arg 158 → Cys). HDLs isolated by ultracentrifugation were small and enriched in unesterified cholesterol and phospholipids at the expense of cholesteryl esters and proteins. The apolipoprotein content showed an enrichment in apo E and apo AIV, whereas apo AI and apo AII were dramatically reduced. Sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting using specific antibodies showed that the apo E was free or covalently bound to apo AII. These particles analyzed by electron microscopy were small and round lipoproteins with a size similar to the smallest fraction of normal HDL 3. The potential capacity of the serum to promote efflux from the cells was approximately 40% of control serum levels, but FED HDLs were as efficient as control HDLs in promoting cholesterol efflux from cells. To assess the metabolism of HDL apolipoproteins, in vivo apolipoprotein kinetic studies were performed using endogenous labeling techniques in the patient with FED and three control subjects. All subjects were administered D 3-labeled leucine by primed constant infusion for up to 10 hours. The fractional synthetic rates (FSRs) of apo AI and apo AII in the patient were 0.674 and 0.594 per day, clearly higher than in controls, 0.210 ± 0.053 and 0.148 ± 0.014 per day for apo AI and apo AII, respectively. Apo AI and apo AII production rates in the patient with FED were normal, 11.32 and 2.62 mg/kg · d, respectively, as compared with those in normal subjects, 11.45 ± 1.23 and 2.68 ± 0.17 mg/kg · d. These data established that hypoalphalipoproteinemia in FED was caused by marked hypercatabolism of apo AI and apo AII. This hypercatabolism could be the consequence of structural abnormalities due to the selective LCAT deficiency. In conclusion, two steps of reverse cholesterol transport, cholesterol efflux and apo-HDL metabolism, appeared particularly efficient. This efficiency could participate in the absence of premature atherosclerosis in FED patients as regards the low HDL level.

Model for exploiting associative matching in AI production systems

A content-addressable model of production systems (CAMPUS) has been developed. The main idea is to achieve high execution performance in production systems by exploiting the potential fine-grain data parallelism. The facts and the rules of a production system are uniformly represented as content-addressable memory (CAM) tables. CAMPUS differs from other CAM-inspired models in that it is based on a non-state-saving and lazy matching algorithm. The production system execution cycle is represented by a small number of associative search operations over the CAM tables. The number does not depend, or depends slightly, on the number of the rules and the number of the facts in the production system. The model makes possible efficient implementation of large production systems in fast CAM. An experimental CAMPUS realisation of the production language CLIPS is also reported. The production systems execution time for a large number of processed facts is about 1000 times lower than the corresponding CLIPS execution time on a standard computer architecture.

A subsumption architecture for theorem proving?

Brooks has criticized traditional approaches to artificial intelligence as too inefficient. In particular, he has singled out techniques involving search as inadequate to achieve the fast reaction times required by robots and other AI products that need to work in the real world. Instead he proposes the subsumption architecture as an overall organizing principle. This consists of layers of behavioural modules, each of which is capable of carrying out a complete (usually simple) task. He has employed this architecture to build a series of simple mobile robots, but he claims that it is appropriate for all AI products. Brooks’s proposal is usually seen as an example of nouvelle AI, in contrast to good old-fashioned AI (GOFAl). Automatic theorem proving is the archetypal example of GOFAl. The resolution theorem proving technique once served as the engine of AI. Of all areas of AI it seems the most difficult to implement using Brooks’s ideas. It would thus serve as a keen test of Brooks’s proposal to explore to what extent the task of theorem proving can be achieved by a subsumption architecture. Tactics are programs for guiding a theorem prover. They were introduced as an efficient alternative to search-based techniques. In this paper I compare recent work on tactic-based theorem proving with Brooks’s proposals and show that, surprisingly, there is a similarity between them. It thus seems that the distinction between nouvelle AI and GOFAl is not so great as is sometimes claimed. However, this exercise also identifies some criticisms of Brooks’s proposal.

LFA: a linear forward‐chaining algorithm for AI production systems

Abstract: The LFA algorithm is a linear forward‐chaining algorithm for AI production systems. It finds all the possible solutions for each given problem in a time proportional to the number of rules in a knowledge base, after all the possible evidence about the problem has been given. This paper presents the algorithm in detail. Another new technique, the‘rule schema + rule body’representation, which is coupled with the chaining algorithm to support high efficiency of production system interpreters, is also described here.

Soil solution aluminium activity related to theoretical A1 mineral solubilities in four Australian soils

SUMMARYFour soils were treated with HNO3, CaCO3 and K2SO4 to enable observation of the response of the soil solution composition and the solution A1 ion activity (Al3+) to the treatments and to time. The clay fraction of three of the soils was dominated by illite, kaolinite and quartz. The fourth was minated by kaolinite and iron oxides. The initial pH in 0.01 M CaCl2 varied between 4.0 and 5.0 and the organic carbon content from 0.7 to 1.1%. The soil solutions from soils dominated by kaolinite, illite and quartz were generally supersaturated with respect to quartz and well ordered kaolinite, and unsaturated with respect to illite. The soil solutions from the soil dominated by kaolin and iron oxide were generally unsaturated with respect to quartz but still saturated with respect to ell crystallized kaolin. Within mineral groups such as Al2SiO5 compounds, A12Si2O5(OH)4 (kaolinite group), and Al(OH)3 (A1 oxide) minerals, the more soluble forms became less supersaturated or unsaturated with time for many treatments.Lime treatment usually increased the ion activity product of AI(OH)3 in all soils, and of minerals with the composition, Al2SiO5, in the illite/kaolinite soils. Acid treatment reduced the apparent solubility of Al(OH)3, and the A1 silicates in the Al2SiO5, and Al2, Si2, O5,(OH)4, mineral groups on all soils. These results are interpreted to indicate that lime treatment led to the formation of trace quantities of more soluble A1 minerals that subsequently controlled (Al3+), whereas acid treatment dissolved trace quantities of such minerals leaving less soluble minerals to control (Al3+). The results suggest that, in mineral soils such as these, (Al3+) is under the control of inorganic dissolution and precipitation processes. These processes conform to expectations given the free energy of various inorganic aluminium compounds. Furthermore the sequence of dissolution and formation processes appears to be governed by the Gay‐Lussac—Ostwald step rule.

Circulating angiotensin II levels under repeated administration of lisinopril in normal subjects.

1. To examine the effect of chronic administration of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor on circulating angiotensin II (AII) concentration, 20 mg of lisinopril was administered once daily for 7 consecutive days to eight healthy volunteers. 2. Plasma ACE activity was inhibited to less than approximately 30% of the pretreatment level during the repeated administration. 3. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was slightly but significantly reduced during the administration period. Plasma AII concentration measured by an established method using high performance liquid chromatography combined with a radioimmunoassay, however, was maintained at approximately the pretreatment level when it was measured at 24 h intervals after each administration of lisinopril. 4. With the gradual recovery of ACE activity following discontinuation of administration, the plasma AII concentration correlated with AI concentration (r = 0.46), and also with the product of AI and ACE activity (AI x ACE; r = 0.80), corresponding to the formula obtained from the kinetics of ACE activity. No correlation was observed between MAP and AII levels throughout the study period. 5. We conclude that in normal subjects repeatedly administered with ACE inhibitor, the AII level in the circulation is still determined by an elevated level of AI and any remaining ACE activity, thus maintaining AII at pretreatment levels. We confirmed that it is not necessary to achieve a decrease in plasma AII concentration through the chronic administration of ACE inhibitor in order to effectively lower blood pressure.

“Powerful Stuff” — Discourse Processing: Social and Cognitive Aspects of Content Development in Conversation

In this article it is demonstrated how verbal and non-verbal expressions, i.e. speech and gestures, interact to convey social and cognitive information in an excerpt taken from a conversational discussion. The theoretical framework for the article is that of information processing. Within this framework, verbal and non-verbal expressions in the conversation are characterized as discourse operations which develop and refine information in a generative search in analogy with an AI production system. The discourse operations function as underspecified instructions that in interaction with given information states generate new information states in search of a desired information state.

Data compression using an intelligent generator: The storage of chess games as an example

Computer chess has been called the drosophila of AI, and currently chess computers are in some sense the most impressive results of AI. In this note we present a robust method of compressing chess master games with help of a fast deterministic chess program. To the best of our knowledge this is the first example where a concrete product of AI is used for data compression purposes.

Comparative Economic Returns from Artificial Insemination and Natural Service in Straightbred and Crossbred Holstein Herds in Venezuela

Net present values of milk income over feed and breeding costs of AI products (imported semen from 47 US Holstein sires, four imported US bulls for local semen processing, and seven crossbred sires) and natural service bulls (offering either zero or positive genetic gain in milk) under Venezuelan economic and herd management conditions in 1987 to 1988 were determined. Data were from surveys of 157 farms to obtain herd characteristics, input use and costs, and milk prices. A Holstein herd in the highlands and a crossbred Holstein herd in the lowlands were the farm cases. For the Holstein herd, using any of the AI or natural service products resulted in positive economic returns only in herd situations of high daughter milk response to sire selection. For the crossbred farm to maintain the proportion of Holstein genes at 50%, the most profitable alternative was to use natural service bulls offering genetic gain in milk. The most economical choice to upgrade the crossbred farm to 75% Holstein was to invest in locally processed semen from imported bulls. The most profitable use of US Holstein germplasm was to import bulls for local semen processing and to use this germplasm judiciously on selected local dams to produce bulls for use in natural service mating systems.

Acquiring and managing knowledge using a conceptual structures approach: introduction and framework

One powerful representational system-conceptual structures that continue the trend towards knowledge programming-is examined. J.F. Sowa's conceptual structures approach (Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine, Addison-Wesley, NY, 1984), a graph-based semantic network, is a general representational system with a natural-language expressivity. This allows problem-domain issues to be readily captured and expressed at several levels of granularity. Conceptual graph (CG) propositions can also act as a flexible intermediate form for the more common representations used in implementing many AI systems-frames, production rules, conceptual dependency, and logic systems. Thus, CG knowledge models are capable of symbolic translation into forms that are more familiar. Issues of expressively capturing the semantics of problem domains are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Structural requirements of human preproapolipoprotein AI for translocation and processing studied by site-directed mutagenesis in vitro.

A full length human serum apolipoprotein AI (apo AI) cDNA clone was isolated from a human liver cDNA library. The EcoRI insertion fragment was cloned into expression vectors pDS5 and pDS12 for in vitro transcription and translation. The primary translation product is correctly translocated and the N-terminal signal sequence of the primary translation product of the wild type apo AI cleaved in the presence of dog pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes releasing proapo AI. Ala-7 at the C-terminus of the signal sequence and Gln-1 of the prosequence were transposed by site-directed mutagenesis thus mutually exchanging the C-termini Gln-8-Ala-7 of the presequence and Gln-2-Gln-1 of the prosequence. The primary translation product of this mutated preproapo AI cDNA is correctly cotranslationally translocated into the lumen of the ER membranes and remains uncleaved by the signal peptidase. Deletion of the hexapeptide prosequence by site-directed mutagenesis in the preproapo AI cDNA led to a primary translation product which is cotranslationally translocated with processing to the mature apo AI polypeptide. We conclude that neither the proteolytic cleavage of the presequence nor the presence of the prosequence are structurally essential for the cotranslational translocation of apo AI. The amino-acid sequence bordering the cleavage site at the C-terminus of the presequence is without influence for the specificity of the signal peptidase.

Changes in lipoprotein kinetics during therapy with fenofibrate and other fibric acid derivatives

The fibric acid derivatives, including fenofibrate, significantly reduce very low-density lipoprotein triglyceride concentrations by stimulating lipoprotein lipase activity, thereby increasing very low-density lipoprotein catabolism. These agents may also reduce the hepatic secretion of nascent very low-density lipoprotein, but this effect is less consistent. Effects on low-density lipoprotein metabolism appear to depend upon the lipid disorder present before therapy. If hypertriglyceridemia and normal or low low-density lipoprotein levels are present, fibrate therapy is associated with a rise in low-density lipoprotein levels. This is due to a decreased fractional catabolism of low-density lipoprotein from an unusually high clearance to a more normal value. Treating pre-existing hypercholesterolemia usually results in a significant decrease in low-density lipoprotein levels. In this disorder, there is a demonstrable increase in low-density lipoprotein receptor-mediated clearance. It is not known at which site these drugs act to increase low-density lipoprotein receptor function in the latter patients. Some studies suggest that fibrate therapy increases high-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein AI production, but how this occurs has not been defined.

The piping of thought and the need for a permanent monitoring of the cultural effects of artificial intelligence

Over the years, AI has undergone a transformation from its original aim of producing an ‘intelligent’ machine to that of producing pragmatic solutions of problems of the market place. In doing so, AI has made a significant contribution to the debate on whether the computer is an instrument or an interlocutor. This paper discusses issues of problem solving and creativity underlying this transformation, and attempts to clarify the distinction between theresolutive intelligence andproblematic intelligence. It points out that the advance of ‘intelligent’ technology, with its failure to make a clear distinction betweenresolutive andcreative intelligence, could contribute to the further cultural marginalisation of human activities not connected with production. A further danger is that AI products may suffer a further loss of social reputation and prestige for those activities for which it is not possible to build artificial devices.

Artificial intelligence—morphological approach as a new technological forecasting technique

SUMMARY Technological forecasting is located in technological space for a certain engineering domain and is the first step in the research and development of a new technology. There are many techniques already developed for technological forecasting like extrapolation of trends, heuristics forecasting by expert e.g. Delphi method, etc. The morphological method (MM) is used to describe a technique for identifying, indexing, counting and parametrizing the collection of all possible devices to achieve a specified functional capability. This is not a forecasting per se, but it is a useful organizing tool, a source of insights, and a starting point for further analysis by other methods, Milacic (1976). In the paper we expand the capabilities of MM using artificial intelligence (Al) principles. The AI production system has a global data base, a set of production rules and a control system. Special attention is paid to control strategy-developing searching techniques in order to distinguish the explicit local kn...

Production and evaluation of squeeze-cast graphitic AI–Si alloys

Production d'alliages Al-Si moules contenant des particules de graphite. Des alliages binaires contenant 4, 8, 12 et 16% Si sont traites dans une unite de moulage composite pour produire des alliages contenant 2, 4, 6 et 8% de graphiFonderie metaux non ferreuxteCuproaluminiumbilFusionfatFour induction moyenne frequencees alliages. Le graphite ameliore l'usinabilite sans avoir d'effet negatif sur la resistance a la corrosion

Multiple quantum techniques in NMR imaging and spectroscopy

The paper examines how the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is applied to the development of AI products and services, drawing attention to the differences between academic and commercial research. The GDPR aims to encourage innovation by providing several exemptions from its strict rules for scientific research. Still, the GDPR defines scientific research in a broad manner, which includes academic and commercial research. However, corporations conducting commercial research might not have in place a similar level of ethical and institutional safeguards as academic researchers. Furthermore, corporate secrecy and opaque algorithms in AI research might pose barriers to oversight. The aim of this paper is to stress the limits of the GDPR research exemption and to find the proper balance between privacy and innovation. The paper argues that commercial AI research should not benefit from the GDPR research exemption unless there is a public interest and has similar safeguards to academic research, such as review by research ethics committees. Since the GDPR provides this broad exemption, it is crucial to clarify the limits and requirements of scientific research, before the application of AI drastically transforms this field.

Tensor products of Banach algebras. II

0. In [l], [2] there are descriptions of an alleged bijection 31Z3 9TCiX3TC2, where 9K%is the set of regular maximal ideals of the Banach algebra ^4;, * = 1, 2, 3, and where A3 = A1 ®7 ^ is the greatest cross-norm tensor product of Ai and Ai. The given constructions for the bijection are valid if both Ai and A2 are commutative. Otherwise, the constructions are in error (e.g., [l, p. 301, line 12]; [2, p. 753, line 4 and p. 755, Case 2]). The author knows of no counterexamples to the conclusions in [l], [2], [3]. The purpose of this note is to offer (correct) proofs of modified results in more general contexts and to apologize for the regrettable oversights. New research of K. Laursen, whose work (in prepublished form) the author had the privilege to examine, is based on the existence of the bijection mentioned above. Exposure to the new research led to the author's discovery of his earlier errors.