Farm Households Research Articles

Impact of Farming Systems for Nutritional Food Security to Farm Families in Dry Land Farming Situation in Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Aims: The present study validates the possibility of Farming Systems for Nutrition based models in dryland farming situation and to address malnutrition among farm families. Study Design: Frontline Demonstrations (Field Demonstrations). Place and Duration of Study: The field demonstrations were conducted at KVK, Reddipalli instructional farm of Anantapuramu district, Andhra Pradesh during the period from July, 2019 to October, 2021. Methodology: FSN model was designed for a one-acre area based on the major crop grown in the area and to include all the food group crops (cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables) that are suitable in the district, and to provide a balanced diet, which is a vital element for a healthy life, by providing right amounts of carbohydrates, healthy proteins, vitamins and minerals. In the Anantapuramu district, as groundnut is the major crop, groundnut-based farming systems are designed by including all the prominent crops to cover all the food groups. This paper thoroughly discusses the farming systems for the nutrition models demonstrated and to meet the annual requirements of all food groups of a Farm household (5-6 members). Results: The results revealed that, farming systems for the nutrition model provides a total of 35 percent of the cereal requirement which is rich in carbohydrates and can meet the calorie needs of the family, 93 percent of legumes which is rich in protein content and 335 percent of vegetable requirement which meets micronutrient needs and 238 percent of nuts and oilseed requirement, meeting protein and antioxidant requirement of a family. Conclusion: The results provide evidence regarding feasibility of location specific FSN models to promote sustainable and healthy diets, using locally available plant and animal food resources, to address nutrition deficiencies in farm families. Hence, the approach can be seen as a subset of the larger canvas of agro-ecology and sustainable food systems, with explicit focus on addressing household nutrition security as demonstrated by the study, highlights the need for greater support, research and extension in this important area.

Behavioral analysis of loan decision-making and influencing factors among food-producing new agricultural operating entities in China

The inherent fragility of the agricultural industry significantly restricts the financing channels available to new agricultural operating entities. Access to credit loans emerges as a pivotal means to address capital shortages among farmers and enhance production inputs. Drawing on survey data from 17,745 new agricultural operating entities engaged in food production in Lu’an City, Anhui Province, and agricultural households documented in the China Household Finance Survey Database, this paper employs the Logit model and the Heckman selection model to empirically analyze the loan decision-making behavior of these entities from two perspectives: loan willingness and credit scale. The research reveals that several key variables exert a significant positive influence on the borrowing willingness of grain producers. Specifically, the planting area range, input range per hectare, the rate range of return on investment, membership in cooperatives, and operation as a family farm all notably enhance their willingness to seek loans. Conversely, the net income per hectare and the number of crop types cultivated significantly diminish their inclination to borrow. Additionally, male operators and those with higher educational backgrounds demonstrate a stronger willingness to obtain loans. Furthermore, the study indicates that the planting area and membership in cooperatives also positively correlate with the scale of loans secured by these agricultural operating entities. Therefore, from the perspective of food security, it is essential to cultivate food-producing new agricultural operating entities. This requires a focus on the counter-cyclical adjustment of financial support, increasing credit support during years of low investment returns. Additionally, it is necessary to develop multiple forms of moderate-scale operations, enhance policy support, and boost the production enthusiasm of food-producing new agricultural operating entities.

Analyzing Land Conversion Rate and Conversion Farmer Household Food Security in Bakalan Village, Pasuruan Regency

The conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses presents significant challenges to food security, environmental sustainability, and economic progress in Bakalan Village. Food security categories for Bakalan Village conversion farmer families are assessed in this study using System Dynamic and Land Conversion Rate Analysis. A causal loop diagram illustrates the complex relationships between land conversion, food availability, affordability, and needs, crucial for understanding food security dynamics. Higher land conversion rates negatively impact food availability, risking local food security. System Dynamic integrates agricultural and non-agricultural income sources to model food affordability, a key food security determinant. Annual iterations capture fluctuations in land use, income, and food indicators, revealing the evolving impact on food security. This research emphasizes the need for sustainable land use practices, incentivizing land preservation, and promoting diversified incomes to ensure food security, environmental resilience, and socio-economic stability in Bakalan Village and similar agricultural communities globally. Adaptive policies informed by such models are essential for addressing these multifaceted challenges effectively.

Vulnerability and adaptation in flood-prone ecosystems of Bangladesh: a case study of rice farming households

Floods in Bangladesh significantly impact rice production, a vital element of food security. While regional flood effects have been extensively studied, the specific impacts on rice, the country’s primary staple, remain underexplored. This study assesses the effects of floods on rice production, availability, and prices, alongside identifying household vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies. Using both quantitative and qualitative data from secondary sources and interviews with farmers, we analyzed how floods affect rice cultivation and market dynamics. Our findings showed that floods predominantly affect wet season Aman rice, temporarily disrupting cultivation, national yield, and market prices. However, the adoption of stress-resistant varieties and improved agricultural practices has mitigated these effects. While floods have minimal effects on overall rice production, their consequences significantly increase rice prices at the retail level. Importantly, whereas floods prior to 2007 often resulted in substantial rice shortages, the post-2007 era, despite frequent and severe flooding, has witnessed a surplus in rice production. We estimated that despite five flood events in 2020, the country maintained a surplus of 2.9 million tons with minimal reliance on imports. This resilience is attributed to strategic planning, including the diversification of food sources and stockpiling. The government has strengthened the public food distribution system to address immediate food vulnerabilities and encouraged private imports to ensure a stable supply and market prices. Furthermore, government procurement policies are geared towards guaranteeing fair prices for rice farmers. Our findings underscore the importance of integrating these insights into policy frameworks to enhance flood adaptation strategies in Bangladesh.

The Role of Financial Literacy on Investment Decisions in Supporting Agricultural Development: What is the Future Agenda?

Financial literacy is recognized as a useful tool for making financial decisions. The better a person's literacy, the better their financial management including in making investment decisions, including farmers. This study aims to uncover a future agenda to investigate the role of financial literacy in shaping investment decisions for farmers which is very useful in business development and agricultural development in general. The next goal is to present empirical evidence as an agenda for further investigation into human resource management practices. They use a literature review study approach with a systematic review paradigm. Involving around 38 major journals that discuss financial literacy and investment decisions in the agricultural sector, supported by other journals that discuss resource management practices. The analysis results show that the study analyzes the role of financial literacy in shaping investment decisions for farmers and agricultural development in 16 countries, spread across Asia, Africa, and Europe. The agenda for discussing future research that interests researchers is focused on four things. First, factors that influence/drive investment decisions. Second, factors that shape financial literacy in agricultural business development. Third, household finances. Fourth, is the level of financial literacy. Specifically, human resource management practices that need to be further proven are regarding financial literacy, cognitive bias, and emotional bias in reflecting investment decision-making. Theoretical implications are that financial literacy has been proven to contribute to shaping the knowledge of the community (farmers and business actors) when making investment decisions. To strengthen this, further evidence is needed, along with factors that influence (including barriers) financial literacy. Farmer households are the most frequently suggested subjects. Practical implications are that the Government and other parties involved in financing agricultural businesses must participate in providing scenarios and infrastructure (technology and innovation) to support financial literacy for farmers and the general public. Keywords: Financial literacy, decision making, investment, farmers, farmer household, human resource management, review, future agenda.

Vegetation based climate solutions for soil management in smallholder farmlands of Kabale and Rubanda districts, Uganda

Understanding and appreciating climate solutions for soil management in smallholder farmlands are paramount. These climate solutions inform smallholder farmers’ actions, choices, decisions and priorities to tackle specific climate change problems and opportunities. The study used structured and semi structured questionnaires to collect field data to ascertain smallholder farmers’ knowledge about vegetation based climate solutions for soil management in Kabale and Rubanda districts, Uganda. A purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from 367 smallholder farmer household head respondents. Regression model, specifically linear to test multicollinearity and multinomial logistic and descriptive statistics was utilised to examine vegetation based climate solutions for soil management. Vegetation based climate solutions such as crop residues, selected trees, Napier grass and Seteria grass (dependent) and gender, age and marital status, and level of education information (independent) were determined predictor variables. The findings revealed that both genders, males (51.5%) and females (48.5%), witnessed climate change as demonstrated in Fig. 2. The chi-square test (χ2 = 376.337) indicated a significant difference between smallholder farmers’ implementing climate solutions. The study observed positive Kendall’s tau (0.357 and 0.118) and a p-value (0.002 and 0.289) of temperature and rainfall respectively. Most farmers (69.2%) relied on fellow farmers as a major source of climate information to manage soil and enhance soil fertility. Vegetation based climate solutions 33.8%, (planting Napier grass, selected tree species, and crop residues) were revealed as suitable and effective soil management interventions to control soil erosion and fertility improvement in smallholder farmlands. Climate solutions were significantly influenced by level of education (0.000) and farmland size (0.001) at 0.05. Therefore, there is a need to incorporate vegetation based climate solutions into government development programmes and agendas to enhance soil fertility and erosion management in smallholder farmers’ farmlands with a focus on livelihood improvement through increasing crop yields and hunger alleviation.

Impact of sustained adoption of Climate-Smart Agriculture on crop productivity in the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

Climate change in the West Usambara Mountains has added more challenges to smallholder farmers who are already negatively affected by land degradation. Sustained adoption of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) can improve crop productivity by addressing challenges posed by both climate change and land degradation. From 2011 to 2019, the Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) project disseminated and promoted the use of CSA technologies to improve crop productivity. Understanding the impact of CSA on crop productivity among farming households that received interventions is crucial for advising policy and improving extension services. This study assessed the impact of sustained adoption of CSA on crop productivity after phasing out the CCAFS project. Specifically, the study assessed sustained adoption of CSA technologies and evaluated the impact of CSA on crop productivity after the CCAFS project phased out. A sample of 124 households was selected by using simple random sampling from 140 farming households that received interventions. Methods of data collection were household questionnaire survey, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Data analysis was conducted by using descriptive analysis, paired-samples t-tests and thematic analysis. Results showed that there was an improvement in sustained adoption of tree planting (from 45% to 68%), organic fertilizers (from 64% to 82%), improved seeds (42% to 85%) and weather information services (from 36% to 72%) compared to adoption at the beginning of the project while sustained adoption of terraces (26%), minimum tillage(21%) and contour ridges(19%) remained low. The t-test shows that sustained CSA had significant impact on crop productivity since it increased crop productivity for maize, Irish potatoes, beans and cabbages by 41.9%, 65.2%, 29.2% and 44.3%, respectively after implementation of the CCAFS project. The study concludes that sustained adoption of CSA increased crop productivity in the study area. This study recommends that policymakers, agricultural extension workers and researchers continue the dissemination and promotion of CSA technologies to improve crop productivity regardless of external assistance.

Determinants of adoption of Bt cotton among smallholder cotton producers in Kitui and Kisumu counties, Kenya.

The Government of Kenya acknowledges the importance of the cotton industry in the country's development agenda, particularly under the manufacturing pillar. To revitalize the industry, the government approved Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton for commercial production in 2019. Bt cotton is promoted on the grounds that it is resistant to pests such as bollworms which can lead to a reduction in the use of pesticides, improve productivity, and in the long run deliver increased profits to farmers. While Bt Cotton has been promoted since 2019, evidence of its adoption among smallholder farmers is limited. This study assessed the determinants of Bt-cotton adoption among smallholder cotton producers in Kitui and Kisumu counties, Kenya. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey of 389 households that were selected randomly in Kisumu (192 households) and Kitui Counties (197 households). Among the total sampled households (389), 242 were cotton farming households and 147 were households that were not growing cotton. However, in this study context, the analysis proceeded with the 242 cotton-growing households. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Heckman’s two-stage regression model. The descriptive results showed that nearly half (47.5%) of the cotton-producing households were involved in producing the Bt cotton variety. Heckman’s two-stage model showed that increased access to land for farming (p=0.002), access to extension service (p=0.025), and expected benefits of Bt cotton (early maturity (p=0.000), and better quality of fibre had a positive influence (p=0.010) on adoption, while the distance to the output market (p=0.004) and soil fertility (p=0.076) had a negative influence on adoption. The results further showed that the intensity of adoption increased with household expenditure (p=0.012), access to credit (p=0.096), and having a positive perception of Bt cotton being drought tolerant (p=0.024). Larger household sizes (p=0.096), Bt cotton early maturity attribute (p=0.002), crop diversification (p=0.044), and increased access to land (p=0.002) had a negative influence on the intensity of adoption. The results revealed that farm and farmer characteristics, economic, and institutional factors, and attributes of Bt cotton are found to be determinants of the adoption of Bt cotton. The study recommends that the public and private sectors promote access to extension services, markets, and credit to improve the uptake of Bt cotton in Kenya.

Digital finance, maize productivity, and welfare of farm households in Burkina Faso

Digital finance, maize productivity, and welfare of farm households in Burkina Faso

Buyer behavior the short supply chain model of agricultural products in Vietnam

The article explores how to build and perfect a short agricultural supply chain model in Vietnam as well as the behavior of buyers via social networks regarding the short supply chain model. Data was collected from a survey of 100 samples including farmer households and 402 samples from consumers. The article uses the Structural Equation Model to analyze sthe impact of factors on product consumption behavior in the short supply chain of agricultural products. Research shows that interest in consuming local food is growing. In this model, consumer behavior plays an important role in the success of the short-term supply chain model. When purchasing through this model, consumers can be assured of the quality and freshness of the product. Therefore, businesses and farmers need to pay more attention to developing this model in the future. The government needs to develop information technology and transportation infrastructure to promote this model.

Unveiling patterns and drivers of agricultural diversification: empirical findings from farm households in Kaithal district of Haryana in India

PurposeThis study aims to examine the patterns of and factors influencing agricultural diversification among farmers in the Kaithal district of Haryana, India.Design/methodology/approachThe authors analysed the data collected from a sample of 400 agricultural households from five blocks of Kaithal, Haryana. Agricultural diversification is measured through the Herfindahl Index. Determinants of agricultural diversification have been evaluated using the two-stage least square method.FindingsThe average value of the diversification index among farmers in Kaithal is 0.51, indicating that there is room for diversification. In the study area wheat and rice are the dominant crops, while vegetables emerge as the most common non-staple crop. Regression analysis indicates that farmers of Scheduled Caste (SC) are more inclined to diversify crops. Factors such as larger land ownership, utilization of tractors, government subsidies, education and loans positively impact agricultural diversification. The availability of irrigation facilities, and employing labour negatively influence it.Social implicationsFocus on SC within the diversification policies for equitable access to resources. Special programmes aimed at educating small landowners and casual labourers about diversified crops. Implementing an “Uberisation” model for tractors, providing subsidies on seeds and equipment, customized financing programmes tailored to the needs of small-scale farmers can contribute to boosting agricultural diversification.Originality/valueThis study contributes by providing insights into the farm-level determinants of agricultural diversification in Kaithal district, Haryana. It adds to the understanding of factors influencing agricultural diversification in developing economies at the micro level.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-12-2023-0963.

Flash Floods, Livelihoods and Food Security: Evidence from the Affected Smallholder Farming Households in Northeast Bangladesh

The 2017 flash flood events in Northeast districts created differential impacts on poor people; therefore, the adaptation strategies adopted by the poor were insufficient to survive. The weakness in these strategies often resulted in vulnerability to them. The present paper attempts to argue that the impacts created by those barriers are heterogeneous in nature, which did not receive considerable attention in ongoing research on this issue. This research has been conducted in two villages in the Habiganj district. Purposive sampling methods were used aiming to investigate how poor households adapt to flash flood disasters. A mixed method was applied to capture the scenario, which included a household questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and informal discussions. Findings suggest that flood disasters affect farming households differently. As the findings reveal that the agriculture-based livelihoods are affected by the flash flood drastically that created household food insecurity in many smallholder farming households. The findings present some specific policy suggestions for policymakers and development workers to shape policies that may benefit all actors more inclusively. Social Science Review, Vol. 41(1), June 2024, Page 57-72.

The Impact of Agricultural Digitization on Land Productivity: An Empirical Test Based on Micro Panel Data

Digital technology has transformed agriculture by changing traditional production methods and resource allocation. This paper investigates how agricultural digitization affects land productivity, based on farm household data. Findings indicate that agricultural digitization significantly enhances land productivity, with results remaining robust under sensitivity and endogeneity tests. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the positive effects are more pronounced for larger landholdings, lower levels of human capital, and older farming populations. Mechanism analysis indicates that agricultural digitization improves land productivity by optimizing resource allocation, reducing pollution, enhancing risk resilience, and facilitating the adoption of new technologies. These findings provide valuable insights for developing countries pursuing agricultural digital transformation.

Valuing the Time of the Self-Employed

Abstract People's value of their own time is a key input in public policy evaluations—these evaluations should account for time taken away from work or leisure as a result of policy. Measuring this value for the self-employed is challenging, as, by definition, it is not priced by the market. Using rich choice data collected from farming households in western Kenya, we show that households exhibit non-transitive preferences. As a result, neither market wages nor standard valuation techniques correctly measure participants’ value of time. Using a structural model, we identify the behavioral wedges in participants’ choices, and find that distortions appear when households exchange cash either for time or for goods. Our model estimates suggest that valuing the time of the self-employed at 60% of the market wage is a reasonable rule of thumb.

Decisions to Adapt Family Farms to Climate Change in Cameroon

ABSTRACTThe goal of this research is to identify the factors that explain family farm adaptation to climate change, as well as the complementarity between these various adaptation strategies. A multivariate probit model was used to analyse secondary data from 721 family farms. According to statistical analysis, 72% of farmers correctly perceive temperature increases over time and variations in rainfall as daily realities that must be incorporated into their farming practices. The most concerning phenomena are drought (52%), and flooding (34%). Econometric analysis reveals that the adaptation decision is explained by the farmer's experience, household size, farm size, religion, agroecological zone, producer cooperation, and credit facilities. Specifically, farm size had a positive and statistically significant effect on the likelihood of irrigating fields by 12.2% and using short‐duration seeds by 26.9%. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between the different coping strategies, confirming the complementarity hypothesis. These findings imply that strengthening agricultural research and extension services, including farmer access to information, education, and training, is critical to the development of an effective climate change adaptation process.

The effects of adopting large farms’ agricultural mechanization services on agricultural productivity

ABSTRACT Using data from 2,000 farm households in Henan province in China, this study investigates the relationship between large farms’ provision of agricultural mechanization services (AMS) and agricultural productivity. The statistics show that 75.02%, 74.12%, and 73.79% of farm households adopt large farms’ AMS for ploughing, sowing, and harvesting, respectively. The empirical results indicate that the development of large farms’ AMS significantly reduces agricultural productivity. Further analysis reveals that it not only induces smallholder farms to rent out their land, thereby reducing their agricultural income, but also increases their preference for renting out land. Additionally, we find that the machinery assets owned by large farms are of poorer quality than those owned by professional service providers, as demonstrated by the positive impact of the number of combine harvesters owned by professional service providers on farm productivity. Our analysis suggests that, with the structural transformation of the AMS market, Chinese agriculture may experience a period of low efficiency. The government should work on improve the quality of large farms’ machinery assets and compensate for the loss of efficiency caused by smallholder farmers’ incomplete exit from agriculture.

Examining effects of climate information utilization by climate-vulnerability groups in the northern region of Ghana

Impacts of climate change on climate-vulnerable populations receive little attention in the literature compared to the general population across the globe, including Ghana’s Northern Region, than it has on the availability, sources, and kinds of climate services. Understanding the level of effects of utilizing climate information on farmers’ livelihoods is important for climate policy evaluation. Therefore, this study investigates how farmers in three climate-vulnerable groups in Ghana’s Northern Region make adaptation decisions based on climate information. Using a concurrent nested mixed research (quantitative and qualitative) approach, we collected data from 384 sampled farm household respondents, focus group discussions, and experts’ (Key-informants) opinions on climate change in the region. We analyze the data using descriptive statistics and a probit model. The results of mean statistics indicate that whereas farmers across climate-vulnerability groups perceived climate change and variability, the less climate-vulnerable group utilized more climate information for adaptation 7.1 than their counterparts, 5.2 and 3.3 for moderate to high vulnerability, respectively. Also, the probit model result reveals that farmers in the three climate-vulnerable groups are negatively associated with utilizing climate information in their adoption of adaptation strategies for floods and droughts, but they are positively and significantly influenced by climate information in their decision to implement early planting and pest/disease control. Furthermore, although the results show that using climate information boosts farmers’ chances of getting credit by 102.5%, there is no significant chance that farmers would be able to get credit without climate information. The study concludes that, to a greater extent, climate information significantly influences farmers’ decisions regarding adaptation strategies in the region.

Post Farmer-herder Conflict Management and Relief Strategies of Farmers in Nigeria

Purpose: This study shed light on the self-relief strategy employed by farmers after their experience in farmer-herder conflict.Research Method: The survey was carried out among 150 farm households headed in four farming communities. Frequency and logistic regression statistics were employed to analyze data.Findings: Findings showed that farmer-herder conflict resulted in the destruction of farm crops and insufficient food for household consumption among affected rural households. Affected rural households decided to adopt coping strategies that reduce their vulnerability by tightening farm security, preventing future huge farm loss by sowing less, and completely avoiding of risk of conflict effects with no intention to continue crop farming by borrowing money and shifting to off-farm jobs. Education/literacy of the people and causes of conflict were found to be the behavioral control factors of the farmers.Practical Implication: The study provided recommendations for rural development advisors and policymakers to inform post-conflict management and relief strategies for effective coping and adaptation responses to farmer-herders conflict victims in Africa and other developing countries experiencing similar nature of conflict.Originality/ Value: The study is novel for reporting, for the first time, the post-farmer-herder conflict behavior of farmers in Nigeria

Implications of Climate Change and Food Crisis on Women Farmers in Contemporary Nigeria

Agriculture and food security are two important components of a sustainable future and wellbeing of the people that are adversely affected by climate change and global warming, especially in the growing economies of the world. While agriculture is the mainstay of most of such economies, it serves as an important employer of labour and source of income for the people, and provides the foundation for food security which is the state of having reliable access to sufficient, affordable, safe and nutritious food supply that adequately meets the needs of its users. Climate change and global warming are two important challenges adversely affecting the people (especially the poor and the highly vulnerable female-headed farming households in Africa and particular in Nigeria), as a result of which their livelihoods and wellbeing are increasingly endangered by the scourge and related challenges of low disposable income; poor soil quality (nutrients); high levels of poverty, illiteracy and unemployment; feminization of agriculture; and lack of opportunities for meaningful development. This study examines the inter-links between climate change and food crisis, which breeds food insecurity among the people, especially female-headed farming households in Nasarawa State. The study is a descriptive survey which utilized primary and secondary sources of data, using questionnaires, FGD (Focus Group Discussion), and elite interviews. It posits that climate change is an important driver of socio-economic challenges that affects female-headed farming households more disproportionately than their male counterparts. The study suggests that though climate change is an important global challenge, it is more so among resource-poor farmers that must be appropriately responded to, especially in Africa where its effects are most harsh. The study recommends that gender friendly policies and practices will ensure effective and equitable gender participation in sustainable agriculture essential in food security and wellbeing of the people.

TOBACCO PRODUCTION AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ON FARM HOUSEHOLDS IN BANGLADESH: A REGIONAL STUDY

Tobacco cultivation has increased in Bangladesh over the past few decades, raising significant concerns due to its economic, environmental, and health impacts on farm households. This study explored the socioeconomic aspects of farmers' lives associated with tobacco production, calculated its costs and benefits, identified determinants of net revenue, and suggested potential improvements for related issues. Primary data were collected using a random sampling technique involving interviews with 420 tobacco farmers through structured questionnaires and face-to-face interactions. The financial analysis of tobacco production in Bangladesh employed cost-benefit and multiple linear regression techniques, while the economic analysis utilized descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics reveal that net returns average TK 30,466, with significant variation in production costs, particularly in land use, labor, and processing, highlighting the economic complexities of tobacco farming. The results of the regression analysis show that land use and labor costs significantly impact net returns in tobacco farming. Land costs reduce profits, while labor and processing costs increase them, explaining 76% of the variation in net returns. The analysis indicates a net return of TK 32,050 per bigha, with a profit of TK 71.22 per kilogram of tobacco produced. A majority of respondents believe that tobacco farming reduces soil fertility (49.29%) and requires significant fertilizer (76.19%), while a significant number view it as a lucrative opportunity (85.71%) supported by company encouragement (79.37%). Furthermore, 75.47% perceive tobacco farming as a health risk, with nearly half acknowledging its negative environmental impacts (49.29%). Although tobacco production offers higher profitability, it poses severe health and environmental risks. To mitigate these effects, tobacco companies should pay attention to this fact and provide healthcare subsidies to farmers so that they can contribute positively to the national economy. Thus, farmers will benefit, and our country's economy will improve with production as well.