Agrivoltaics Research Articles

Development of agrivoltaic insect net house to enhance sustainable energy-food production: a techno-economic assessment

Agrivoltaics (AV) systems are the simultaneous land utilization for sustainable energy and food production. However, AV may not be suitable for some crops that require rigorous pest management. This study has applied an innovative approach, combining AV with an insect net house to cultivate capsicum. The 1.8 kW AV system has been installed at a 3-m elevation to facilitate unrestricted tractor manoeuvrability for various farming operations. The structure can withstand winds as high as 140.4 km/h. The system has a 3,612-kWh energy capacity and a 51.41 kg food production capacity. The system's energy and food conversion efficiency are 14.09% and 154.8%, respectively, compared to the traditional systems. Economic metrics like a 2.20 benefit-cost ratio and a 9.39-year payback period have been included in the findings. Further, the land equivalence ratio is 1.97, indicating a better system than traditional AV and agriculture approaches.

How does module tracking for agrivoltaics differ from standard photovoltaics? Food, energy, and technoeconomic implications

Module tracking can be an effective approach for spatial-temporal sharing of sunlight between solar modules and crops in agrivoltaics (AV). For desired food-energy yield across various seasons and crops, tracking needs to be customized based on factors including crop type, module array density, economics and social preferences, and policy. Here, we explore customized tracking (CT) along single axis for AV to meet the desired food-energy yield and economic performance for a variety of module configurations and crop types. CT is implemented through a time multiplexing of standard tracking and anti-tracking along the day to balance sunlight between modules and crops, respectively. Module energy and spatial-temporal shading are modeled using the view factor approach while the crop response to shading is modeled empirically. Economic factors including module hardware/soft costs and crop profit are explored to model the economic performance using price-performance ratio. A case study done at Punjab, Pakistan shows that 5 hours of daily standard tracking around noon can ensure 80 % of the typical energy yield targets while maintaining 40 % and 80 % relative biomass yield for crops having high and moderate shade sensitivity, respectively. When module row spacing is increased 2–3 times relative to a typical ground mounted photovoltaic (GMPV) system, biomass yield for crops having high shade sensitivity can be substantially recovered while also improving economic performance. Due to a higher capital cost, 30–40 % increase in feed-in-tariff could be required to make the tracking AV economically competitive to a typical GMPV. The proposed approach can be highly effective for customized module tracking design and economic analysis for AV.

Agrivoltaics Over Berries in Chile: Potential for Clean Energy Generation and Climate Change Adaption

Agrivoltaics (AV), the concept of installing photovoltaic (PV) panels on agricultural land, enabling a dual use of the surface, has the potential to foster renewable energy expansion without land use conflict and to protect water from evapotranspiration. Although there is growing interest in AV, there has been no structured analysis of its potential for clean energy generation and climate change adaptation in Chile. In this paper, we provide the first national-level estimate of the AV potential over blueberries, using a combination of filtered geo-datasets and meteorological data to quantify PV yields and impact on evapotranspiration. We find a theoretical potential of 13.4 GWp for AV over blueberries, predominantly in the central and southern regions. The derived potential for AV could provide 22% of the current national electricity generation while lowering irrigation demand by nearly 18 million m³ per year. Finally, we identify about 8,000 GWh of current annual conventional electricity generation that could be regionally replaced by AV, showing the potential to contribute significantly to the decentralization and decarbonization of the Chilean electricity mix. Further research on the agronomic and economic aspects of AV implementation should be carried out to enable synergetic development.

Effects of Agrivoltaics on the Microclimate in Horticulture

Chilean agriculture must adapt to climate change as droughts are already affecting the country and water availability is expected to further decline. In this context, Agrivoltaics (AV) systems, that install photovoltaic (PV) panels over crops and thus provide shading and an altered microclimate could enhance the resilience of agriculture in semi-arid zones. We compare data measured under an AV system with a reference measurement to quantify the effects of AV on microclimate in horticulture in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile. Data on irradiation, air temperature, air humidity, and wind speed allow us to compute potential evapotranspiration (PET). We observe a reduction of Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) under the AV system of 42%. Mainly, as a result of the decreased GHI, we derive a diminution in PET of 31%, quantifying the potential to lower the water demand of crops and thus irrigation. Measured soil moisture is on average 29% higher under the AV system compared to the reference condition, hence validating PET computations. Also, we find a more moderate climate with slightly stabilized air temperature and lower soil temperatures. Our results give a glimpse of the effects of installing PV panels over horticulture crops concerning the challenges of Chilean agriculture. AV systems have the potential to increase water availability by lowering irrigation demand and protecting crops from the effects of extreme irradiation, such as sunburn and heat stress. Thus, AV could foster the transformation of agriculture towards sustainable production systems. The documented effects should be verified over longer periods with different crops to understand the impact of AV within seasonal and interannual climatical variation and the diversity of Chilean agriculture.

Specific Leaf Area and Photosynthesis of Apple Trees Under a Dynamic Agrivoltaic System

It has been assumed that crops cultivated in agrivoltaics (AV) systems can produce enough carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis because they are expose to an excess of light. However, many studies have shown increases in specific leaf area (SLA) under shading that can be associated to reductions in the photosynthetic capacity of leaves. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of severe and fluctuating AV shading on apple leaf morphophysiological characteristics (SLA and photosynthesis). 10-year-old ’Golden Delicious’ apple trees grown in a dynamic AV system were monitored over three consecutive seasons (2019 to 2021) along with a control without panels. From February 2019 until July 2021, the photovoltaic modules rotated to maximise tree shading (15 hours of shading per day in summer). From July 2021 onwards, a lighter shading strategy was tested (5.8 hours of shading per day in summer). SLA at several dates was always higher for trees in the AV system (bigger individual leaf area but thinner leaves). SLA was not modified when light availability was increased late in the season. Light response curves indicated a lower saturation point for leaves grown in the AV system and a linear negative relationship was found between SLA and maximal photosynthetic capacity. To avoid leaf morphology modifications due to shade acclimatation, we propose to avoid severe shading during leaf development. We expect this study will provide a better understanding on how to modulate the light microclimate at specific times of the season in dynamic AV systems.

Exploring the climate change mitigation potential and regional distribution of agrivoltaics with geodata-based farm economic modelling and life cycle assessment

Tackling climate change remains a critical challenge for society. Achieving climate neutrality requires a massive expansion of renewable energies such as wind and photovoltaics (PV). Agriculture plays a key role in this context, especially as the expansion of ground-mounted PV systems often leads to land-use conflicts. Agrivoltaics (AV), which combines agricultural and electricity production, can be a solution, but the synergies are particularly dependent on local agronomic conditions. There is also a knowledge gap in how AV expansion impacts greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the landscape level and how it contributes to regional emission reduction targets. In this study, we analysed the economic and climate change mitigation impacts of AV expansion pathways in the German state Baden-Württemberg using an integrated land use model and life cycle assessment under the assumption of general rentability of electricity production by AV. We found that implementing AV on 1%–5% of the regions's arable and grassland area reduced the total agricultural gross margin by a maximum of approximately 0.5%. Concurrently, AV implementation reduced GHG emissions by about 1.2 million to 5.9 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent (Mt CO2-eq). Even if this reduction is almost exclusively accounted for in the energy sector, in absolute terms it amounts to more than the current GHG emissions from Baden-Württemberg's agricultural sector (about 4.4 Mt CO2-eq in 2021). In the 5% expansion scenario, almost 90% of the installations were installed on grassland, but this share dropped to 72% when considering landscape quality constraints. Although we found considerable regional disparity, our findings still suggest that AV is an essential component for regional emission reduction targets. These results are particularly relevant for policymakers in spatial planning, agricultural and energy policy.

Sun, Soil, and Sustainability: Opportunities and Challenges of Agri-Voltaic Systems in India

The rise in green energies attempts to fulfil worldwide energy needs while substituting fossil fuels. It does, however, necessitate a vast amount of land. On the other hand, food security is jeopardized by the effects of climate change as well as an expanding population, particularly in India. As India strives for net-zero emissions by 2050, the integration of photovoltaics (PV) with agriculture has unlocked an emerging field known as agrivoltaics (AV). Agrivoltaics not only provides a long-term solution to the issue of land competition, but it also increases agricultural yields, conserves water resources, and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. To evaluate the elements influencing the efficiency of AV, studies on revolutionary technologies connected to solar systems and the latest generation of photovoltaics are examined. This paper looks at agrivoltaics as a climate-conscious farming option with its advantages and disadvantages in India. This article also reviews AV plant designs and how varied intervals, altitude, and density affect shadowing.

Assessment of Economic Synergies of Agrivoltaics in the Distributed Generation Segment in Chile

Agrivoltaics (AV) combines photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation with agriculture on the same land. In Chile, despite high potential, AV is not yet commercialized due to high investment cost. To close the remaining cost gap to conventional PV, we shed light on a set of AV specific synergies in the market segment of Small Distributed Generation Facilities. Through a techno-economic model, this paper monetizes AV synergies to derive the economic performance of a sun tracked AV system over blueberries for the PV stakeholder. The study reveals that tracked AV systems can be operated with an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 5.2% at the threshold of profitability. This is enabled due to the exploitation of synergies within the market segment that improve IRR for the PV stakeholder by 2.5%. Still, sun-tracked AV requires compulsory technology grants between 5 – 10 USD/MWh to be economically implemented. The results indicate the necessity for regulative adaption. Legislation must open agricultural land for AV project development to enable the commercialization.

Legal Barriers and Open Issues for an Effective Implementation of AV in Austria

Agrivoltaics (AV) represents a valuable alternative to solve the conflict between the expansion of renewable energy and land consumption in the course of the energy transition. Although the Austrian Renewable Energy Expansion Act (EAG) and accompanying regulations contain some provisions on the eligibility of AV under the national support scheme for renewable energy, the other areas of law affected by AV have not yet been adapted accordingly. In particular, there is a lack of appropriate zoning types in the spatial planning acts of the Länder that could promote multiple uses of land for AV. This results in an unsatisfactory legal framework that poses numerous legal problems for the implementation of AV in Austria. To ensure the long-term implementation of AV, the Austrian legal framework must therefore be adapted accordingly, especially with regard to the creation of suitable zoning types, which take into account various aspects, such as energy production, domestic agricultural production, landscape integration and social acceptance. In the course of this process, questions of competence between the federal government and the Länder will play a decisive role.

AgriVoltaics: Economic Viability of a Synergistic System in the Sugarcane Bioenergy Sector in Brazil

This study presents an analysis of the economic viability of AgriVoltaics (AV) applied in the sugarcane-bioenergy sector in a hypothetical plant in the central region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, using modal values and performance parameters typical of the 2019/2020 harvest season. The objective is to verify the economic viability, considering the technical aspects of the project, and agronomic, operational, and systemic requirements. The obtained results show a substantial increase in the combined economic margin, at 33,5%, a land use efficiency ratio (LER) of 108,6%, and a payback of investments around 9 years. The approach proved feasible for energy prices above US$ 49.21 MWh-1 . The greater operational gain was due to the optimization of land use, and the sharing of costs with the existing thermoelectric generation that uses residual sugarcane biomass, which allowed centralized management and a substantial increase in electrical generation. The higher relative incremental cost was resulting from the AgriVoltaics installation, adapted appropriately to the specific agronomic management practices required by sugarcane crops. The cost of the adapted AgriVoltaics installation found was US$ 0.96 per Watt peak. The approach proved economically viable, respecting the agronomic conditions of the crop and the optimized use of biomass-driven electrical thermalgeneration infrastructure.

Conservation agrivoltaics for sustainable food‐energy production

Societal Impact StatementTransformative agricultural strategies like agrivoltaics (AV) are essential for addressing the pressing global issues of sustainable energy and food production in a changing climate. Conservation‐agrivoltaics (Conservation‐AV) provides the potential to meet these needs while reinforcing natural resources and protecting the environment. It could enhance the ecological benefits of AV by improving soil health and biodiversity. It could create economic opportunities for farmers and increase the resilience and diversity of food crops under changing climate conditions. Furthermore, it could inform stakeholders about the benefits and challenges of implementing conservation agriculture management practices (CAMP) in AV and encourage further exploration and adoption of this innovative approach.SummaryTransformative strategies in agriculture are needed to address urgent global challenges related to energy and food production while reinforcing natural resources and the environment. Agrivoltaics (AV) has emerged in the past decade as one solution to this fundamental challenge of improving energy and food security. AV is defined as the co‐location of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and crops on the same land to optimize food and energy production simultaneously and sustainably. Here, we propose that AV, together with conservation agriculture management practices (CAMP) strategies can help to intensify food security and energy production while reinforcing natural resources and the environment. Our main assertions in this opinion article are that: (1) AV systems need to overcome several agronomical, environmental, and ecological challenges to intensify food and energy production sustainably; (2) CAMP applied to AV systems can preserve the environment and ensure climate‐resilient food production; (3) implementation of CAMP in AV can lead to long‐term carbon sequestration, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and maintain or increase crop yields while preserving soil health and biodiversity; and (4) adoption of CAMP in AV can bring economic benefits, although challenges need to be overcome. This opinion article proposes a new ecosystem approach to integrate renewable energy and sustainable food production and encourages research on the effects of CAMP on AV systems.

Agrivoltaics mitigate drought effects in winter wheat.

Climate change is expected to decrease water availability in many agricultural production areas around the globe. At the same time renewable energy concepts such as agrivoltaics (AV) are necessary to manage the energy transition. Several studies showed that evapotranspiration can be reduced in AV systems, resulting in increased water availability for crops. However, effects on crop performance and productivity remain unclear to date. Carbon-13 isotopic composition (δ13 C and discrimination against carbon-13) can be used as a proxy for the effects of water availability on plant performance, integrating crop responses over the entire growing season. The aim of this study was to assess these effects via carbon isotopic composition in grains, as well as grain yield of winter wheat in an AV system in southwest Germany. Crops were cultivated over four seasons from 2016-2020 in the AV system and on an unshaded adjacent reference (REF) site. Across all seasons, average grain yield did not significantly differ between AV and REF (4.7 vs 5.2 t ha-1 ), with higher interannual yield stability in the AV system. However, δ13 C as well as carbon-13 isotope discrimination differed significantly across the seasons by 1‰ (AV: -29.0‰ vs REF: -28.0‰ and AV: 21.6‰ vs REF: 20.6‰) between the AV system and the REF site. These drought mitigation effects as indicated by the results of this study will become crucial for the resilience of agricultural production in the near future when drought events will become significantly more frequent and severe.

Large-scale and cost-efficient agrivoltaics system by spectral separation

Agrivoltaics (AV) offers a promising solution to address both food and energy crises. However, crop growth under photovoltaic (PV) conditions faces substantial challenges due to insufficient light transmission. We propose a large-scale and cost-effective spectral separated concentrated agricultural photovoltaic (SCAPV) system. The system utilizes concentrator modules, cell components, and dual-axis tracking systems to enhance power conversion efficiency (PCE), achieving a maximum PCE of 11.6%. After three years of successful operation, a 10kWp power plant achieved an average annual electricity generation exceeding 107 MWh/ha. The results showed higher yields of various crops, including ginger and sweet potatoes, and significant improvements in soil moisture retention compared to open air. The improvements in PCE and microclimate validate the scalability of the SCAPV, which provides better plant conditions and cost-effectiveness, with an estimated cost reduction of 18.8% compared to conventional PV power plant. This study provides valuable insights and directions for improvement in AV.

Economic and Agronomic Impacts of Agrivoltaics on Arable Land Use at the Example of the Stuttgart Region

Photovoltaics and wind energy must be considerably expanded to achieve the targeted climate neutrality in Germany in 2045 which may cause new conflicts. Especially ground-mounted photovoltaic systems, which are often associated with a high land consumption rate, conflict with other land uses such as agriculture. Due to the simultaneous electricity generation and agricultural use, agrivoltaics (AV) systems can increase land use efficiency which is why they are in the political focus. In this study, we go beyond the limited point-wise analyses of previous studies which have focused mainly on the technology itself and potential yield changes of individual crops and provide a spatially explicit analysis of the AV potential. This is done by an in-depth analysis on the example of arable land in the Stuttgart Region, one of the most important conurbations in Germany and Europe. The study focusses on the resulting agronomic effects in the region and the associated agro-economic effects. The analysis is carried out with an integrated land use model that optimises arable land use by maximising gross margins at the farm level. Legal framework conditions such as the regional plan are considered constraints, and existing studies on yield effects under AV are used. The results show that there are synergies through increases in the agricultural gross margins. These synergies could be realized on about 3% of arable land in the study region subject to the underlying assumptions made. With more than 10% of the arable land in the study region used for AV, the average gross margins in arable farming decrease by about 280 € per ha of AV. Farms or areas with a high share of special crops, such as strawberries, demonstrate the highest profitability. On the other hand, regions with a high share of root crops in the crop rotation seem to be less favourable to establish AV. This demonstrates that, the agricultural land use structure must be considered in the holistic assessment of the land use efficiency of AV installations. Our results help policymakers better assess the effects of AV on land use and are useful for identifying priority implementation areas, for instance, in regional or land use plans.

Effects of shade and deficit irrigation on maize growth and development in fixed and dynamic AgriVoltaic systems

Maize production is essential for global food security and represents a major supply in several value chains. However, the projected effects of climate change are likely to decrease drastically water availability for crops in many regions, affecting yield. AgriVoltaics (AV) systems are an innovative solution that may improve maize resilience in water-scarce regions mainly by protecting plants from excessive radiation and by reducing irrigation needs. However, shade from panels may also affect crop development and production. This study addresses the interplay between radiation transmission, crop development and irrigation needs of maize cropping in field conditions, by the description of crop development dynamics, distinguishing between fixed and dynamic panels. We showed that maize crop responded to both independent and combined stresses (shade and water deficit), with a significant decrease in leaf area index, total dry matter and grain yield. Concerning water use, we showed the potential of AV to reduce irrigation inputs (by up to 19–47% compared to unshaded plots) via reduced soil water depletion and reference evapotranspiration. The crop development was impacted by shade by increasing phyllochron and causing a generalized delay in phenology. At a finer temporal scale, we concluded that maize leaves react to shade by reducing stomatal conductance, net assimilation of CO2 and leaf temperature in a correlated way to radiation, opening the possibility to use this behavior to optimize water use and shading strategies. The spatial heterogeneities of radiation in fixed AV systems, compared to dynamic AV systems, were identified as a second-order effect at the plot level on leaf area index and phyllochron, compared to the effect of radiation reduction. Moreover, dynamic AV showed their ability to reduce the spatial heterogeneities in soil water depletion, showing the importance of controlled shade strategies in AV systems concerning water use.

Agrivoltaic Engineering and Layout Optimization Approaches in the Transition to Renewable Energy Technologies: A Review

As more nations move towards net-zero emission goals by 2050, research into the coupling of photovoltaics (PV) and agriculture has increased into a new sector of agrivoltaics (AV). Measurement of the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) has allowed researchers to develop methods for optimizing the agrivoltaic system. Studies on innovative engineering technologies related to photovoltaic tracking along with new generation PV cells were reviewed to determine the factors that influence optimization. This review also considered AV farm layouts and how different spacing, height, and density impact the shading under the panels. As panels block the light from hitting the plants, the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) changes and alters plant growth. The shading, however, also creates micro-climates that have beneficial qualities in terms of water usage and PV efficiency. The overall review investigated the research of the last five years into AV optimization and the implications for future AV developments.

Estimating the economics and adoption potential of agrivoltaics in Germany using a farm-level bottom-up approach

This article presents the first bottom-up assessment of the economics and adoption potential of agrivoltaics (AV) using national farm accountancy data in Germany. A recently developed framework for the economic assessment of dual land-use systems is applied to estimate a national AV electricity supply curve. The estimation accounts for economies-of-scale, regional variation in solar radiation, and farm-specific agronomic effects. The results demonstrate that solar radiation and investment costs are key determinants. Agronomic costs from crop shading and land losses have a small impact, but differences between farm-type and regions can be observed. Accounting for economies-of-scale favors farms endowed with large arable land area, which are predominantly specialist field crop and other livestock farm types found in Eastern Germany. In absence of economies-of-scale, early adopters are largely specialist milk or other livestock farm types located in Southern Germany. In presence of economies-of-scale and at an electricity price of 8.3 EUR-cents kWh−1, the 10% most cost-efficient farms could meet 8.8% of Germany's total electricity demand on about 1% of arable land. The results show that substantial policy-support is required to make AV competitive with ground-mounted photovoltaics, particularly if economies-of-scale cannot be realized. Adequate policy designs are needed to safeguard AV's land-efficiency advantage, as most farmers would be incentivized to abandon farming beneath the AV system.

Agrivoltaics analysis in a techno-economic framework: Understanding why agrivoltaics on rice will always be profitable

Agrivoltaics (AV) promises sustainable food and energy production from shared lands. While various literature studies AVs for leafy crops, there are limited equivalent works on AVs with major crops (e.g., rice, corn, wheat, etc.). Here, we present an end-to-end modeling framework to analyze location-specific AVs over paddy rice. We consider the local ambient conditions to find the spatially distributed rice production under panel arrays, the panel yield, and the economic aspects (costs, revenue, and profit) of the AV system. On a given land, solar energy has a far larger absolute profit than rice cultivation due to the 100s of folds higher investment possible in panels compared to paddy rice. Policy-level constraints are required to set a permissible reduction in rice for more energy. We find that, while maintaining 90% (or 80%) of the conventional rice production, the overall profit can be 22–115 (or 30–132) times higher than rice cultivation.

Crop-Specific Optimization of Bifacial PV Arrays for Agrivoltaic Food-Energy Production: The Light-Productivity-Factor Approach

Agrivoltaics (AV) is an emerging technology having symbiotic benefits for food-energy-water needs of the growing world population and an inherent resilience against climate vulnerabilities. An AV system needs to balance the sunlight sharing between the solar panels and crops to maintain the desired food-energy yields, subject to appropriate constraints. Given the emerging diversity of monofacial and bifacial farms, the lack of a standardized crop-specific metric (to evaluate the efficacy of the irradiance sharing) has made it difficult to optimize/assess the performance of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathrm{AV}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> systems. Here, we introduce a new metric—light productivity factor (LPF)—that evaluates the effectiveness of irradiance sharing for a given crop type and photovoltaic (PV) array design. The metric allows us to identify optimal design parameters including the spatial PV array density, panel orientation, and single axis tracking schemes specific to the photosynthetically active radiation needs of the crop. By definition, LPF equals 1 for PV-only or crop-only systems. The AV systems enhances LPF between 1 and 2 depending on the shade sensitivity of the crop, PV array configuration, and the season. While traditional fixed-tilt systems increase LPF significantly above 1, we find LPF is maximized at 2 for shade-tolerant crops with a solar farm based on single axis sun tracking scheme. Among the fixed tilt systems, east/west faced bifacial vertical solar farms is particularly promising because it produces smallest variability in the seasonal yield for shade sensitive crops, while providing LPF comparable to the standard N/S faced solar farms. Additional benefits include reduced soiling and ease of movement of large-scale combine-harvester and other farming equipment.

Synergistic Approach toward Erbium-Passivated Triple-Anion Organic-Free Perovskite Solar Cells with Excellent Performance for Agrivoltaics Application.

All-inorganic perovskite solar cells (IPSCs) have gained massive attention due to their less instability against common degradation factors (light, heat, and moisture) than their organic–inorganic hybrid counterparts. Inorganic perovskites bear a general formula of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, I, Br). The mixed halide CsPbIBr2 perovskite possesses an intermediate band gap of 2.03 eV with enhanced stability, which is still available for photovoltaic applications and the research focus of this work. We present a synergistic approach of pre-heated solution dropping with inorganic additive inclusion to deposit the organic-free triple anion CsPbIBr2 PSC. Erbium (Er)-passivated triple-anion CsI(PbBr2)0.97(ErCl3)0.03 IPSCs with inorganic carrier selective layers (CTLs), that is, organic-free, are fabricated with enhanced carrier diffusion length and crystalline grain size while lessening the grain boundaries near perovskite active layer (PAL)-bulk/carrier selective interfaces. As a result, the trap-state densities within the perovskite bulk were suppressed with stabilized CTL/PAL interfaces for smooth and enhanced carrier transportation. Therefore, for the first time, we contradict the common belief of VOC loss due to halide segregation, as a nice VOC of about 1.34 V is achieved for an organic-free IPSC through enriching initial radiative efficiency, even when halide segregation is present. The optimized organic-free IPSC yielded a power conversion efficiency of 11.61% and a stabilized power output of 10.72%, which provides the potential opportunity to integrate into agrivoltaics (AgV) projects.