Agrisilviculture System Research Articles

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Crop productivity depends almost entirely on the fertility of the soil. This in turn influences food security at the household level. Thus, for crop productivity to be high and ensure food security, the level of soil fertility needs to increase. However, poor agricultural practices and other phenomena such as soil erosion have led to soil infertility across Cameroon. This necessitates that more sustainable agricultural practices should be identified and vulgarized. In this light, this study was initiated to evaluate the role of different agroforestry systems (a sustainable agricultural practice), in enhancing soil fertility in order to propose an appropriate practice to farmers as a sustainable option for soil fertility improvement. The study was carried out in Mbelenka, south west region of Cameroon. Data was collected through household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and direct field observations. Findings revealed that, three main agroforestry systems (agrosilvopastoral, silvopastoral, and agrisilvicultural systems) were dominant characterized by several practices, components, and functions. Most farmers (52%) perceived the soils to be less fertile, and the agrosilvopastoral system was perceived by most farmers (57%) to be characterized by the highest level of soil fertility. Most farmers (53%) equally perceived that, the agrosilvopastoral system was the most effective in enhancing soil fertility. Correlation and regression analysis showed the existence of a statistically significant (p < 0.01) direct non-cause effect and a direct cause-effect relationship between soil fertility and the practice of agrosilvopastoral and agrisilvicultural agroforestry systems. This implies that, the practice of these two systems contributes towards improving soil fertility. Based on these findings, it is recommended that, farmers should practice agroforestry systems especially the agrosilvopastoral and agrisilvicultural systems, for they have huge potentials to enhance soil fertility, thereby improving crop productivity and food security.

Response of Chromolaena odorata to timber tree densities in an agrisilvicultural system in Cameroon: aboveground biomass, residue decomposition and nutrient release

In low-input land-use systems combining timber trees with shade-tolerant understorey crops, it is essential to establish the effects of tree density upon weeds and the contribution of weeds to competition and nutrient cycling. Adjusting tree density may alter weed competition for light, water and nutrients, the storage of nutrients by weeds through growth and the release of nutrients via decomposition of slashed weed residues. The effects are reported of (1) two timber stand densities (TSDs) and, (2) retention versus burning of slashed vegetation at field preparation, upon Chromolaena odorata (kondengui), the dominant weed, in an agrisilvicultural system in southern Cameroon. The system comprised the timber species, Terminalia ivorensis, and plantain as an understorey crop. Total weed biomass was measured at the first weeding, 3 months after planting (MAP), and total weed biomass and aboveground biomass, partitioning and nutrient accumulation of C. odorata were measured at the second and third weedings, 7 and 12 MAP. Mass and nutrient loss were measured from stem and leaves placed separately in decomposition bags. Here, burning was not an appropriate weed management tool, as it resulted in greater weed biomass. A high TSD did reduce weed biomass. However, foliar nutrient concentrations were generally higher in high TSDs. Thus, retaining trees in the high TSD did not lead to any reduction in nutrient uptake by the C. odorata stand. Furthermore, in the high TSD, mass loss and nutrient release characteristics had higher coefficients, and a higher percentage of the total nutrients accumulated were released in the early stages of incubation, all increasing the risk of nutrients being lost from the topsoil. Thus, from a weed competition perspective, there were few benefits to retaining a high timber stand density.

Soil carbon, microbial activity and nitrogen availability in agroforestry systems on moderately alkaline soils in northern India

The present investigation aimed to analyze the role of agroforestry systems in improving soil organic matter status, microbial activity and nitrogen availability with a view to effective management of the fertility of moderately alkaline soils. The study site was located at Karnal (29°59′N, 76°51′E, 250 m.s.l.) and the systems were characterized by a rice–berseem crop rotation; agrisilvicultural systems of Acacia, Eucalyptus and Populus along with rice–berseem and single species tree plantations. Soil microbial biomass was measured using the fumigation extraction technique and nitrogen mineralization using the aerobic incubation method. Microbial biomass carbon was low in rice–berseem crops (96.14 μg g −1 soil) and increased in soils under tree plantations (109.12–143.40 μg g −1 soil) and agrisilvicultural systems (133.80–153.40 μg g −1 soil). Microbial biomass was higher by 42% (microbial C) and 13% (microbial N) in tree-based systems as compared to monocropping. Microbial biomass immobilized 2.32–2.57% of the soil carbon and 4.08–4.48% of the soil nitrogen in tree-based systems. Soil carbon increased by 11–52% due to integration of trees along with the crops for 6–7 years. Cropland management practices and tree species influenced CO 2-C production, biomass specific respiratory activity, and nitrogen mineralization rates. In tree-based systems, soil inorganic N levels were higher by 8–74% and nitrogen mineralization by 12–37% as compared to monocropping. On the basis of increased soil organic matter content, enlarged soil microbial biomass pool and greater soil N availability, agrisilvicultural systems have been found to be ecologically sustainable land-use systems for utilizing moderately alkaline soils.

Production and nutrient content of earthworm casts in a tropical agrisilvicultural system

Earthworm surface cast production and nutrient turnover through casts were measured for 3 years in a 17-year-old timber plantation in southern Cameroon after selective reduction to two timber stand densities (TSDs) and understorey cropping with plantain and tannia. Neither understorey cropping nor timber stand density treatments had significant effects upon cast production in any year. Mean cast production in cropped plots was 35.7 Mg ha −1in the first year, 34.9 Mg ha −1 in year 2 and 30.1 Mg ha −1 in year 3. This was 63%, 84%, and 65%, respectively, of cast production in undisturbed, unthinned timber plantation plots. In comparing cast nutrient concentrations between years 1, 2 and 3, there were highly significant correlations for nearly all nutrients in control plots but fewer such correlations in the low TSD. In cropped plots, none of earthworm parameters was correlated with nutrient concentrations of slash or amounts of slash applied to the soil surface at establishment. There were positive correlations between cast N and litterfall N (kg ha −1 y −1) in both year 2 (cast N = 0.49 × litterfall N + 61.7, r 2=0.46) and year 3 (cast N = 0.38 × litterfall N + 55.6, r 2=0.42). The ratio of soil:cast nutrient concentrations were related by negative power functions to soil nutrient concentrations for all nutrients and organic carbon. This suggests that earthworm communities adjust to lower soil nutrient concentrations by increasing their selectivity and thus produce relatively higher quality casts on poorer soil.

Agroforestry as alternative land‐use production systems for the tropics

AbstractThe science of agroforestry has progressed significantly during the past three decades. This article describes and documents various prominent traditional agroforestry systems. In‐depth research on interactive processes of some agrisilvicultural systems have been undertaken and quantified. It has been found that the presence of woody species can enhance nutrient cycling, and can improve soil productivity, soil conservation and soil biotic andfaunal activities. In simultaneous systems however, their presence can also cause competition with the associated food crops. Most agroforestry systems constitute ecologically and bio‐physically sustainable land use systems. Some are highly sustainable and economically viable, in particular the highly complex and specialized types, such as the damar and rubber agroforests in Indonesia. Agroforestry systems have potential uses in stabilization of sloping lands and buffer zones around forest reserves, for recovering degraded lands, and for improving the productivity of the bush fallow system. Despite rapid progress in biophysical research, field application of the science of agroforestry is still minimal. This article examines the possibilities of exploring the multiple contributions of trees to food security, rural income generation, diversity of products and ecosystem conservation within sustainable agroforestry contexts. Research efforts in the new millennium need to focus more on practical research and also on socio‐economic and policy factors that can enhance beneficial application of the science in the near future to smallholder farmers in the tropics.

Impacts of canopy cover on soil termite assemblages in an agrisilvicultural system in southern Cameroon

AbstractTermites were sampled using randomized soil pits in 64 cropping plots, each 25 x 25 m, forming an experimental agrisilvicultural system in both a 6- and an 18-year-oldTerminalia ivorensisplantation, in which canopy cover, crop, cropping system and land preparation were the principal treatment variables. The treatments were established in April 1995 and sampling was carried out in November 1995, February 1996 and July 1996. A total of 82 termite species were found, of which 67 were soil-feeders. Overall termite abundance and the abundance of soil-feeders increased between November 1995 and July 1996, reaching a mean of nearly 6000 m-2. Pooling termite data from these sampling dates, in the old plantation, the high canopy cover treatment (192 stems ha-1) had a greater abundance of termites, compared with the low canopy cover treatment (64 stems ha-1) and this effect was independent of crop type (plantain or cocoyam), cropping system (single stands or mixed crops) and land preparation (mulch retained or burned, plantain only). The young tree plantation (same tree densities as in the old plantation) showed no significant difference in termite abundance between high and low canopy (levels of tree foliage) densities, though the high canopy sheltered a greater number of termites. Analysis of covariance showed that crop yield (both plantain and cocoyam) was not directly linked to the abundance of all termite populations, but that the cocoyam yield was positively correlated with the abundance of soil-feeding termites (the majority in the assemblage) in the young plantation. This may be due to the beneficial conditioning of soil resulting from the foraging and construction activities of soil-feeders.

Reduced alarm response by peach–potato aphids,Myzus persicae(Hemiptera: Aphididae), with knock-down resistance to insecticides (kdr)may impose a fitness cost through increased vulnerability to natural enemies

AbstractTermites were sampled using randomized soil pits in 64 cropping plots, each 25 x 25 m, forming an experimental agrisilvicultural system in both a 6- and an 18-year-oldTerminalia ivorensisplantation, in which canopy cover, crop, cropping system and land preparation were the principal treatment variables. The treatments were established in April 1995 and sampling was carried out in November 1995, February 1996 and July 1996. A total of 82 termite species were found, of which 67 were soil-feeders. Overall termite abundance and the abundance of soil-feeders increased between November 1995 and July 1996, reaching a mean of nearly 6000 m-2. Pooling termite data from these sampling dates, in the old plantation, the high canopy cover treatment (192 stems ha-1) had a greater abundance of termites, compared with the low canopy cover treatment (64 stems ha-1) and this effect was independent of crop type (plantain or cocoyam), cropping system (single stands or mixed crops) and land preparation (mulch retained or burned, plantain only). The young tree plantation (same tree densities as in the old plantation) showed no significant difference in termite abundance between high and low canopy (levels of tree foliage) densities, though the high canopy sheltered a greater number of termites. Analysis of covariance showed that crop yield (both plantain and cocoyam) was not directly linked to the abundance of all termite populations, but that the cocoyam yield was positively correlated with the abundance of soil-feeding termites (the majority in the assemblage) in the young plantation. This may be due to the beneficial conditioning of soil resulting from the foraging and construction activities of soil-feeders.

Growth and yield of sorghum or cowpea in an agrisilviculture system in semiarid India

This study was conducted near Hyderabad, India during 1991–1994 to quantify the effects of shoot pruning, fertilization, and root barriers around Leucaena leucocephala trees on intercropped sorghum(Sorghum bicolor) or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) crop production under rainfed conditions. Crop plants grown with pruned trees attained higher dry matter and leaf area index than did those with unpruned trees. Two-year mean grain yields of sorghum with no root barriers were76% and 39% of pure crop yield (1553 kg ha–1)for pruned and unpruned trees, respectively. Corresponding values for cowpea were 49% and 26% of pure crop yield (1075 kgha–1). Sorghum or cowpea intercropped with trees responded to fertilizer application more strongly than did their respective pure crops, suggesting an increased need for fertilizer application in this agrisilviculture system over that currently used for pure crops. Impact of root barriers was small on either crop. Irrespective of root barriers, a high response to tree pruning suggested above ground competition for light dominated tree/crop interactions in this agrisilviculture system.

Potentials and limitations of agroforestry for changing land-use in the tropics: experiences from Central America

With increasing population pressure, the agricultural frontier in tropical countries is being expanded into previously untouched or little changed areas, frequently resulting in environmental degradation. At the same time, the use of agricultural lands is undergoing rapid changes in response to increasing environmental concerns and external market forces. In large areas of Central America, for example, the production systems for coffee have lost much of their biological diversity in the last couple of decades. Observations of apparently higher yields in high-input and low-diversity systems resulted in recommendations to eliminate trees. In recent years, however, as a result of low coffee prices and environmental concerns, calls to reverse this trend have been made in many countries and research and implementation initiatives are being developed to, once again, increase the diversity of the systems by incorporating trees. The necessary changes in the objectives and management of land-use systems must be gradual to assure high acceptability of the new practices. Under such conditions, which are typical for most traditional land-use systems, the development of practices which integrate trees into the agricultural land-use systems assumes special importance. Agroforestry practices can help to improve land-use systems towards higher sustainability and/or provide a stepping stone towards other, often tree-based, land-use systems of higher viability. Using examples from the research and extension experiences at CATIE, some silvopastoral and agrisilvicultural systems are discussed with their potentials and limitations. To help evaluate improved systems, promising methodologies for appropriate research and extension are outlined. New research has shifted the focus to on-farm experimentation, and economic and extension aspects of agroforestry.

Change in soil mineral nitrogen and respiration following tree harvesting from an agrisilvicultural system in Sweden

The effect of tree harvesting on soil mineral nitrogen and microbiological activity were investigated in an agrisilvicultural system consisting of wheat cultivated along the sides of a poplar plantation in Sweden from 1993 to 1995. Sampling for mineral nitrogen was carried out in three layers down to 90 cm at two distances, near (0.5–1.5 m) and far (4.0–5.0 m) from rows of standing, ST, and harvested trees, HT. Sampling for basic respiration and substrate-induced respiration was carried out in the 0–10 cm layer in 1993 and in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers in 1994 at the same distances from trees. There was a higher concentration of ammonium and lower concentration of nitrate closer to trees, indicating an efficient uptake of nitrate by trees and enhanced N mineralization close to trees. Shortly after tree harvesting, there were higher concentrations of nitrate and ammonium in the 0–30 cm soil layer near the harvested trees than near standing trees, suggesting a derease in nitrogen uptake by tree roots. The soil microbiological activity was lower in the harvested than the standing plots of trees, which is considered as an indication of the important role of root exudates in maintaining a larger microbial biomass close to trees.

A comparison of agrisilvicultural systems with plantation forestry in the Atlantic Lowlands of Costa Rica

Survival and growth data (ages 0–5 years) are presented for two timber species (Acacia mangium, Cordia alliodora) planted in monocultures or in association with a sequence of agricultural cropsZea mays, Zingiber officinale andEugenia stipitata (a fruit shrub) in the tropical humid Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica. Average annual height and diameter growth rates were 3.2 m and 4.0 cm (C. alliodora), 3.5 m and 3.8 cm (A. mangium).C. alliodora associated with crops gave the greatest productivity with an average total stem volume increment of 19 m3 ha−1 yr−1. Root rot ofA. mangium (mainlyRosellinia sp.), leading to tree mortality, was greater in pure plots compared to associated plots.A. mangium can not be recommended for similar sites because of this problem.

Agroforestry systems: sources of sinks of greenhouse gases?

The prominent role of forestry and agroforestry systems in the flux and long-term storage of carbon (C) in the terrestrial biosphere has increased global interest in these land-use options to stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Preliminary assessments suggest that some agroforestry systems (e.g., agrosilvicultural) can be C0 2 sinks and temporarily store C, while other systems (e.g., ruminant-based silvopastoral systems) are probably sources of GHG (e.g., CH 4 ). Agroforestry systems can be significant sources of GHG emissions, especially at low latitudes. Practices such as tillage, burning, manuring, chemical fertilization, and frequent disturbance can lead to emission of CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O from soils and vegetation to the atmosphere. Establishment and management of agroforestry systems incompatible with prevailing edaphic and climatic conditions can accelerate soil GHG emissions. Non-sustainable agroforestry systems are quickly degraded, and woody and herbaceous crops can become significant GHG sources. Silvopastoral systems can result in soil compaction and erosion with significant loss of labile C and N compounds to the atmosphere. Ruminant-based silvopastoral systems and rice paddy agrisilvicultural systems are well documented sources of CH 4 which significantly contribute to the global CH 4 budget. Early assessments of national and global terrestrial CO 2 sinks reveal two primary beneficial attributes of agroforestry systems: 1) direct near-term C storage (decades to centuries) in trees and soils, and, 2) potential to offset immediate GHG emissions associated with deforestation and subsequent shifting agriculture. Within the tropical latitudes, it is estimated that one ha of sustainable agroforestry can provide goods and services which potentially offset 5-20 ha of deforestation. At a global scale, agroforestry systems could potentially be established on 585-1275 x 10 6 ha of technically suitable land, and these systems could store 12-228 (median 95) Mg C ha -1 under current climate and edaphic conditions.

The influence of trees on nitrogen dynamics in an agrisilvicultural system in Sweden

During 1992 and 1993, nitrogen dynamics and microbial activity were investigated in an agrisilvicultural system consisting of oats or barley cyltivated along the sides of a poplar plantation in Sweden. At each of three experimental sites (two silt loams and one silty clay loam), sampling for mineral nitrogen was carried out in three layers down to 90 cm at two distances from the trees, A (0.5–1.5 m) and B (4.0–5.0 m), two times each year (spring and autumn). Sampling of soil for organic amtter, carbon and nitrogen, potential nitrification, N ineralization, basic respiration and substrate-induced respiration was carried out in the 0–10 cm layer at three distances from the trees: A (0.5–1.5 m), B (2.5–3.5 m) and C (4.0–5.0 m). Significantly larger amounts of organic matter, total carbon and nitrogen at A than at B and C, indicated increased inputs from the trees through litter, decaying roots and root exudates. This could explain that the rates of nitrogen mineralization, potential nitrification and respiration were significantly higher at A than at B and C. The presence of trees resulted in a better utilization of nitrogen and moisture in the soil, reducing the potential for nitrate leaching and accumulating nitrogen close to the trees. The higher concentration of ammonium, lower concentration of nitrate and the consistently lower NO 3 − −N/NH 4 + −N-ratios observed at A than at C might be explained by a combined effect of increased nitrogen mineralization and efficient nitrate uptake by the trees.

Performance of wheat varieties under poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) plantations in Punjab (India)

Three varieties of wheat, viz., PBW-222, HD-2329 and PBW-34, were studied for grain yield potential under six-year-old poplar plantations. The order of yield reduction found was: PBW-34 (57.1%)>PBW-222 (19.4%)>HD-2329 (15.3%). The reduction in wheat yield was found to be significant under poplar plantations as compared to crops grown in open condition. Research needs to maintain the increased wheat production by evolving suitable ideotypes for an agrisilviculture system have been suggested.

Performance of wheat as intercrop under poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) plantations in Punjab (India)

In an agrisilvicultural system having poplar (Populus deltoides, clone G-3) as a tree component and wheat crop as an intercrop, wheat yield was studied under five age classes of poplar and compared to wheat yield under pure cropping. A substantial reduction in wheat yield (23.3%) under three-year-old poplar plantation was observed. Maximum MAI (GBH, 20 cm) was recorded in a three-year-old poplar planting. Pruning after the third year permitted some recovery in yield. The reduction in wheat yield was significantly correlated with MAI (GBH) of poplar and occurred even under one-and-two-year-old poplar plantings.

Agroforestry systems for soil and water conservation and sustainable production from foothill areas of north India

Some conservation based agroforestry systems (AFS) were developed for possible adoption in place of high risk rainfed farming on land capability classes Ito IV of a typical topo-sequence of foothill north India. The agri-silvi-horticulture system integrating leucaena, lemon, papaya and turmeric on class I irrigated land provided sustainable mean net returns of Rs. 17066 against Rs. 7852 ha.−1 yr.−1 from double cropped agricultural system. The intercropping of cluster beans with leucaena gave the highest net returns of Rs. 3540 ha.−1 yr.−1 in the agri-silvicultural system adopted on class II land. Eucalyptus terettcornis (Smith) in top and Bhabbar grass (Eulaliopsis binata Retz) in the understorey on a sandy loam class III land gave four years (1985–1988) mean air dry grass yield of 4.2 (used for paper pulp) from October and 1.19 t. ha−1 yr.−1 (used for fodder) from June cut. The net returns from grass alone were Rs. 4672 against Rs. 1679 ha.−1 yr.−1 from rainfed field crops raised on an adjoining plot. The returns from trees would be additional. Bhabbar grass raised under Acacia species on a 25 to 30% sloping gravelly class IV land provided yield varying from 2.18 to 4.31 from October cut and 0.50 to 1.1 t. ha.−1 yr.−1 from June cut with 6 years mean of 3.9 t. ha.−1 yr.−1 which at 1988 prices provided net returns of Rs. 2402 ha−1. These AFS proved superior to traditional farming on each land capability class.

KHEJRI (PROSOPIS CINERARIA): A TREE FOR THE ARID AND SEMI-ARID ZONES OF RAJASTHAN

SUMMARY The importance of and prospects for further use of Prosopis cineraria (L.) MacBride are reviewed. This leguminous tree species is common in the arid and semi-arid zones of the Indian state of Rajasthan, and is of great economic importance as almost every part of the tree is utilised. It is extremely drought resistant, supports a higher understorey plant population than other dryland tree species and has a major role to play in agrisilvicultural and silvopastoral systems.

Structure and function of traditional agroforestry systems in the western Himalaya. I. Biomass and productivity

Species composition, biomass, and productivity patterns of three types of traditional agroforestry systems, namely, agrisilvicultural, agrihorticultural, and agrihortisilvicultural, commonly practiced in the western Himalaya, were studied. Species composition in the systems varied depending upon the size of the land holdings, and the basic requirements of the farmer. Among three systems agrihortisilvicultural was highly diverse in vegetation, with as many as 13 tree and 5 agricultural crops mixed together. This system showed the highest productivity up to 25.8 t ha−1 yr−1, out of which 68 percent was contributed by the trees and the remainder by the annuals. Agrisilvicultural system having predominantly annuals had the lowest productivity of 20.4 t ha−1 yr−1 with only 27 percent contribution by the trees. Total aboveground biomass in agrihortisilvicultural or agrihorticultural system was around 48 t ha−1 and it was about 2-fold higher than agrisilvicultural system. In fodder trees, a significant percentage of annual production, up to 48 percent, was allocated in current twigs, while in horticultural trees a major portion, up to 63 percent was partioned towards fruits. Implications of the results have been discussed in context with the growing problems of fuel, fodder, and packaging material in the western Himalaya.

Structure and function of traditional agroforestry systems in the western Himalaya. II. Nutrient cycling

Budget of nutrient in plant and soil, and their rates of recycling in three types of traditional agroforestry systems in mid elevations of the western Himalaya were studied. Concentration of nitrogen and potassium was significantly higher in fruits and leaves than in branches, boles, and litter. Grewia optiva, an important fodder tree, was found to be rich in potassium, vegetable crops in nitrogen, and weeds in phosphorus. Maximum store of nutrients was estimated in aboveground biomass of agrihortisilvicultural system: nitrogen 532, phosphorus 40, potassium 461, calcium 400, and magnesium 298 kg/ha; it was closely followed by that in agrihorticultural system, and both these had sbout 2-fold higher nutrient stock as compared to agrisilvicultural system. In the case of the former two systems, considerable quantity of nutrients up to nitrogen 169, phosphorus 14, potassium 165, calcium 97, and magnesium 65 kg/ha, for example in agrihortisilvicultural system, was recycled through debris of crops and weeds, and tree leaf litter, while the recycling rate was almost half in agrisilvicultural system. Through ‘harvest’ potassium was depleted in the largest quantity from the system, followed by nitrogen, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus; much higher loss occurred through agricultural and/or horticultural edible parts as compared to fuel and fodder biomass. For example, the loss through agricultural crops and horticultural fruits for nitrogen in agrihortisilvicultural system was up to 75 percent and 38 percent respectively of the total annual uptake. This heavy loss makes the system unstable from a nutrient point of view particularly for nitrogen and potassium until external inputs are added through organic and inorganic fertilizers. Agrihortisilvicultural system is remarkably efficient in view of biomass productivity for fuel, fodder and fruits, and also from nutrient point of view provided losses through harvest are compensated externally.

Agroforestry in the arid zones of India

The arid regions of India cover over 300,000 km2 and are spread over six States, mostly in the northwestern parts of the country. In spite of the hostile environmental conditions, several indigenous agroforestry practices are being practised in this region. The Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI) has made considerable progress in improving these indigenous practices and also developing new land use technologies some of which involve agroforestry approaches. Notable among these include sand-dune stabilization, shelterbelt plantations, tree planting techniques in difficult land forms, silvopastoral and agrisilvicultural systems, introduction and improvement of fruit trees and other indigenous trees, etc. Some of these technologies are adopted on a large scale by farmers in the arid zone of India, and have attracted international attention in other arid parts of the world. This paper is a summary of the results of these agroforestry initiatives of CAZRI.