Agro-processing Industries Research Articles

THE IMPACT OF LOCAL PRODUCT BRANDING ON THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL AND LIVESTOCK AGRO-PROCESSING INDUSTRIES IN VLORA

This study aims to examine the impact of local product branding on the economic performance of the agricultural and livestock agro-processing industries in the region of Vlora. Based on the data collected from local agro-processing and agro-tourism industries, the purpose of this research is to analyze how branding strategies contribute to increasing the level of sales, the level of income, creating a strong identity, and improving the performance of businesses and the territory where these businesses are concentrated. The study includes in the analysis the influence of the local brand in the creation of the identity, in the level of sales, in the income, the profit margins, and the improvement of the economic performance of the agricultural and livestock agro-processing industries. For this reason, the research was conducted with the inclusion of over 100 industries/agritourism, and the analysis of the questionnaire data was conducted with the STATA program. From the results of the research, it is clear that investment in the branding of products with local indicators is necessary to stimulate economic development and to strengthen the market positioning of businesses in the agricultural and livestock sectors. Also, this research provides important recommendations for improving branding practices as a strategic tool for the development and consolidation of agro-processing industries in the region.

Developing the blue and circular economy through visionary eco-leadership in the fish waste processing agro-industry

Abstract Significant environmental pollution is caused by fish scale waste, but its utilization is still limited, so it has the potential to cause food waste which is detrimental to the environment. Eco-leadership is essential in changing people’s behavior by teaching them to see waste scales as a source of value-added materials, creating a sustainable economy, and improving the quality of the surrounding environment. This study explores the relationship between visionary eco-leadership from employee perceptions and its influence on developing a blue and circular economy in the fish waste processing agro-industry. This study used a purposive location determination method with a population of employees of an agro-industrial fish waste processing company in Boyolali Regency and a sample of 60. Data analysis used structural equations and the Partial Least Square (PLS) method. This study concludes that visionary leaders who care about the environment in the fish waste processing agro-industry positively and significantly influence the development of a blue and circular economy.

Factors Affecting Socio-Economic Status of the Residents of Mbeere North; Embu County Kenya

Mbeere North, a rural constituency in Embu County, Kenya, faces significant socio-economic challenges despite its potential for agricultural productivity and resource utilization. The region, inhabited predominantly by the Mbeere community and characterized by diverse ethnic groups, suffers from inadequate infrastructure, limited access to quality healthcare and education, and a reliance on subsistence farming. These issues are exacerbated by environmental degradation and climate change, leading to high poverty rates and economic instability. This study assessed the socio-economic status of Mbeere North's residents by identify the factors influencing their well-being. The research employed a descriptive design, targeting a sample of 150 residents, including households, community leaders, business owners, and providers of education and healthcare. Data collection methods included questionnaires and interviews, with a focus on key areas such as infrastructure, health, education, and economic activities. The findings revealed a population with low levels of education, limited healthcare access, and average monthly household incomes of KES 15,000. Infrastructure development is rated moderately, with significant variability in perceptions among respondents. The theoretical framework integrated Gary Becker's Human Capital Theory and Structural Functionalism. The paper presents analysis of descriptive statistics on socio-economic indicators, alongside the results of regression analysis. This analysis sheds light on the relationships between various independent variables, including education, health, economy, infrastructure, social services, and welfare, and the dependent variable, socio-economic status. Regression analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between the independent variables (education, healthcare, and infrastructure) and socio-economic status, with an R value of 0.75 and an R Square of 0.5625. In conclusion, Mbeere North requires targeted interventions to improve infrastructure, diversify agriculture, and enhance healthcare and education services. Recommendations include promoting agro-processing industries, investing in modern farming techniques, and developing eco-tourism. These strategies are essential for fostering economic growth, improving living standards, and achieving sustainable development in the region. Keywords: Effects of Socio-Economic Status on the Residents of Mbeere North; Embu County Kenya.

The State of the Art of Methodological Research on the Role of the Brand in Local Products

The products of the territory play an important role in the economic life of a country. They provide the right framework for economic and social development at the local and national levels. In the Albanian literature, there are no in-depth studies regarding the methodology used to increase the value of the local brand, and as a result of not researching this factor, this study helps the brand with local indicators. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the methodology in general and the method used in the research on the role of the brand with indicators of origin in local products in Albania. Methodologies are suggested, which consist of the examination of all methodological approaches for the role of the brand with local indicators and the identification of the method for researching the case study. For the importance of branding agricultural and livestock products with local indicators and preserving their originality and development, the concept of the methodology and method that must be followed in order to give accurate results and the values that the local brand carries in itself in development is important of it and the area that is applied to increasing the economic performance of agro-processing industries. The literature shows that the impact of increasing the value of the territorial brand in our country is based on the case study method and the cross-case research methodology. Meanwhile, in order to prove the importance of the local brand in increasing the consumption of products and increasing the income of the industries in this sector, the STATA program was used to process the data collected from consumers, and the "R" program was used to process the data of the collected industries. From the results of the research, it has been established that the local brand affects the increase in consumption and income in the agricultural and livestock agro-processing industries. This paper serves as a methodology for studies in this field that are necessary for the case of Albania.

Marketing the “faast” way: the corn dough revolution

Research methodology The case portrays an actual organization, real people and an authentic marketing situation. Both primary and secondary data were used to develop the case. Interviews with the company’s founders were a major source of primary data. Email exchanges with the company’s leadership were used to verify and elucidate details within the case and instructor’s manual. Other primary data included direct observations of how maize was milled, sold in the marketplaces and cooked into various staple foods. Secondary data about the company were obtained from the company’s website, social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) and articles in the press. Information on the company’s operating environment was derived from published government reports. The authors also drew on secondary data about the statistics, practices and issues involved in maize production and the agro-processing industry in Ghana. Case overview/synopsis This case features Sahel Grains Ltd, an agro-processing company based in Ghana, West Africa, striving to grow its maiden product, Faast Mmori. This ready-to-cook corn dough provides a more hygienic and convenient way of preparing local meals, compared to the traditional method, which involves taking maize grain to the local mill facilities and paying to have it milled before cooking. Alternatively, consumers purchase corn dough from the markets to make traditional meals. Since the company launched the product in Kumasi in 2018, sales have grown with the augmented street sales promotion and expanded distribution in premium supermarkets such as Shoprite and Citydia. However, starting in November 2020, the sales seemed to plateau with dwindling new customers, and the monthly dough sales in Kumasi dropped for the first time in December 2020. Although the sales regained positive growth, they then started to lose momentum. In this scenario, Kofi, the CEO and co-founder, is considering marketing strategies to catalyze growth. Students assume the role of Kofi and are asked to recommend growth strategies to move the company forward. In doing so, they must scan the market environment and analyze the product’s market positioning. More importantly, they are challenged to develop strategies for managing growth. Complexity academic level This case is intended for undergraduate students in an introductory course in marketing, management, entrepreneurship and business in general. It introduces students to key marketing concepts, such as market environment scanning, positioning, product life cycle and market growth strategy.

Environmental practices and the growth of small and medium agro-processing enterprises in Uganda

The study investigated the relationship between environmentally sustainable practices and the growth of agro-processing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Uganda. Aquantitative methodology was used to gather information from 367 respondents from agro-processing SMEs in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA) in Uganda. The study findings suggest that environmental practices regarding energy conservation, waste reduction and water conservation have a positive and significant relationship to the growth of agro-processing SMEs. As a result, the study suggests and recommends an environmental sustainability model that can be used by small and medium-sized agro-processing businesses in the GKMA. This is expected to improve the growth of agro-processing SMEs in Uganda thus adding to the conversation about sustainability in the Ugandan agro-processing industry as a whole.

DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES OF THE AGRO-PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN THE REGIONS

The purpose of the research - to determine the main directions for ensuring the development of the regional agro-processing industry and to highlight the shortcomings of the state's current regulatory framework in this area, and to suggest improvements. The methodology of the research - observation, analysis, comparison, grouping techniques were used during the research. The practical importance of the research - the proposed methods and tools for the development of the regional economy can be used by state institutions and entrepreneurs. The results of the research – in the development of the regional economy, the significance of the development of mutual economic ties among the agricultural sectors have been studied. The originality and scientific novelty of the research - the analysis reveals that the agro-processing industry, which has an important role in the growth of agricultural sector in Azerbaijan, is unevenly distributed and mainly concentrated in the capital Baku also the cities and regions close to it. The state needs to actively encourage the development of the agricultural areas in the regions through targeted projects and initiatives. To ensure regional development, there is currently a greater demand for innovative regulatory strategies and frameworks. Therefore, the proposed mechanisms for administrative, economic, and institutional methods for economic regions are novel.

Research on the dynamic changes of China's agro-processing industry agglomeration and spatial impact of production factors on agglomeration.

Agglomeration is an important phenomenon that accompanies with a large concentration of various production factors. Since the agro-processing industry has become a vital bridge connecting the primary and secondary industries, agglomeration and distribution within this industry are arousing wide concern. Based on provincial panel data of China from 2001 to 2020, this study described the dynamic changes of China's agro-processing industry agglomeration using spatial Gini coefficient and average concentration ratio. A theoretical analysis framework was established and a dynamic spatial Durbin model was used to quantitatively explore the spatial effects of production factors on the agro-processing industry agglomeration, results showed that: first, the agglomerations of agro-processing industry and its sub-industries all have exhibited a fluctuating trend of "up-down-up-down", meanwhile the agro-processing industry shifted from the Eastern coastal region to the central and western regions. Second, in the short term, the capital, labor, and technology factors respectively have remarkably promoted the agro-processing industries agglomeration both in local and neighboring areas. Third, in the long term, these three production factors all had a crowding effect on industrial agglomeration. Therefore, it is necessary to continue optimizing the agro-processing industry spatial layout through adjusting production factor inputs to promote high-quality development of the agro-processing industry.

Microalgae and co-culture for polishing pollutants of anaerobically treated agro-processing industry wastewater: the case of slaughterhouse

Anaerobically treated slaughterhouse effluent is rich in nutrients, organic matter, and cause eutrophication if discharged to the environment without proper further treatment. Moreover, phosphorus and nitrogen in agro-processing industry wastewaters are mainly removed in the tertiary treatment phase. The objective of this study is to evaluate the pollutant removal efficiency of Chlorella and Scenedesmus species as well as their co-culture treating two-phase anaerobic digester effluent through microalgae biomass production. The dimensions of the rectangular photobioreactor used to conduct the experiment are 15 cm in height, 20 cm in width, and 30 cm in length. Removal efficiencies between 86.74–93.11%, 96.74–97.47%, 91.49–92.91%, 97.94–99.46%, 89.22–94.28%, and 91.08–95.31% were attained for chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, nitrate, ammonium, total phosphorous, and orthophosphate by Chlorella species, Scenedesmus species, and their co-culture, respectively. The average biomass productivity and biomass yield of Chlorella species, Scenedesmus species, and their co-culture were 1.4 ± 0.1, 1.17 ± 0.12, 1.5 ± 0.13 g/L, and 0.18, 0.21, and 0.23 g/L*day, respectively. The final effluent quality in terms of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorous attained by Chlorella species and the co-culture were below the permissible discharge limit for slaughterhouse effluent standards in the country (Ethiopia). The results of the study showed that the use of microalgae as well as their co-culture for polishing the nutrients and residual organic matter in the anaerobically treated agro-processing industry effluent offers a promising result for wastewater remediation and biomass production. In general, Chlorella and Scenedesmus species microalgae and their co-culture can be applied as an alternative for nutrient removal from anaerobically treated slaughterhouse wastewater as well as biomass production that can be used for bioenergy.Graphical

Biological treatment of agro-processing industrial effluents from tannery, coffee and dairy plants using green algae (<i>Chlorella Ssp</i>.) cultured in a photo bioreactor

Due to increased environmental pollution as a result of high emission rates from agro-processing industries, the effluents must be cleaned up before being released into the environment. This study outlines the use of green algae for nutrient removal from agro-processing effluents discharged from three agro-industries (namely coffee, dairy, and tannery) in Kenya and how they can be used for the propagation of microalgae for biofuel production. Green algae were grown inside a photobioreactor containing the three agro-industrial effluents as nutrient media for 21 days. Thereafter, the algae were harvested and evaluated for biofuel production. The effectiveness of green algae (chlorella ssp) to extract the cations from the various agro-processing effluents was used to gauge how well they performed. Additionally, the algae growth rate, quantity of lipids, and biomass generated were used to evaluate the strains' effectiveness in producing biofuel. The results indicate that the highest maximum algae growth rate of 14.528 mg/mL occurred in the dairy effluent. The corresponding values for the coffee and tannery effluents were 13.016 mg/mL and 10.866 mg/mL, respectively. Biochemical analysis was done to establish the amount of biomass in the algae. The results showed that there was higher biomass productivity per day of 293.944, 124.849, and 91.997 μg/mL for the dairy, coffee, and tannery effluents, respectively. The contents of linolenic acid in the chlorella strain in the dairy, coffee, and tannery effluents were 13.21, 12.86, and 15.98%, respectively. The values obtained were slightly above the recommended lower limit value of 12% (EN 14214, 2004) for the production of quality biofuels. The results further show that high chemical oxygen demand removal (maximum of 47.7–67.8%) and total phosphorus removal (maximum of 95%) were achieved in all three effluents. Finally, the fatty acid methyl ester profiles produced indicated that the lipid content of the cultivated green algae was appropriate for the production of biofuel.

Sustainability analysis of fish crackers agroindustry in Palembang City

Agroindustry is an activity of utilizing agricultural products into processed products that have economic value, including being an effort to develop sustainable agriculture. The influence of agroindustry on national economic development shows a significant contribution every year, especially in developing countries. The processing agroindustry really needs attention because it is the biggest support for the national economy, namely reaching Rp. 866.26 trillion. This study aims to assess the status of the sustainability of Fish Crackers Agroindustry in Palembang City using the RAPFISH (Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries) modification method and develop strategy for developing a development system to increase the productivity of the Fish Crackers Agroindustry in Palembang City. The method used to analyze sustainability status uses RAPFISH, while a prospective analysis is used to develop scenarios for increasing sustainability status. The results showed that the sustainability status index of the Fish Crackers Agroindustry in Palembang City was 48,54 and was considered less sustainable. Considering that fish crackers are traditional foods from South Sumatera, the Fish Crackers Agroindustry in Palembang City needs to be developed. The total fish cracker industries in Palembang City have reached 1,183 industries. Efforts that can be made to be sustainable, the priority strategies for developing the Fish Crackers Agroindustry in Palembang City are formulated, namely the price of raw materials, the level of fisheries exploitation, post-harvest, the role of business actors, and the quality of governance.

ANALYSIS OF ADDED VALUE AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF CASSAVA AGROINDUSTRY IN THE CITY OF BINJAI, INDONESIA

<p>This study aims to analyze the amount of added value obtained from the cassava agro-industry according to the type of downstream product in the study area; to analyze the cassava agroindustry development strategy in the research area. The data analysis method used is the <em>hayami</em> method and SWOT analysis. The results showed that the downstream products of cassava agro-industry development in the study area were <em>Alen-Alen, Mie Yeye, Opak, Rengginang</em> and Chips. The added value obtained for Alen – Alen products is Rp. 2000/kg(59.3%), Mie Yeye product is Rp. 1,471/kg (49%), Opak products Rp. 1,692/kg (45%), Rengginang products Rp. 2,596/kg (44%) and Chips products of Rp. 2,250/kg (26%). The added value of cassava processing agro-industry products in the research area is still in the low category, because it is below 50%, except for Alen - Alen products and Based on the results of the SWOT analysis, The strategy for developing the cassava agro-industry in Binjai City is in quadrant I, namely the aggressive strategy, which is implemented, namely the SO strategy to increase production to expand markets, take advantage of raw material prices and processed cassava quality and seek opportunities for modern markets and exports of processed cassava.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0045/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Multi-criteria evaluation of agro-processing industries for sustainable local economic development in East of Iran

This study investigates the agro-processing industries potential to develop the local economic in the east of Iran as a developing country based on the sustainable development criteria including economic, social, environmental, and managerial indices. For this purpose, a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making model based on fuzzy SWARA and fuzzy EDAS technique is developed to determine the global weights of the criteria and prioritize the agro-processing industries as alternatives. Moreover, a conceptual analytical model based on the Porter’s diamond is utilized to evaluate the state of active firms in high-priority agro-processing industries, with the aim of providing the best applicable management insights. According to the findings, the most important sub-criteria are including “income growth by creating value-added”, “payback period”, and “number of jobs created per firm activated”. These sub-criteria are known as one of the most prominent managerial concerns in the local economic development area in Iran as the case study. Focusing on the prioritization results, the agro-processing industries for barberry and saffron products are identified as first-priority industries, while those related to the processing and packaging of medicinal herbs and production of jams and extracts of horticultural crops are ranked as second and third-priority alternatives, respectively. Based on the sensitively analysis, it can be inferred that the final result of selecting the best agro-processing industry is highly robust to the changes in the weight of the most influential sub-criterion. Moreover, Porter model showed that new entrants are not considered as a serious threat. Contrary to the buyers, the suppliers do not have a bargaining power because of the current market condition. Finally, barberry and saffron products have a great competitive rivalry in the national and international markets.

Effect on pulmonary functions of dust exposed rice mill workers in comparison to an unexposed population.

Paddy milling is the oldest and largest agro-processing industry in India. A large number of workers are employed in the rice mills where they are potentially exposed to dust. It has been shown that exposure to dust results in a high prevalence of respiratory diseases, such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, extrinsic allergic alveoli ties, toxic syndrome, and interstitial lung disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dust on rice mill workers' health using lung function tests with comparison to an unexposed population. Two hundred eighteen rice mill workers (exposed volunteers) were randomly selected from 25 rice mills in Assam, India. Participants were 18-60 years with at least one year of work experience. Further, 377 volunteers who were not exposed to dust and having similar demographic characteristics also participated as a control group. Pulmonary function tests were conducted for all participants by spirometry. The tests included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC (%), peak expiratory flow (PEF) and forced expiratory flow during the middle half of a forced vital capacity (FEF25-75%). Values from exposed workers were compared with the unexposed volunteers. It was observed that the lung function parameters FVC, FEV1, PEF and FEF25-75% in exposed workers were significantly decreased compared with unexposed volunteers. There were also significantly decreased FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC%, PEF and FEF25-75% with increase in age and duration of dust exposure. It was further observed that 48% and 32% of the total male and female volunteers, respectively, had evidence of lung disease. Irrespective of gender, approximately 45% of mill workers had evidence of lung disease, of which 21% was restrictive and 24% was obstructive. Compared with unexposed controls, rice mill workers have a greater prevalence of respiratory disease based on pulmonary function tests.

How environmental hostility, entrepreneurial orientation and dynamic capabilities are manifested to influence above-average export performance during the COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeThis study analyses how latent variables: environmental hostility, entrepreneurial orientation and dynamic capabilities are demonstrated in practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Coming from mixed-method research, which is an explanatory sequential research design; this paper aims to provide only the qualitative, practical manifestations and validations of the variables previously tested and analysed quantitatively.Design/methodology/approachA case study approach was used whereby open-ended, semi-structured series of interviews was conducted to extract narratives from two owner–managers of medium-scale manufacturer-exporter agro-processing firms in the Philippines. Thematic analysis using deductive reasoning was used to analyse the collected narratives.FindingsThe analysis showed qualitative evidence of a possible intervention of entrepreneurial orientation and dynamic capabilities between the effects of the hostile environment brought about by the pandemic on the firms’ export performance. In addition, organisational resilience was observed to possibly moderate the relationship between the firm’s entrepreneurial orientation and dynamic capabilities. Resilience takes time (years) to develop; with an entrepreneurial behaviour, a continuous enhancement and acquisition of resources, capabilities, knowledge reflects a robust and adaptive organisation during adversity.Social implicationsThe role of education and research institutions was highlighted in the development of dynamic capabilities of firms. The entrepreneurial resilience, however, reflects the individual characteristic of the owner–managers that manifests in the firm’s overall posture toward the overall goal of protecting the industry from its downfall.Originality/valueQualitative evidences composed of direct experiences from key informants served valuable and contextual (Philippine agro-processing industry) validations to the theoretical relationships of variables being analysed.

Evaluation of biogas production and pollutant removal efficiency of two-phase anaerobic digestion treating slaughterhouse effluent

Treatment of slaughterhouse and other agro-processing industry effluent has become important due to continuous global population growth and meat demand, particularly in developing countries, for sustainable biowaste management as well as value additions such as biofuel. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of two-phase anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse wastewater in terms of biogas production, methane yield, and removal efficiencies of organic matter, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Two consecutively connected 40 L galvanized metal anaerobic batch bioreactors were used to conduct the experiment. The total phosphorus removal efficiencies of hydrolytic-acidogenic reactor and methanogenic reactor were 13.34% and 16.58%, respectively. Total chemical oxygen demand, soluble chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, total solids, total suspended solids, volatile solids, and turbidity had overall removal efficiencies of 82.87, 88.53, 93.32, 75.35, 95.55, 98.95, 97.42 and 98.06%, respectively. Biogas production of 189.45 mL/day with methane and carbon dioxide compositions of 67.69% and 29.9%, respectively, was also achieved. It was concluded that the two-phase anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse wastewater shows substantial organic matter removal efficiencies and biogas production.

Designing and Manufacturing of Vegetable Slicing Machine

Agro-processing industry is faced with a challenge of slicing of vegetables for immediate consumption. This stems from the fact that the traditional slicing methods use bare hands, and knives. This method is faced with shortcomings of inefficiency, poor hygiene, and significant dangers to injury. If vegetables are not sliced, their drying takes longer, may possibly be spoiled, and cannot be stored for future uses. Therefore, this paper strives to design a vegetable slicing machine to increase the efficiency of the drying process as a post-processing step. The study employed a Pugh’s design model to design the machine and manufacture it. First, the necessary information for the design was collected. Thereafter, the machine was designed according to specifications – 0.5 hp, 1400 rpm motor; with a capacity of slicing of 30 kg/h, at an efficiency of 86%. The prototype was tested using carrots. The whole testing was conducted with no injury, and ease to the users. It is advised to automate the vegetable feeding process and reduce the size for future improvements of the vegetable slicing machine.

Staff Training and Agro-processing Industry in Nigeria. A study of some selected Agro-industries in Nigeria

Training and development is a continuous exercise which aim at developing competences and enhance the individual’s capacity to contribute optimally to the development of the organisation. The aim of this study is to examine training and development as a means of driving agro-industry capacity in Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted for the study. The study was carried out in three states in southwest Nigeria. Multi stage sampling techniques was adopted to select 150 respondents in five Agro-Based industries (i.e. salt processing industry, production of flour, Maida and semolina, fruits processing industries, milk processing industries and seed processing and preservation industries). The necessary data were gathered with the aid of questionnaire distributed to 150 respondents in selected industries. The psychometric property (reliability and validity) of the instrument of data collection (questionnaire) were tested using Cronbach alpha and component factor analysis respectively. The data were analysed by means of simple linear regression with the aid of SPSS. It was revealed from the result of the analysis that there exist a positive significant relationship between Agro-processing industry and Training and Development in Nigeria. Hence, the study recommends that massive awareness should be made by Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute in order to enhance agro industry capacity in Nigeria and the Training institute should run efficient and effective mandatory training programmes bi-annually.

An assessment of differential supplier category performance in the agro processing industry: A case for supplier development in the Zimbabwean tobacco industry

This study sought to determine whether farm categories influence the key agro business supply chain metric of crop yield. The investigated farm categories are the communal farms, A1 farms, A2 farms, and commercial farms that reflect the agricultural structure that emerged from the post-fast-track land reform programme in Zimbabwe. Secondary data for crop yield was collected from the Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board publications of a five-year period spanning from 2014-2018. Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board is the regulatory authority of the Zimbabwean tobacco industry. The study used One-way ANOVA to test the specified hypotheses. A post hoc test was conducted using the Bonferroni procedure. The results indicated that crop yield is a function of the farm category. Communal farms had low crop yield, while A1 farm models proved to be very productive as evidenced by higher crop yield than any other farm category. A2 farms and commercial farms had unexpectedly low crop yield. The study recommended consolidation and transformation of communal areas into small-to-medium plots for the purposes of improving their agricultural viability, while at the same time downsizing the redundant A2 and commercial farms into small scale plots for the purposes of improving their efficiency. The study also recommended entering into resource-providing contract farming with A2 farmers whose current low yield might be due to lack of adequate input resources.

Role of IoT in Food Safety

Organic products are grown up a system of agriculture without the use of chemicals, fertilizers and pesticides with an natural environment and social responsible. This method of farming that works at grass root level preserving the reproductive and regenerative capacity of the soil. It produces nutritious food rich in vitality which has resistance to diseases in food processing sector. Organic food sector covers fruit, vegetables, spices, meat, poultry, milk, fisheries, plantation, grains, etc, all are consumption from agro-processing industry. Now-a-days it is necessary to avoid the preservatives, additives that are sprayed on the food. Hence to find the harmful preservative is a challenge which can be overcome by using the IOT devices. Therefore in recent years there is a need to improve the awareness of the general public health about organic foods. The health conscious public is that most life style diseases are avoidable. The fear of getting sick is compelling people to start taking precautions and avoid unhealthy food. This article is spreading word about having a healthy lifestyle and guiding people to change their preference to organic diets.