Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Research Articles

The active form of vitamin D (calcitriol) promotes CXCR5 expression during follicular helper T cell differentiation.

Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells promote B cell differentiation and antibody production in the B cell follicles of secondary lymphoid organs. Tfh cells express their signature transcription factor BCL6, interleukin (IL)-21, and surface molecules including inducible T cell costimulator, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), and the chemokine receptor CXCR5. Migration of Tfh cells to B cell follicles largely depends on the CXCR5 expression induced by interactions with antigen-presenting dendritic cells in the T cell area. How Tfh cells acquire sufficient levels of CXCR5 expression, however, has remained unclear. Using our in vitro culture system to generate CXCR5low Tfh-like cells from naïve CD4+ T cells with IL-6 in the absence of other cell types, we found that the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, markedly enhanced CXCR5 expression after the release from persistent T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. CH-223191, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist, further enhanced CXCR5 expression. IL-12 but not IL-4, in place of IL-6, also supported calcitriol to enhance CXCR5 expression even before the release from TCR stimulation, whereas the cell viability sharply decreased after the release. The Tfh-like cells generated with IL-6 and calcitriol exhibited chemotaxis towards CXCL13, expressed IL-21, and helped B cells to produce IgG antibodies in vitro more efficiently than Tfh-like cells generated without added calcitriol. Calcitriol injections into antigen-primed mice increased the proportion of CXCR5+PD-1+CD4+ cells in their lymphoid organs, and enhanced T cell entry into B-cell follicles. These results suggest that calcitriol promotes CXCR5 expression in developing Tfh cells and regulates their functional differentiation.

Abstract Tu096: The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonist, L-Kynurenine, Modulates Cardiac Fibroblast Activation and Antigen Presentation

Background: The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that regulates the cellular response to external stimuli through the binding of ligands including tryptophan metabolites such as L-Kynurenine (L-Kyn). Alterations in tryptophan metabolic pathways and downregulation of myocardial AHR are associated with cardiac inflammation and fibrosis in experimental heart failure (HF) induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). We hypothesized cardiac fibroblast (CFB) AHR and its agonism by L-Kyn prevent the pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory activity of CFBs in experimental HF. Methods and Results: We performed TAC or sham surgery on Ahr -/- mice and WT littermates for 4 weeks and found that Ahr-/- mice showed significantly decreased contractile function measured by echocardiography, and increased collagen deposition in left ventricular histological sections after TAC compared to WT mice. We performed bulk RNA sequencing in sorted CFB (CD31-CD45-MEFSK4+) from Ahr -/- and WT mice. Gene set enrichment analysis showed Ahr -/- CFB had increased expression in pathways for fibroblast activation, chemokine production, and immune cell recruitment. To investigate the role of L-Kyn agonism of CFB AHR in transformation and contractile function, murine CFB were treated with Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) (100ng/ml) or seeded in collagen discs, in the presence or absence of L-Kyn(100ug/ml). L-Kyn attenuated TGFβ mediated induction of αSMA and collagen 1 protein expression by immunofluorescence and western blot, as well as decreased disc contraction 72h after mechanical activation and release. The role of AHR agonism by L-Kyn on the pro-inflammatory function of CFB was determined in WT CFB treated with IFNγ (100U/ml) in the presence or absence of L-Kyn. IFNγ induction of chemokines Cxcl9 and Cxcl10, as well as MHC-II surface expression were attenuated by L-Kyn, so was T cell adhesion to CFB in co-culture assays. In contrast, L-Kyn had no effect on the ability of CFB to take up and process antigens, as determined by DQ-Ovalbumin internalization quantified by flow cytometry. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that AHR regulates activation and pro-inflammatory signatures in CFB at baseline, and that stimulation of CFB transformation and pro-inflammatory activity is dampened by agonism with L-Kyn. Current studies are aimed at investigating AHR agonism in the context of pressure overload induced HF in CFB reporter mice.

Assessment of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Effects of Aromatic Sensitizers in Paper Recycling Effluent Employing Zebrafish Embryos and in Silico Docking.

Aromatic sensitizers and related substances (SRCs), which are crucial in the paper industry for facilitating color-forming and color-developing chemical reactions, inadvertently contaminate effluents during paper recycling. Owing to their structural resemblance to endocrine-disrupting aromatic organic compounds, concerns have arisen about potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms. We focused on SRC effects via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), employing molecular docking simulations and zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo exposure assessments. Molecular docking revealed heightened binding affinities between certain SRCs in the paper recycling effluents and zebrafish Ahr2 and human AHR, which are pivotal components in the SRC toxicity mechanism. Fertilized zebrafish eggs were exposed to SRCs for up to 96 h post fertilization; among these substances, benzyl 2-naphthyl ether (BNE) caused morphological abnormalities, such as pericardial edema and shortened body length, at relatively low concentrations (1 μM) during embryogenesis. Gene expression of cytochrome P450 1A (cyp1a) and ahr2 was also significantly increased by BNE. Co-exposure to the AHR antagonist CH-223191 only partially mitigated BNE's phenotypic effects, despite the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin being relatively well restored by CH-223191, indicating BNE's AHR-independent toxic mechanisms. Furthermore, some SRCs, including BNE, exhibited in silico binding affinity to the estrogen receptor and upregulation of cyp19a1b gene expression. Therefore, additional insights into the toxicity of SRCs and their mechanisms are essential. The present results provide important information on SRCs and other papermaking chemicals that could help minimize the environmental impact of the paper industry. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2176-2188. © 2024 SETAC.

A Quantitative Adverse Outcome Pathway for Embryonic Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor of Fishes by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Leading to Decreased Fecundity at Adulthood.

Quantitative adverse outcome pathways (qAOPs) describe the response-response relationships that link the magnitude and/or duration of chemical interaction with a specific molecular target to the probability and/or severity of the resulting apical-level toxicity of regulatory relevance. The present study developed the first qAOP for latent toxicities showing that early life exposure adversely affects health at adulthood. Specifically, a qAOP for embryonic activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AHR2) of fishes by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) leading to decreased fecundity of females at adulthood was developed by building on existing qAOPs for (1) activation of the AHR leading to early life mortality in birds and fishes, and (2) inhibition of cytochrome P450 aromatase activity leading to decreased fecundity in fishes. Using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model species and benzo[a]pyrene as a model PAH, three linked quantitative relationships were developed: (1) plasma estrogen in adult females as a function of embryonic exposure, (2) plasma vitellogenin in adult females as a function of plasma estrogen, and (3) fecundity of adult females as a function of plasma vitellogenin. A fourth quantitative relationship was developed for early life mortality as a function of sensitivity to activation of the AHR2 in a standardized in vitro AHR transactivation assay to integrate toxic equivalence calculations that would allow prediction of effects of exposure to untested PAHs. The accuracy of the predictions from the resulting qAOP were evaluated using experimental data from zebrafish exposed as embryos to another PAH, benzo[k]fluoranthene. The qAOP developed in the present study demonstrates the potential of the AOP framework in enabling consideration of latent toxicities in quantitative ecological risk assessments and regulatory decision-making. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2145-2156. © 2024 SETAC.

Identification of aryl hydrocarbon receptor allosteric antagonists from clinically approved drugs.

The human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor, plays a pivotal role in a diverse array of pathways in biological and pathophysiological events. This position AhR as a promising target for both carcinogenesis and antitumor strategies. In this study we utilized computational modeling to screen and identify FDA-approved drugs binding to the allosteric site between α2 of bHLH and PAS-A domains of AhR, with the aim of inhibiting its canonical pathway activity. Our findings indicated that nilotinib effectively fits into the allosteric pocket and forms interactions with crucial residues F82, Y76, and Y137. Binding free energy value of nilotinib is the lowest among top hits and maintains stable within its pocket throughout entire (MD) simulations time. Nilotinib has also substantial interactions with F295 and Q383 when it binds to orthosteric site and activate AhR. Surprisingly, it does not influence AhR nuclear translocation in the presence of AhR agonists; instead, it hinders the formation of the functional AhR-ARNT-DNA heterodimer assembly, preventing the upregulation of regulated enzymes like CYP1A1. Importantly, nilotinib exhibits a dual impact on AhR, modulating AhR activity via the PAS-B domain and working as a noncompetitive allosteric antagonist capable of blocking the canonical AhR signaling pathway in the presence of potent AhR agonists. These findings open a new avenue for the repositioning of nilotinib beyond its current application in diverse diseases mediated via AhR.

Long-term impact of Hurricane Maria on point-of-use drinking water quality in Puerto Rico and associated potential adverse health effects

Drinking water security in Puerto Rico (PR) is increasingly challenged by both regulated and emerging anthropogenic contaminants, which was exacerbated by the Hurricane Maria (HM) due to impaired regional water cycle and damaged water infrastructure. Leveraging the NIEHS PROTECT (Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats) cohort, this study assessed the long-term tap water (TW) quality changes from March 2018 to November 2018 after HM in PR, by innovatively integrating two different effect-based quantitative toxicity assays with a targeted analysis of 200 organic and 22 inorganic pollutants. Post-hurricane PR TW quality showed recovery after >6-month period as indicated by the decreased number of contaminants showing elevated average concentrations relative to pre-hurricane samples, with significant difference of both chemical and toxicity levels between northern and southern PR. Molecular toxicity profiling and correlation revealed that the HM-accelerated releases of certain pesticides and PPCPs could exert increased cellular oxidative and/or AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor)-mediated activities that may persist for more than six months after HM. Maximum cumulative ratio and adverse outcome pathway (AOP) assessment identified the top ranked detected TW contaminants (Cu, Sr, V, perfluorooctanoic acid) that potentially associated with different adverse health effects such as inflammation, impaired reproductive systems, cancers/tumors, and/or organ toxicity. These insights can be incorporated into the regulatory framework for post-disaster risk assessment, guiding water quality control and management for public health protection.

Effects of Naphtho[2,1-a]pyrene Exposure on CYP1A1 Expression: An in Vivo and in Vitro Mechanistic Study Exploring the Role of Posttranscriptional Modification.

Currently, many emerging polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been found to be widely present in the environment. However, little has been reported about their toxicity, particularly in relation to CYP1A1. This study aimed to explore the toxicity of naphtho[2,1-a]pyrene (N21aP) and elucidate the mechanism underlying N21aP-induced expression of CYP1A1. The concentration and sources of N21aP were detected and analyzed by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and diagnostic ratio analysis. Then the effects of CYP1A1 on the toxicity of N21aP were conducted in male wild-type (WT) and Cyp1a1 knockout mice exposed to N21aP (0.02, 0.2, and ) through intratracheal instillation. Further, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway was examined through luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. -methyladenosine () modification levels were measured on global RNA and specifically on CYP1A1 mRNA using dot blotting and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (MeRIP qRT-PCR), with validation by inhibitors, DAA and SAH. sites on CYP1A1 were identified by bioinformatics and luciferase assays, and CYP1A1 mRNA's interaction with IGF2BP3 was confirmed by RNA pull-down, luciferase, and RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. N21aP was of the same environmental origin as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) but was more stably present in the environment. N21aP could be metabolically activated by CYP1A1 to produce epoxides, causing DNA damage and further leading to lung inflammation. Importantly, in addition to the classical AhR pathway (i.e., BaP), N21aP also induced CYP1A1 expression with a posttranscriptional modification of in CYP1A1 mRNA via the METTL14-IGF2BP3-CYP1A1 axis. Specifically, in the two recognition sites of METTL14 on the CYP1A1 mRNA transcript (position at 2700 and 5218), a methylation site (position at 5218) in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) was recognized by IGF2BP3, enhanced the stability of CYP1A1 mRNA, and finally resulted in an increase in CYP1A1 expression. This study systematically demonstrated that in addition to AhR-mediated transcriptional regulation, N21aP, had a new additional mechanism of -mediated posttranscriptional modification, jointly contributing to CYP1A1 expression. Given that PAHs are the metabolic substrates of CYP1A1, this study not only helps to understand the significance of environment-genetic interactions for the toxicity of PAHs but also helps to better understand the health risks of the emerging PAHs at environmental exposure levels. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14055.

Hydrogen-rich water alleviates asthma airway inflammation by modulating tryptophan metabolism and activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor via gut microbiota regulation

Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) is a beverage containing a high concentration of hydrogen that has been researched for its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties in asthma. This study investigates the potential therapeutic impact of HRW on the gut-lung axis. Using 16S rRNA and serum metabolomics, we examined changes in gut microbiota and serum metabolites in asthmatic mice after HRW intervention, followed by validation experiments. The findings revealed that HRW influenced gut microbiota by increasing Ligilactobacillus and Bifidobacterium abundance and enhancing the presence of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a microbially derived serum metabolite. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that HRW's protective effects against airway inflammation in asthmatic mice may be linked to the gut microbiota, with IAA potentially playing a role in reducing asthmatic airway inflammation through the aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR) signaling pathway. In summary, HRW can modify gut microbiota, increase Bifidobacterium abundance, elevate microbial-derived IAA levels, and activate AhR, which could potentially alleviate inflammation in asthma.

Skin Rejuvenation in Aged Mice by Fecal Microbiota Transplantation from Young Mice Feces

Skin aging is an increasingly prominent topic in the context of healthy aging. During the aging process, the skin’s barrier function diminishes, its water content decreases, wrinkles begin to form, and changes occur in the gut microbiota composition. However, the relationship between gut microbiota and skin aging remains unclear. In this study, we explored skin rejuvenation in aged mice through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) using feces from young mice. The results demonstrated enhanced water retention, thickened stratum corneum, increased collagen content, and improved epithelial cell differentiation in aged mice following FMT. Notably, FMT particularly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Lactococcus in aged mice, which were nearly undetectable in untreated aged mice. Non-targeted and targeted metabolomics analyses indicated that FMT significantly elevated levels of tryptophan (Trp) and its microbiota metabolites (e.g., indole-3-lactic acid (ILA)) in the feces and serum of aged mice. Both Trp and ILA appeared to rejuvenate aged skin by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to promote epidermal cell differentiation. In conclusion, FMT from young mice rejuvenated aged skin via Trp-metabolizing bacteria (Lactobacillus and Lactococcus) and Trp-derived metabolites, suggesting that interventions targeting Trp metabolites may effectively improve skin aging.

Effects of Early Life Exposures to the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligand TCDF on Gut Microbiota and Host Metabolic Homeostasis in C57BL/6J Mice.

Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and disruptions in the gastrointestinal microbiota have been positively correlated with a predisposition to factors such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes; however, it is unclear how the microbiome contributes to this relationship. This study aimed to explore the association between early life exposure to a potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist and persistent disruptions in the microbiota, leading to impaired metabolic homeostasis later in life. This study used metagenomics, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)- and mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics, and biochemical assays to analyze the gut microbiome composition and function, as well as the physiological and metabolic effects of early life exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) in conventional, germ-free (GF), and Ahr-null mice. The impact of TCDF on Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) in vitro was assessed using optical density (OD 600), flow cytometry, transcriptomics, and MS-based metabolomics. TCDF-exposed mice exhibited lower abundances of A. muciniphila, lower levels of cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), as well as lower levels of the gut hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY), findings suggestive of disruption in the gut microbiome community structure and function. Importantly, microbial and metabolic phenotypes associated with early life POP exposure were transferable to GF recipients in the absence of POP carry-over. In addition, AHR-independent interactions between POPs and the microbiota were observed, and they were significantly associated with growth, physiology, gene expression, and metabolic activity outcomes of A. muciniphila, supporting suppressed activity along the ILA pathway. These data obtained in a mouse model point to the complex effects of POPs on the host and microbiota, providing strong evidence that early life, short-term, and self-limiting POP exposure can adversely impact the microbiome, with effects persisting into later life with associated health implications. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13356.

Natural antagonistic flavones for AhR inhibit indoxyl sulfate-induced inflammatory gene expression in vitro and renal pathological damages in vivo.

Uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) induces vascular inflammation, a crucial event in renal failure, and vascular complications in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In endothelial cells, IS increases the production of inflammatory cytokines partially via the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and several food flavonoids have been reported to act as antagonists of AhR. This study aimed to investigate whether antagonistic flavonoids can attenuate IS-induced inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells in vitro and renal failure in vivo. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) pretreated with the flavones apigenin, chrysin, or luteolin were stimulated with IS. Expression levels of genes involved in AhR signaling, inflammatory cytokine production, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were analyzed. Uninephrectomized mice were orally administered chrysin and received daily intraperitoneal injections of IS for 4 weeks. In HUVECs, IS upregulated the mRNA expression of AhR-targeted genes (CYP1A1 and AhRR), and genes involved in inflammation (NOX4, MCP-1, IL-6, and COX2) and monocyte invasion/adhesion (ICAM1). All three flavones attenuated the IS-induced increase in the expression of these mRNAs. They also suppressed the IS-induced nuclear translocation of AhR and intracellular ROS production. Furthermore, IS-induced phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was inhibited by treatment with these flavones. The results of in-vivo experiments showed that administration with chrysin attenuated the elevation of blood urea nitrogen levels and AhR-target gene expression and the pathological impairment of renal tissues in mice, regardless of higher serum levels of IS. Natural food flavones antagonizing AhR exerted protective effects against IS-induced inflammation through the inhibition of the AhR-STAT3 pathway in HUVECs. Moreover, chrysin ameliorated IS-induced renal dysfunction in a mouse model of CKD. These flavonoids could be a therapeutic strategy for vascular inflammation in CKD.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Regulates Intestinal Physiology and Enteric Neurons in IBS through Microbial Tryptophan Metabolites.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by visceral pain and gut dysmotility. However, the specific mechanisms by which Lactobacillus strains relieve IBS remain unclear. Here, we screened Lactobacillus strains from traditional Chinese fermented foods with potential IBS-alleviating properties through in vitro and in vivo experiments. We demonstrated that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum D266 (Lp D266) administration effectively modulates intestinal peristalsis, enteric neurons, visceral hypersensitivity, colonic inflammation, gut barrier function, and mast cell activation. Additionally, Lp D266 shapes gut microbiota and enhances tryptophan (Trp) metabolism, thus activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and subsequently enhancing IL-22 production to maintain gut homeostasis. Mechanistically, Lp D266 potentially modulates colonic physiology and enteric neurons by microbial tryptophan metabolites. Further, our study indicates that combining Lp D266 with Trp synergistically ameliorates IBS symptoms. Together, our experiments identify the therapeutic efficacy of tryptophan-catabolizing Lp D266 in regulating gut physiology and enteric neurons, providing new insights into the development of probiotic-mediated nutritional intervention for IBS management.

Risk Assessment of Displaced Sediment by an Extreme Event Cyclone in a Peri-Urban Zone Using Bioassays and Analytical Chemistry.

Hawke's Bay in New Zealand was impacted by Cyclone Gabrielle in 2023, experiencing intense weather conditions and rainfall. Rivers and streams surged beyond their banks, displacing large amounts of sediment. The sewage treatment plant and industries in the Waitangi catchment, south of the city of Napier, were heavily impacted, making them potential sources of contaminants. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk of displaced sediments deposited south of Napier City, using bioassays and chemical analysis methods. Sediment samples were collected across a gradient between the coastline and the Waitangi Stream. The toxicity of chemically extracted or elutriate samples was assessed by Microtox®, mussel embryo-larval development, and aryl hydrocarbon and constitutive androstane receptor yeast two-hybrid assays. Targeted chemical analysis and automated identification and quantification system (AIQS-GC) methods were used to identify contaminants. The elutriates showed low toxicity and the yeast assays showed levels of activity like those previously reported. Chemical methods confirmed historical contamination by DDT and its metabolites DDE and DDD, as well as by plant sterols. Overall, the toxicity and chemicals detected are what would be expected from a typical agricultural soil. The risk posed by the displaced sediment in the Waitangi catchment can be considered low. Combining chemical and bioanalytical methods was an effective approach to investigate the potential risks of post-disaster contamination.

The Increased Frequency of Type 1 Regulatory T (Tr1) Cells and the Altered Expression of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) and Interferon Regulatory Factor-4 (IRF4) Genes in Type 1 Diabetes: A Case-Control Study.

Background and aim Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), particularly type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells, play a crucial role in modulating autoimmune responses. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the frequency of Tr1 cells and their association with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF4) gene expression levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) compared to the healthy controls. Method A case-control study design was used. The case group included patients diagnosed with T1DM, while the control group consisted of healthy individuals, matched for age and sex. Blood samples were collected, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated. Serum interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interleukin 21 (IL-21) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The gene expression of AHR and IRF4 was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and Tr1 cell populations were determined using flow cytometry. Data were summarized with mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) for quantitative variables. Independent sample t-test, chi-square test, and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare groups. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY), with significance levels set at p < 0.05. Figures were created using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). Results A total of 45 cases were enrolled in the study, with 30 T1DM patients and 15 healthy controls. The mean IL-10 concentration was significantly higher in the patients (10.4 ± 1.1 pg/mL) compared to the healthy controls (5.1 ± 0.7 pg/mL), with a p-value of 0.001. There was no significant difference in IL-21 levels between the patients (76.1 ± 9.0 pg/mL) and healthy controls (88.2 ± 17.5 pg/mL), indicated by a p-value of 0.480. AHR gene expression was significantly lower in patients, with a p-value of 0.037. Although IRF4 gene expression was higher in patients, the difference was not statistically significant (p= 0.449). Tr1 cell frequency was significantly higher in T1DM patients (1.45% of cluster of differentiation 4+ {CD4+} T cells) compared to the healthy controls (0.40% of CD4+ T cells), with a p-value of 0.045. Conclusions The study demonstrated that T1DM is associated with higher IL-10 levels, decreased AHR gene expression, and a higher frequency of Tr1 cells. Policymakers should focus on developing targeted immunomodulatory therapies to address these immunological abnormalities. Healthcare providers should prioritize monitoring cytokine levels and gene expression in T1DM patients to tailor treatment plans effectively. Further research is needed to explore the therapeutic potential of modulating Tr1 cells and their related pathways in T1DM management.

Ganoderic Acid A Mitigates Inflammatory Bowel Disease through Modulation of AhR Activity by Microbial Tryptophan Metabolism.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a complex gastrointestinal condition influenced by genetic, microbial, and environmental factors, among which the gut microbiota plays a crucial role and has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. Ganoderic acid A (GAA), which is a lanostane triterpenoid compound derived from edible mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, has demonstrated the ability to modulate gut dysbiosis. Thus, we investigated the impact of GAA on IBD using a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. GAA effectively prevented colitis, preserved epithelial and mucus layer integrity, and modulated the gut microbiota. In addition, GAA promoted tryptophan metabolism, especially 3-IAld generation, activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and induced IL-22 production. Fecal microbiota transplantation validated the mediating role of the gut microbiota in the IBD protection conferred by GAA. Our study suggests that GAA holds potential as a nutritional intervention for ameliorating IBD by influencing the gut microbiota, thereby regulating tryptophan metabolism, enhancing AhR activity, and ultimately improving gut barrier function.

Fast Targeted Metabolomics for Analyzing Metabolic Diversity of Bacterial Indole Derivatives in ME/CFS Gut Microbiome.

Disruptions in microbial metabolite interactions due to gut microbiome dysbiosis and metabolomic shifts may contribute to Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and other immune-related conditions. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), activated upon binding various tryptophan metabolites, modulates host immune responses. This study investigates whether the metabolic diversity-the concentration distribution-of bacterial indole pathway metabolites can differentiate bacterial strains and classify ME/CFS samples. A fast targeted liquid chromatography-parallel reaction monitoring method at a rate of 4 minutes per sample was developed for large-scale analysis. This method revealed significant metabolic differences in indole derivatives among B. uniformis strains cultured from human isolates. Principal component analysis identified two major components (PC1, 68.9%; PC2, 18.7%), accounting for 87.6% of the variance and distinguishing two distinct B. uniformis clusters. The metabolic difference between clusters was particularly evident in the relative contributions of indole-3-acrylate and indole-3-aldehyde. We further measured concentration distributions of indole derivatives in ME/CFS by analyzing fecal samples from 10 patients and 10 healthy controls using the fast targeted metabolomics method. An AdaBoost-LOOCV model achieved moderate classification success with a mean LOOCV accuracy of 0.65 (Control: precision of 0.67, recall of 0.60, F1-score of 0.63; ME/CFS: precision of 0.64, recall of 0.7000, F1-score of 0.67). These results suggest that the metabolic diversity of indole derivatives from tryptophan degradation, facilitated by the fast targeted metabolomics and machine learning, is a potential biomarker for differentiating bacterial strains and classifying ME/CFS samples. Mass spectrometry datasets are accessible at the National Metabolomics Data Repository (ST002308, DOI: 10.21228/M8G13Q; ST003344, DOI: 10.21228/M8RJ9N; ST003346, DOI: 10.21228/M8RJ9N).

Gut microbiota metabolite indole-3-acetic acid maintains intestinal epithelial homeostasis through mucin sulfation

ABSTRACT The global incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are gradually increasing. A high-fat diet (HFD) is known to disrupt intestinal homeostasis and aggravate IBD, yet the underlying mechanisms remain largely undefined. Here, a positive correlation between dietary fat intake and disease severity in both IBD patients and murine colitis models is observed. A HFD induces a significant decrease in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and leads to intestinal barrier damage. Furthermore, IAA supplementation enhances intestinal mucin sulfation and effectively alleviates colitis. Mechanistically, IAA upregulates key molecules involved in mucin sulfation, including 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphosulfate synthase 2 (Papss2) and solute carrier family 35 member B3 (Slc35b3), the synthesis enzyme and the transferase of 3’-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphosulfate (PAPS), via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). More importantly, AHR can directly bind to the transcription start site of Papss2. Oral administration of Lactobacillus reuteri, which can produce IAA, contributes to protecting against colitis and promoting mucin sulfation, while the modified L. reuteri strain lacking the iaaM gene (Lactobacillus ΔiaaM ) and the ability to produce IAA fail to exhibit such effects. Overall, IAA enhances intestinal mucin sulfation through the AHR-Papss2-Slc35b3 pathway, contributing to the protection of intestinal homfeostasis.

The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Regulates Invasiveness and Motility in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells through Expressional Regulation of Non-Muscle Myosin Heavy Chain IIA.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most prevalent type of hematopoietic malignancy. Despite recent therapeutic advancements, the high relapse rate associated with extramedullary involvement remains a challenging issue. Moreover, therapeutic targets that regulate the extramedullary infiltration of AML cells are still not fully elucidated. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) is known to influence the progression and migration of solid tumors; however, its role in AML is largely unknown. This study explored the roles of AHR in the invasion and migration of AML cells. We found that suppressed expression of AHR target genes correlated with an elevated relapse rate in AML. Treatment with an AHR agonist on patient-derived AML cells significantly decreased genes associated with leukocyte trans-endothelial migration, cell adhesion, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. These results were further confirmed in THP-1 and U937 AML cell lines using AHR agonists (TCDD and FICZ) and inhibitors (SR1 and CH-223191). Treatment with AHR agonists significantly reduced Matrigel invasion, while inhibitors enhanced it, regardless of the Matrigel's stiffness. AHR agonists significantly reduced the migration rate and chemokinesis of both cell lines, but AHR inhibitors enhanced them. Finally, we found that the activity of AHR and the expression of NMIIA are negatively correlated. These findings suggest that AHR activity regulates the invasiveness and motility of AML cells, making AHR a potential therapeutic target for preventing extramedullary infiltration in AML.

Dendritic Cell - Fibroblast Crosstalk via TLR9 and AHR Signaling Drives Lung Fibrogenesis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by progressive scarring and loss of lung function. With limited treatment options, patients succumb to the disease within 2-5 years. The molecular pathogenesis of IPF regarding the immunologic changes that occur is poorly understood. We characterize a role for non-canonical aryl-hydrocarbon receptor signaling (ncAHR) in dendritic cells (DCs) that leads to production of IL-6 and IL-17, promoting fibrosis. TLR9 signaling in myofibroblasts is shown to regulate production of TDO2 which converts tryptophan into the endogenous AHR ligand kynurenine. Mice with augmented ncAHR signaling were created by crossing floxed AHR exon-2 deletion mice (AHR Δex2 ) with mice harboring a CD11c-Cre. Bleomycin was used to study fibrotic pathogenesis. Isolated CD11c+ cells and primary fibroblasts were treated ex-vivo with relevant TLR agonists and AHR modulating compounds to study how AHR signaling influenced inflammatory cytokine production. Human datasets were also interrogated. Inhibition of all AHR signaling rescued fibrosis, however, AHR Δex2 mice treated with bleomycin developed more fibrosis and DCs from these mice were hyperinflammatory and profibrotic upon adoptive transfer. Treatment of fibrotic fibroblasts with TLR9 agonist increased expression of TDO2. Study of human samples corroborate the relevance of these findings in IPF patients. We also, for the first time, identify that AHR exon-2 floxed mice retain capacity for ncAHR signaling.

PGRMC1 promotes NSCLC stemness phenotypes by disrupting TRIM56-mediated ubiquitination of AHR

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for tumor chemoresistance, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is indispensable for maintaining CSC characteristics. Here, we aimed to investigate how the interaction between progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) and AHR contributes to the maintenance of CSC phenotypes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Clinical data and tissue microarray analyses indicated that patients with elevated PGRMC1 expression had poorer prognoses. Moreover, PGRMC1 overexpression enhanced CSC phenotypes and chemotherapy resistance in vitro and in vivo by modulating AHR ubiquitination. We then determined the specific interaction sites between PGRMC1 and AHR. Mass spectrometry screening identified tripartite motif containing 56 (TRIM56) as the E3 ligase targeting AHR. Notably, PGRMC1 overexpression inhibited the interaction between TRIM56 and AHR. Overall, our study revealed a regulatory mechanism that involves PGRMC1, AHR, and TRIM56, providing insights for developing CSC-targeting strategies in NSCLC treatment.