Agro-environmental Sustainability Research Articles

Bacillus altitudinis Mediated Lead Bioremediation for Enhanced Growth of Rice Seedlings.

Lead (Pb) is a hazardous environmental pollutant that threatens soil health, water quality, and agricultural productivity. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) mediated bioremediation is considered as an eco-friendly approach for agro-environmental sustainability. This study investigated the Pb bioremediation potential of Bacillus altitudinis (IHBT-705). The results revealed that IHBT-705 strain tolerated upto 15mM of Pb, possessed 96% Pb bioaccumulation efficiency, and also maintained its plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits under Pb stress. Furthermore, IHBT-705 strain treated with 15mM Pb solution (IHBT-W) and soil containing 15mM Pb treated with IHBT-705 inoculum (IHBT-S) ameliorated the detrimental effects of Pb stress. Both IHBT-W and IHBT-S treatment significantly improved the shoot length, root length, total roots, chlorophyll content, and antioxidants enzyme activity of the rice seedlings as compared to the seedlings treated with 15mM Pb solution (Pb-W) and soil containing 15mM Pb (Pb-S). Also, IHBT-W and IHBT-S treatment decreased the Pb content in the rice plant by 97 and 96% over their respective Pb-W and Pb-S plants. Overall, our research underscores the remarkable Pb bioremediation potential of IHBT-705, offering a promising avenue for dual function, i.e. improving soil health and promoting plant growth under Pb contamination.

Fertilizer dependency: a new indicator for assessing the sustainability of agrosystems beyond nitrogen use efficiency

Cropping systems depend on external nitrogen (N) to produce food. However, we lack metrics to account for society’s fertilizer dependency, although excessive increases in N application damage human and environmental health. The objective of this study is to propose a novel indicator, N fertilizer dependency, calculated as the ratio between human-controllable external inputs and total N inputs. Nitrogen fertilizer dependency has a solid mathematical base being derived from closing the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) equation. This study also tests the value of the N fertilizer dependency concept at the cropping system (plant-soil) scale and at different spatial scales, from field to country, as a complementary indicator to promote sustainable production. The field experiments conducted with grain cereals as a main crop showed that when replacing the barley precedent crop with a legume, N fertilizer dependency accounted for soil legacy and was reduced by 15% in fertilized treatments. In a farm population, N fertilizer dependency ranged from 47 to 95% and accounted for the relevance of biological fixation and irrigation water N inputs, adding pertinent information to performance indicators (i.e., NUE). At the country scale, N fertilizer dependency showed different temporal patterns, depending mainly on the relevance of biological atmospheric N fixation. Nitrogen fertilizer dependency of global cropping systems has risen to ≈83% in the last five decades, even though the N exchange among regions has increased. Nitrogen fertilizer dependency has great potential to monitor the achievements of efforts aiming to boost system autonomy, and within similar agricultural systems, it can be used to identify practices that lead to a reduction of fertilizer needs. In summary, N fertilizer dependency is a new indicator to evaluate the agroenvironmental sustainability of cropping systems across the scales and provides a complementary dimension to the traditional indicators such as NUE, N output, and N surplus.

The environmental and agronomic benefits and trade-offs linked with the adoption alternate wetting and drying in temperate rice paddies

ContextAlternating wetting and drying (AWD) is an irrigation practice, alternative to continuous flooding, to improve the agro-environmental sustainability of rice cultivation. Benefits include reduction in water consumption, methane (CH4) emissions and arsenic (As) concentrations in grain. However, drainage periods during AWD can negatively affect nitrogen (N) use efficiency by the crop and grain yields, while increasing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and cadmium (Cd) contents in grain. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to provide a holistic evaluation of AWD adoption in temperate rice cropping systems, including associated trade-offs. We hypothesized that the adoption of AWD in water seeded rice paddies can reduce the global warming potential (GWP) without affecting plant N uptake or introducing yield gaps, and also maintain a high quality of rice grain by limiting the uptake of metal(loid)s present in the soil, thereby resulting in an overall positive agro-environmental performance. MethodsIn a two-year field experiment in NW Italy two alternative irrigation practices involving water seeding followed by AWD management of different severity (AWDsafe and AWDstrong) were evaluated relative to the conventional water seeding and continuous flooding (WFL), comparing three different rice varieties. Yields and yield components, plant N uptake, apparent N recovery (ANR), metal(loid) concentrations in grain, and CH4 and N2O emissions were evaluated. ResultsAWDsafe and AWDstrong maintained or increased yields compared to WFL depending on varieties, despite an increase in sterility. There were no consistent differences in N uptake and ANR. Both AWDsafe and AWDstrong significantly reduce As concentration in grain, but significantly increase Cd and nickel (Ni). AWDsafe and AWDstrong reduced CH4 emissions by 45–55 % and 40–73 %, respectively, compared toWFL, while no increase in N2O emissions was observed. This resulted in a reduction in the GWP of 46 and 54 % with AWDsafe and AWDstrong, respectively. Conclusions and ImplicationsAWD was shown to be effective for mitigating GHG emissions from temperate rice cropping systems while maintaining high yield performance comparable or higher than WFL. AWD may represent a viable alternative to continuous flooding to improve agro-environmental sustainability of temperate rice cropping systems, but the trade-off between decreasing As and increasing Cd and Ni contents in the grain may represent an important concern for food safety with the adoption of this alternative water management practice.

Controlled release formulations of organophosphorus pesticides based on ecofriendly novel and conventional matrices for agro-environmental sustainability

Controlled release formulations (CRFs) of the organophosphorus pesticides diazinon and dichlorvos were prepared from a novel cow dung ash (CDA) matrix and the more conventional starch (STA) matrix. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the CRFs. FTIR and XRD spectral data provide evidence for pesticide-matrix interactions fundamental to observed matrix surface binding and pesticide release behaviour in water and soil environments. Properties evaluation of the CRFs reveal similar magnitudes of loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of CDA- and STA-based CRFs of both pesticides, while the order CDA > STA prevails in matrix porosity and swelling ability. Technical grade (TG) and the CRF-encapsulated pesticides exhibit “burst” release profiles in water; pesticide quantities released at similar lengths of time follow the order TG >> STA-CRF > CDA-CRF, thus revealing the capacity of the CRFs to constrain the active ingredients from free mobility, with CDA-CRF being the more slightly efficacious. The Korsmeyer-Peppas equation reasonably models pesticide release from both CRFs into water, giving n values consistent with both water diffusion into the matrix and matrix relaxation as kinetically important in both matrices. Soil column experiments demonstrate the potential of the CFRs to mitigate ground water pollution. Overall, the results show that CDA- and STA-based CRFs of both pesticides have roughly the same potency for pesticide controlled release and ground water pollution mitigation. Deployment of these CFRs can contribute to the drive for agro-environmental sustainability, while the use of CDA, a waste material, as a matrix in controlled pesticide delivery would resonate with sustainable bioresource utilization.

Microbial Amelioration of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Plants for Agro-Environmental Sustainability

Microbial Amelioration of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Plants for Agro-Environmental Sustainability

Water Quality Assessment of a Hydro-Agricultural Reservoir in a Mediterranean Region (Case Study—Lage Reservoir in Southern Portugal)

In regions where drought has become a common occurrence for most of the year and where agriculture is the main economic activity, the development of hydro-agricultural systems has made it possible to improve water management. Despite this, the intensification of agriculture combined with climate change leads to a potential decrease in water quality and water management practices are essential to improve agro-environmental sustainability. The aim of this study was to assess the water quality for irrigation and potential ecological status of the reservoir (using support chemical parameters). The results showed biological oxygen demand values above the maximum stipulated for an excellent ecological potential in all sampling periods except April 2018 and December 2020 (with the highest values of 10 mg L−1 O2 in dry periods). Most of the total nitrogen concentrations (TN) surpassed those stipulated for a good ecological potential (0.96 ≤ TN ≤ 2.44 mg L−1 N). In fact, TN and total suspended solids were the main parameters used for water classification. From the perspective of irrigation and according to FAO guidelines regarding infiltration rate, these waters presented light to moderate levels of restrictions. Thus, the results revealed that the decrease in the water quality status and its possible impact on the soil infiltration rate can be related, in part, to the meteorological conditions and to the intensive agricultural practices developed around the drainage basin. Despite that, as the Lage reservoir is part of Brinches–Enxoé hydraulic circuit, the water recirculation is also an important factor that may have affected the results obtained. Furthermore, the experimental design, integrating ecological status, irrigation parameters, and the impact on soil systems; using the same parameters from different perspectives; allowed us to have a global idea of water contamination and its impact on agroecosystems, improving river basin management processes.

Comparative efficacy of wheat-straw biochar and chicken-waste compost on cadmium contaminated soil remediation, reducing cadmium bioavailability and enhancing wheat performance under cadmium stress

Cadmium (Cd) pollution of soil and food crops is a widespread environmental issue caused by excessive industrialization, unsustainable urbanization, and intensive farming practices. Cd, a hazardous element, poses significant risks to agro-environmental sustainability, food safety, and human health. Using organic materials such as biochar and compost to stabilize Cd in contaminated soil is an environmentally benign and cost-effective strategy for remediating moderately to highly polluted soil. However, in response to the scarcity of comparative studies on biochar and compost efficacy, this research explores the impact of wheat-straw biochar and chicken waste compost on Cd-contaminated soil remediation. A greenhouse experiment using two application rates (1.5 % and 2.5 %) of biochar and compost in 10 mg kg−1 Cd-contaminated soil revealed significant (p≤0.05) effects. The 2.5 % compost application increased soil organic carbon (SOC) from 0.45 % to 0.85 %, while 2.5 % biochar enhanced soil pH from 7.1 to 7.7 and electrical conductivity (EC) from 0.33 to 0.44 dSm−1. Notably, 2.5 % biochar significantly reduced Cd bioavailability from 9.49 to 4.90 mg kg−1, root accumulation from 29.8 to 16.4 mg kg−1 and shoot translocation from 16.8 to 8.4 mg kg−1. This reduction was confirmed through translocation factor (51.5 %) and immobilization efficiency (48.4 %). Furthermore, 2.5 % biochar improved chlorophyll content (a, b, and total) and wheat morphological attributes under Cd stress in soil. Overall, higher rates of biochar (2.5 %) and compost (2.5 %) effectively mitigate Cd uptake, improve soil properties, and enhance physiological and morphological responses, suggesting their promise for sustainable soil management practices.

Plant endophytes: unveiling hidden applications toward agro-environment sustainability.

Endophytic microbes are plant-associated microorganisms that reside in the interior tissue of plants without causing damage to the host plant. Endophytic microbes can boost the availability of nutrient for plant by using a variety of mechanisms such as fixing nitrogen, solubilizing phosphorus, potassium, and zinc, and producing siderophores, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and phytohormones that help plant for growth and protection against various abiotic and biotic stresses. The microbial endophytes have attained the mechanism of producing various hydrolytic enzymes such as cellulase, pectinase, xylanase, amylase, gelatinase, and bioactive compounds for plant growth promotion and protection. The efficient plant growth promoting endophytic microbes could be used as an alternative of chemical fertilizers for agro-environmental sustainability. Endophytic microbes belong to different phyla including Euryarchaeota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucoromycota, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The most pre-dominant group of bacteria belongs to Proteobacteria including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Proteobacteria. The least diversity of the endophytic microbes have been revealed fromBacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Acidobacteria. Among reported genera, Achromobacter, Burkholderia, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Herbaspirillum, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Rhizobium, and Streptomyces were dominant in most host plants. The present review deals with plant endophytic diversity, mechanisms of plant growth promotion, protection, and their role for agro-environmental sustainability. In the future, application of endophytic microbes have potential role in enhancement of crop productivity and maintaining the soil health in sustainable manner.

Biogenically produced Co3O4 nanoparticles and their application as micronutrient and antimicrobial agent for agro-environmental sustainability

Biogenically produced Co3O4 nanoparticles and their application as micronutrient and antimicrobial agent for agro-environmental sustainability

The importance of considering agricultural dynamics when discussing agro-environmental sustainability in futures studies of biogas

Biogas from anaerobic digestion is the most developed renewable alternative to fossil gas. Futures studies on the future of biogas discuss different promises on energy decarbonization, agricultural transition and territorial development, but its role in supporting the transition to a sustainable agriculture is debated in several European countries. In political arenas especially, futures studies are considered as strategic instruments that, by proposing possible scenarios, help shape visions of future related technologies. Although in France the debate on biogas includes the possibility of several future paths, we hypothesize here that futures studies do not sufficiently consider the dynamics of agricultural systems when discussing biogas future sustainability. By gathering a corpus of 16 recent futures studies, we show that the vision of biogas sustainability is developed mainly through normative rhetoric on agriculture evolution. Most studies indicate that biogas development can lead to a greening of agricultural systems. Yet, those assertions rest on a limited analysis of the co-evolution of technical and social dynamics in agriculture. Specifically, norms that describe the agency of farmers overlook or underestimate some sustainability risks and opportunities. New futures studies based on biogas’ role in agricultural sociotechnical systems will help policymakers determine what policies are needed for sustainability.

AgroEnvironmental Sustainability: A Call to Action for Sustainable and Greener Future

One of the most important economic pillars is agriculture, which provides raw materials for industrial processes and much-needed food. However, agriculture is also a major contributor to climate change and environmental degradation. The need for sustainable agriculture has never been more pressing as the world grapples with numerous environmental issues that threaten food security and livelihoods. The launch of AgroEnvironmental Sustainability, a new journal dedicated to promoting sustainable agricultural practices, is a welcome and timely development. The journal will bring forward scientific information that addresses challenges in agriculture, economic, social, health, and environmental aspects.

Species composition and ecological structure of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) communities as biological indicators of the agro-environmental sustainability

Intensification of crop cultivation can have detrimental environmental consequences that however can be prevented by monitoring of the specific biological indicators sensitive to changes in the ambient environment. In this study the impact of crop type (spring wheat and corn) and cultivation intensity on the community of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia was investigated. A total of 39 species from 15 genera were collected. Ground beetles' community was characterized by a high evenness of species distribution across the agroecosystems. The average Jaccard's similarity index for species presence/absence was 65%, and for abundance it was 54%. The significant difference in the distribution of predatory and mixophytophages ground beetles in wheat crops (U test, P < 0.05) can be justified by the constant suppression of the weed component and the use of insecticides that lead to the dominance of the predators. Fauna of wheat crops was more diverse than that in corn (Margalef index, U test, P < 0.05). No significant differences in biological diversity indexes, except for the Simpson dominance index (U test, P < 0.05, wheat), were found in ground beetle communities in crops at different levels of intensification. A certain differentiation of predatory species was caused by the selective occurrence of the litter-soil species, especially abundant in the row-crop. The specificity of the ground beetle community of corn crops may have been caused by repeated inter-row tillage, which influenced the increase in porosity and topsoil relief and contributed to the creation of favorable microclimatic conditions. In general, the applied level of agrotechnological intensification had no significant effect on the species composition and ecological structure of beetle communities in agrolandscapes. The use of bioindicators made it possible to assess the environmental sustainability of the agricultural environment and also creates the prerequisites for the development of ecologically directed correction of agrotechnological operations in agroecosystem management.

Minerals solubilizing and mobilizing microbiomes: A sustainable approach for managing minerals' deficiency in agricultural soil.

Agriculture faces challenges to fulfil the rising food demand due to shortage of arable land and various environmental stressors. Traditional farming technologies help in fulfilling food demand but they are harmful to humans and environmental sustainability. The food production along with agro-environmental sustainability could be achieved by encouraging farmers to use agro-environmental sustainable products such as biofertilizers and biopesticides consisting of live microbes or plant extract instead of chemical-based inputs. The eco-friendly formulations play a significant role in plant growth promotion, crop yield and repairing degraded soil texture and fertility sustainably. Mineral solubilizing microbes that provide vital nutrients like phosphorus, potassium, zinc and selenium are essential for plant growth and development and could be developed as biofertilizers. These microbes could be plant associated (rhizospheric, endophytic and phyllospheric) or inhabit the bulk soil and diverse extreme habitats. Mineral solubilizing microbes from soil, extreme environments, surface and internal parts of the plant belong to diverse phyla such as Ascomycota, Actinobacteria, Basidiomycota, Bacteroidetes, Chlorobi, Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Mucoromycota, Proteobacteria and Tenericutes. Mineral solubilizing microbes (MSMs) directly or indirectly stimulate plant growth and development either by releasing plant growth regulators; solubilizing phosphorus, potassium, zinc, selenium and silicon; biological nitrogen fixation and production of siderophores, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, hydrolytic enzymes and bioactive compound/secondary metabolites. Biofertilizer developed using mineral solubilizing microbes is an eco-friendly solution to the sustainable food production system in many countries worldwide. The present review deals with the biodiversity of mineral solubilizing microbes, and potential roles in crop improvement and soil well-being for agricultural sustainability.

Agro-environmental sustainability of using digestate fertilizer for solanaceous and leafy vegetables cultivation: Insights on fertilizer efficiency and risk assessment

Digestate generated from anaerobic digestion (AD) has been widely used as digestate fertilizer (DF) for plant growth, but its application should be comprehensively investigated. This study evaluates the effects of different amounts of DF on crop growth, nutrient use efficiency (NUE), soil properties, and potential negative impacts of DF application (salinity and heavy metals (HMs)) with two different crops (Eggplant and Shanghai cabbage). In eggplant cultivation, the yield increased with the increase of DF amount, and the yield of the DF-680 group was the highest (65.4 t/ha) under the highest fertilizer amount. However, due to high ammonia volatilization loss and excessive application, the NUE of DF was only about half of that of chemical fertilizer (CF). Significantly different from eggplant, the high application amount of DF resulted in yield reduction in Shanghai cabbage cultivation. The yield and NUE of the DF-170 group were the highest, the yield was 46.5 t/ha, and the NUE was more than twice compared to CF. Moreover, DF can raise soil nitrogen storage and alleviate soil acidification caused by fertilization in both batches of cultivation. Nevertheless, the electrical conductivity (EC) value of the soil was increased by 2–3 times, and the long-term application may lead to soil salinization. On the other hand, the increase of DF application elevated the content of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in soil significantly but did not cause HMs contamination in crops and tillage soil. In summary, reasonable application amounts and methods should be considered when applying DF.

A comprehensive assessment of diversified cropping systems on agro-environmental sustainability in three Mediterranean long-term field experiments

A comprehensive assessment of diversified cropping systems on agro-environmental sustainability in three Mediterranean long-term field experiments

A comprehensive assessment of diversified cropping systems on agro-environmental sustainability in three Mediterranean long-term field experiments

The intensification of agricultural systems has caused a noticeable impact on agro-ecosystem services. Thus, the adoption of more sustainable agricultural practices such as crop diversification and reduction of external inputs represent an alternative strategy to minimize the impacts of intensive agricultural systems to the environment. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of crop rotation, conservation tillage, and low-input strategies on soil quality and farming performance using a set of 7 indicators based on a fuzzy logic approach. Data were collected from three Mediterranean long-term field experiments (LTEs) mostly oriented on cereal-based and vegetables cropping systems, located in Spain and Italy. The selected agro-environmental indicators clearly discriminated both from a geographical point of view and between monoculture and diversification, showing their suitability for the evaluation of diversified cropping systems. Such indicators highlighted that implementing crop diversification and reducing soil disturbance and chemical inputs enhanced soil quality. In this context, the most significant effects of diversified cropping strategies were the increase of crucial variables such as soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (Pav), and bulk density (BD) maintaining a stability of yields in all the three LTEs. These results provide strong evidence for the benefits of crop diversification in Mediterranean areas, highlighting that diversification represents a very promising strategy for more sustainable land management. Simple and composite indicators calculated using fuzzy method can be proposed as tool to assess the effects of diversification strategies on cropping systems performance. This approach can be used to define local solutions to help the re-design of cropping system through crop diversification transition across Europe.

A nexus between farmland rights, and access, demand, and amount of agricultural loan under the socialist system of China

In the modern socialist system of China, the governments separated land ownership rights and land use rights to increase the access and demand for agricultural loans for the improvement of the social welfare of farmers. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate the impact of farmland rights and land transfer on access, demand, and amount of agricultural loan under the socialist system of China. For this purpose, data from China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) were used to empirically analyze the objectives of the study using various econometric approaches particularly, the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method and Benchmark regression. Results depicted that farmland rights and land transfer-in positively and significantly impacted access, demand, and amount of loan. However, the land transfer-out reduced the demand for agricultural loan. Moreover, the land transfer-in found a positive mediating impact on access, demand, and amount of agricultural loan. While the negative mediating effect of the land transfer-out was only reflected in the access and demand for agricultural loan. The farm output of the previous year significantly and positively impacted availing the agricultural loan. While the age of farmers significantly and negatively impacted on availing the agricultural loan. The results also confirmed the regional differences regarding the impact of farmland rights and land transfer-out on availing the agricultural loan. Findings of the study suggest public authorities to increase capital input through state-owned farm assets to reduce the funding gaps and promote agro-environmental sustainability.

Assessing agro-environmental sustainability of intensive agricultural systems

Sustainable production in water-scarce regions entails not to overshoot the sustainable blue water availability (BWA), which in turn requires addressing environmental flow requirements (EFRs). We explored the long-term effects of agricultural development, before (1984–1997) and during (1998–2018) the operation of the modern irrigation and drainage network of Tajan (TIDN), northern Iran, on the sustainability of blue water consumptions. A combination of different methods were applied to estimate hydrological EFRs of rivers, ab-bandans (traditional water reservoirs), and groundwater resources. Three major pollutants in the region's water resources, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and salinity, were used to estimate water quality EFR. Monthly agriculture water footprints (WFs) were calculated using the AquaCrop model, and then were compared with the region's BWA, which was calculated by subtracting monthly EFRs from monthly natural runoff. When WF exceeded BWA, the production system includes unsustainable water consumption. The EFR satisfaction of surface water decreased after TIDN operation by about 19%. Unmanaged nitrogen application and post-TIDN overexploitation of groundwater resulted in substantial increase in groundwater EFR violation. The TIDN led to more water consuming cropping pattern resulting in increased agricultural water consumption by about 73%. Overall, agricultural development in TIDN was beyond the capacity of the area, which resulted in up to about 167 MCM y−1 unsustainable blue water consumption. Based on the results, the new framework presented for assessing agro-environmental sustainability could assist managers and policy makers to modify agricultural systems according to environment resilience.

The life cycle assessment of subsurface drainage performance under rice-canola cropping system

The life cycle assessment (LCA) concept is a widely used tool to assess the environmental aspects of any activity throughout its life cycle. This study is the first application of LCA for assessing the agro-environmental sustainability of subsurface drainage systems under rice-canola cropping rotation. The systems included D0.65L15, D0.65L30, and D0.9L30, consisting of two depths (D=0.65 and 0.9 m) and two spacing (L= 15 and 30 m) and a bi-level drainage system with alternate depths of 0.9 and 0.65 m with 15 m spacing (Bilevel). A paddy plot with conventional surface drainage and similar cropping system was considered as control (Control). Two water management strategies, including mid-season drainage (MSD) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD), were practiced during rice-growing period. Free drainage (FD) was adopted during canola-growing period. Required field data were collected during 2011–2016, including four rice-canola-growing cycles (two MSD-FD cycles and two AWD-FD cycles). Using the LCA concept, the effectiveness of different drainage systems were assessed under the cycles of MSD-FD and AWD-FD. The AWD-FD system showed 7% less environmental impacts than MSD-FD. Also, AWD-FD reduced human health, climate change, and resource depletion indicators by 7.7%, 9.9%, and 8.4%, respectively, compared with MSD-FD, which improved the ecosystem quality index by 7.2%. The Bilevel, D0.9L30, D0.65L30, and D0.65L15 drainage systems, respectively, reduced the environmental impacts by 11.8%, 11.1%, 2.6%, and 5.9% under AWD-FD and 25.4%, 17.6%, 25.1%, and 14.1% under MSD-FD compared with Control. On average, Bilevel reduced the environmental impacts by 18.6% compared with the conventional surface drainage system. Based on the results, the LCA concept can be used as a suitable tool to evaluate the performance of subsurface drainage systems before implementation on a large scale.

Endophytic fungal communities and their biotechnological implications for agro-environmental sustainability.

Endophytic fungal communities have attracted a great attention to chemists, ecologists, and microbiologists as a treasure trove of biological resource. Endophytic fungi play incredible roles in the ecosystem including abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, eco-adaptation, enhancing growth and development, and maintaining the health of their host. In recent times, endophytic fungi have drawn a special focus owing to their indispensable diversity, unique distribution, and unparalleled metabolic pathways. The endophytic fungal communities belong to three phyla, namely Mucoromycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota with seven predominant classes Agaricomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Mortierellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, Saccharomycetes, and Sordariomycetes. In a review of a huge number of research finding, it was found that endophytic fungal communities of genera Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Fusarium, Gaeumannomyces, Metarhizium, Microsphaeropsis, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Piriformospora, Talaromyces, Trichoderma, Verticillium, and Xylaria have been sorted out and well characterized for diverse biotechnological applications for future development. Furthermore, these communities are remarkable source of novel bioactive compounds with amazing biological activity for use in agriculture, food, and pharmaceutical industry. Endophytes are endowed with a broad range of structurally unique bioactive natural products, including alkaloids, benzopyranones, chinones, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and quinines. Subsequently, there is still an excellent opportunity to explore novel compounds from endophytic fungi among numerous plants inhabiting different niches. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing could be a tool to study interaction between plants and endophytic fungi which may provide further opportunities to reveal unknown functions of endophytic fungal communities. The present review deals with the biodiversity of endophytic fungal communities and their biotechnological implications for agro-environmental sustainability.