Agricultural Year Research Articles

Efficiency of urea with urease and nitrification inhibitors in the production of bermuda grass fodder

The adoption of strategies aimed at a more efficient use of nitrogen (N) and ontaining hig yields are important to satisfy the demand for food for animals and humans. The Tifton 85 Bermuda grass (Cynodon spp.) is a crop with high productive potential and may be used to create hay, but its culture requires elevated doses of nitrogen. In this sense, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate, in field conditions, the growth and production of Tifton 85 Bermuda grass according to nitrogen doses with urea containing urease and nitrification inhibitors for two agricultural years — eight cycles of forage growth. The treatments were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three repetitions in a 3x5 factorial scheme. Treatments were: I) urea; II) urea + triamide N-(n-Butyl) thophosphoric (NBPT) urease inhibitor; and III) urea + nitrification inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) with N rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 of N) applied after each growth period. Then, the study proceeded to estimate forage dry mass and N concentrations in dry mass for each of the growth cycles and their sum, as well as the apparent N recovery. N critical levels were set when relative production reached 90%. The use of urease (NBPT) or nitrification (DMPP) inhibitors did not improve the efficiency of urea regarding growth and production of Tifton 85 Bermuda grass. The appropriate dose of nitrogen for Tifton 85 Bermuda grass in a hay production system is 40 kg per ton of dry mass produced in each growth period.

Benchmarking Economic Sustainability: What Factors Explain Heterogeneity between Wine Businesses?

To assess a wine producer’s economic sustainability, it is useful to benchmark its economic indicators against a suitable reference group. Existing research mainly compares wine businesses either by region or by size alone. There is a research gap concerning which of the two benchmarking factors can be more suitable or whether both factors are required. Using a framework of economic sustainability benchmarking figures, the effects of region and size, as well as the effect of their interactions, on 10 economic indicators were estimated through an ANOVA and the estimation of effect sizes. The analysis is based on a unique data set of business data averages of 382 German wine estates across six agricultural years (2014–2019). Region and size both had a significant influence on 7 out of 10 benchmark indicators. Wine estates from distinct regions more strongly differed in their primary indicators of production factors, price and yield as well as secondary indicators of cost and productivity. Contrarily, wine estates of diverse size groups more strongly differed in their tertiary indicators of profitability and return, which are key indicators of economic sustainability. Both size and region should be utilized for suitable economic indicators when benchmarking wine businesses for future assessments of economic sustainability. Hereby, this paper provides a first step in making economic sustainability less subjective for the German wine industry and how to move forward in regards to benchmarking within empirical frameworks and tools of economic sustainability.

Management of surface flow allocation in rice cultivation by maximization of water use and economic efficiency

Abstract The multi-objective genetic algorithm was used as a decision variable to estimate the water required for irrigation in each of the growth stages. Agricultural costs and product sales prices in the agricultural year 2017–2023 in Luoyang Plain and its surrounding areas were collected for this purpose. Optimal irrigation strategies according to different water price scenarios were considered to calculate water use efficiency and net profit. In the conditions of optimal distribution, the amount of allocated water was 7,809, 2,928, 3,904, and 1,789 m3/ha for the stages of vegetative growth, flowering, crop formation, and ripening by the proposed model. On the other hand, it is necessary to reduce water stress in the periods of clustering and seed filling to increase crop yield and net income, as well as to achieve the desired irrigation schedule. Effective rainfall, especially in the ripening stage of the crop, can be considered to determine the optimal volume of water harvesting from the river. In addition, the results showed that by reducing the amount of available water, the water model allocated to leaf greening and tillering stages decreases.

Environmental stimulus in lettuce genotype in agroecological cultivation system

Vegetable production system has presented and developed strategies to increase the level of sustainability of production, adding information that expands agroecological production, resulting in better use of different components necessary for production. This study aims to evaluate the effect of different coverages in relation to the expression of the genotype in three crops of different agricultural years, enabling the best use of natural resources, bringing effective subsidies for a more sustainable production. The study was conducted in three growing seasons, in 2017, 2018 and 2019 crop years, in a randomized block design with four replications, using three soil covers (corn silage residue, elephant grass straw and soil without vegetation cover) and a lettuce cultivar (Lettuce “Iceberg”). It was possible to observe through the analysis of variance that only the year variable promoted alterations on the analyzed characters, with no effect of the different coverages. The highest production occurred in 2019 for all variables analyzed. Regarding the estimate of Pearson's linear correlation, it was possible to obtain significance at 0.01% of probability for the variables average total weight and productivity, with a significance of 1% of probability for the variables average diameter, average longitudinal diameter and productivity. There was no effect of soil cover for the variables of lettuce production and productivity, possibly related to excess water from precipitation in 2017, 2018 and 2019. In addition, the complementary effect of irrigation in the years of the experiment was, possibly, superior to the demand of the crop by reducing the effect of ground cover on soil water dynamics.

The Behavior of Some Alternative Crops Under the Synergic Effect of Soil Work and Climate Conditions in the Eastern Area of Romania

Water and thermal stress accentuated in the last decade, hinder farmers from obtaining rich and balanced harvests in the quality-quantity ratio. Thus, it is studied to carry out minimal soil work and to cultivate a wide range of agricultural species that have increased adaptability to climate changes. Dry farming is one of those working systems that allow the exploration of several combinations of soil works and rarely cultivated plants that can replace conventional crops. The present experiment was carried out to observe the influence of tillage on the yield of some alternative types of grassy cereals cultivated under water and thermal stress conditions in the eastern part of Romania, in the 2020-2022 agricultural years, at A.R.D.S., Braila. Rye and triticale crops were sown in three repetitions for each tillage: L1 – Plow (control), L2 – Paraplow, L3 – Scarifier, L4 – Heavy Disc, and L5 – No Tillage. The 2020-2021 agricultural year was rich in precipitation, therefore the difference in yields, for L2, L3, and L4 tillage compared to control - L1, was between -540 kg/ha and +267 kg/ha for the rye crop and between 0 - 535 kg/ha for triticale crop. Climatic conditions influenced yields, especially for triticale crops.

Technical and Economic Feasibility of Controlled Release Fertilizer in Production Coffee Crop

Objective: To evaluate the performance of a controlled release fertilizer on the vegetative and productive development of coffee trees in production. Theoretical framework: The use of slow, controlled release fertilizers or smart fertilizers can allow the reduction of fertilization operations, in addition to being characterized by the availability of nutrients to plants at the correct time, with the consequent reduction in maintenance expenses, labor of work and fuel. Method: A trial was conducted in Alto Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, during 4 harvests, to evaluate the performance of a slow-release fertilizer on the vegetative and productive development of coffee trees in production, as well as the impacts of this technology on the scaling of mechanized operations in property. Results and conclusion: With the use of slow-release fertilizers, it was concluded that: slow-release potassium nutrition reduces the competitive effect of potassium with Calcium and Magnesium; productivity gains are obtained when compared to the use of conventional fertilizers; there is an increase in coffee yield; at a rate of 80% of the dose, there are advantages in the nutrition of the coffee plant, especially in old crops; There is a reduction in the number of machine hours worked in the agricultural year with a consequent reduction in production costs, making it possible to redistribute mechanized operations, reducing labor and the volume of operations in the months that demand the most services. Implications of the research: With the results of the research, over two biennia, it was possible to identify the positive factors of using slow-release fertilizers for coffee trees, both in biometric and productive aspects and in the optimization of mechanized operations in a coffee farm cultivated in the cerrado miner. Originality/value: a better understanding of the effects of using slow-release fertilizer technology to increase productivity and better economic and environmental performance in coffee agribusiness.

What are the impacts of water deficit, cultivars, and agricultural years on the dynamics of nutrient uptake by common bean? Part I: n, P, and K

Knowing the effect of water deficit intensity on the nutrient uptake dynamics by common bean cultivars with contrasting growth habits in different years is necessary to appraise and recommend more specific fertilization management practices. A field study was carried out in the Southeast of Brazil for two years aiming to explain and compare the accumulation and extraction of the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) from two common bean cultivars with contrasting growth habits as a function of water deficit severity. The common bean cultivars IAC Imperador and IPR Campos Gerais, with determinate and indeterminate growth habits, respectively, were evaluated. Both cultivars were submitted to three irrigation management practices: severe water deficit (54% of the crop evapotranspiration – ETc), moderate water deficit (77% of ETc), and no water deficit (100% of ETc). Overall, the severe water deficit reduced N, P, and K accumulation in the common bean cultivars by 26, 37, and 23%, respectively. Under no water deficit, IPR Campos Gerais showed higher accumulation of biomass and nutrients N (27%) and P (42%) compared to IAC Imperador, in addition to higher interannual variability in the accumulation of nutrients. The maximum daily demand for nutrients N, P, and K of IAC Imperador was anticipated in 9, 13 and 11 days, respectively, compared to IPR Campos Gerais. Irrigation management, cultivar, and climate of the agricultural year are important factors in decision-making for the most adequate establishment of fertilization with N, P, and K in common bean.

Costs, Returns, Resource Use Efficiency of American Cotton Production in Irrigated North Western Plain Zone of Rajasthan, India

The study was carried out at Irrigated North Western Plain Zone 1b of Rajasthan in agricultural year 2012-13. This zone covers about 80 percent of the total area of cotton in the state. The study focused on the cost and return, efficiency of resource use and problems faced by the farmers in American cotton production under different farm sizes. Two villages namely 4C and Mirjawala were selected from Sriganganagar tehsil of the zone. Thirty farmers were selected at random in proportion to the total number of farmers in each size group from the list of from American cotton farmers group. The total variable cost of per hectare American cotton was Rs 28985. The yield per ha was 18.70 quintals. The return over variable cost per hectare American cotton was Rs 61436. The Cobb Douglas production function, revealed that the in American cotton farmers were underutilized fertilizer. Non-availability of labour during peak season was reported as highly acute constraint for cotton farmers. The damage caused by insect pests was reported as main problem for American cotton sample farmers.

Experimental plan for oilseed flax in multi-environment trials

The importance of the cultivation of oilseed flax has increased in the Brazilian agricultural scenario, and therefore, research must be carried out to have better recommendations for cultivation. For research to be reliable, there is a need for adequate experimental planning. In this context, the objective of this work is to propose an experimental plan, with estimates of plot size, sample size, and the number of replicates, to increase the precision and reliability of experiments carried out with the oilseed flax crop. The experiments were carried out in three environments and two agricultural years, in a randomized block design with four replicates and two varieties of oilseed flax, totaling eleven experiments in six different environments. In both years, plants were sampled in the plot and measured for: total height, technical length, productive length, main branch diameter, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, and grain mass per plant. From these data, the plot size was estimated using the Pimentel-Gomes method, and it was verified that 30 plants, arranged in 6 rows of cultivation, are needed to compose the usable area of the plot, with 2 border rows, totaling 90 plants per plot. Differently, with the grain yield data, in which the effects of the parameters of the mathematical model of each experimental trial were removed, the plot size was estimated through the Paranaíba method, and it was identified that the plots must be 9.86 m². For sampling, an optimal size of 5.4 m² was observed, considering a semi-amplitude of the confidence interval (D%) equal to 20% of the mean. Also, the need to use five replicates per plot was verified, considering a least significant difference in the Tukey test expressed as a percentage of the mean of 25%.

Performance of second crop maize hybrids in different population densities

The cultivation of second crop (safrinha) maize (Zea Mays L.) has progressed in Brazil. The maize plant population recommendation for the second crop is drastically reduced. This work aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological characters of ear and yield components in different populations of plants and maize hybrids. The experiment was cultivated in a no-tillage system in the second crop of the 2019/2020 agricultural year in Unaí-MG and carried out according to a randomized block design in subdivided plots, with the five simple maize hybrids KWS (K9105VIP3, K9960VIP3, K9606VIP3, K9555VIP3 and K8774PRO3) considered as parcels and the four populations (35.000, 50.000, 65.000 and 80.000 plants he-1), considered as subplots. The maize hybrids did not influence (P>0,05) the variables. The populations of 35.000, 65.000 and 80.000 plants he-1 resulted in the highest (P<0,05) number of rows, number of grains per row and ear length. The increase in plant population influenced (P<0,05) positively the grain yields up to the population of plant density of 68.200 plants he-1 with grain yield of 9.302 kg he-1. Population densification, even increasing competition for resources negatively influencing most plant and ear characters, increases grain yield due to the greater amount of ear per area.

Resource Use Efficiency of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in Sultanpur District of Uttar Pradesh, India

his study was designed to measure the profitability and resource use efficiency of cucumber production during agricultural year 2021-22 in Sultanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. The study utilized a multistage stratified purposive cum random sampling technique to select districts, blocks, villages, and respondents. Using a pre-tested questionnaire, primary data and information were collected from 100 cucumber producing farmers, categorized in 66 marginal, 23 small and 11 medium farmers were chosen from the five villages in the Dubeypur block of the Sultanpur district. For functional analysis, Cobb - Douglas production function was employed for estimating resource use efficiency. The t-test for testing the significance of factor elasticities and the F-test for testing the significance of R2 were used. The study revealed that return to scale was found to be increasing in cucumber production and Marginal Value Product was more than one in all the cases except few, which indicate the further chance of investment on variable inputs to get the optimum income. Through comprehensive analysis of financial efficiency measures, it has been revealed that marginal farms exhibit greater profitability in terms of farm business income compared to small and medium-sized farms.

Biofortification via foliar application of zinc in oat grains and the effects on nutritional quality and productivity indicators

Foods enriched with zinc can reduce the rates of many diseases and health expenses. Oat, as a nutraceutical food, represents a potential nutritional source by increasing the levels of zinc in the grains by biofortification. The objective of the study is zinc enrichment in oat grains and caryopses, with analysis of productivity indicators, industrial and chemical quality of the grains for technology validation. The experiment was carried out in 2017, 2018 and 2019, in Augusto Pestana, RS, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with eight replications and five levels of zinc doses (0, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 g ha-1) applied via foliar in the grain filling phase. There are almost no changes in oat panicle components due to the effect of biofortification doses by the compound with zinc, and no change in grain yield regardless of agricultural year. Indicators of industrial quality and organic composition of oat grains are not effectively affected by biofortification, ensuring the use of technology without compromising these variables. Considering caryopsis the edible product of oats, from 2000 g ha-1 of zinc sulfate, biofortification of the product is guarantee. Biofortification via foliar by the compound with zinc promotes a significant increase of zinc in oat grains and caryopsis, however, reducing the iron content in these structures

Factors Affecting Extent of Income Diversification in the Rural Areas of Nagaland

"The present study was carried out to evaluate the extent of income diversification in Chumoukedima rural area of Nagaland State; aimed to access the sources and status of diversifications was highlighted. The present research investigation was carried out during the agricultural year 2020-22 with a total of 160 respondents was selected by following a multi-stage simple random stratified sampling technique. Study reveals that the overall average value of Simpson Index of diversification was 0.283 and more than 50.00 per cent of the rural households had “medium” level diversified livelihood. A multiple regression analysis had positive and significant effects on the extent of livelihood diversification."

Application of Artificial Neural Networks to Predict Genotypic Values of Soybean Derived from Wide and Restricted Crosses for Relative Maturity Groups

The primary objective of soybean-breeding programs is to develop cultivars that offer both high grain yield and a maturity cycle tailored to the specific soil and climatic conditions of their cultivation. Therefore, predicting the genetic value is essential for selecting and advancing promising genotypes. Among the various analytical approaches available, deep machine learning emerges as a promising choice due to its capability to predict the genetic component of phenotypes assessed under field conditions, thereby enhancing the precision of breeding decisions. This study aimed to determine the efficiency of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in predicting the genetic values of soybean genotypes belonging to populations derived from crosses between parents of different relative maturity groups (RMGs). We characterized populations with broad and restricted genetic bases for RMG traits. Data from three soybean populations, evaluated over three different agricultural years, were used. Genetic values were predicted using the multilayer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network and compared to those obtained using the best unbiased linear prediction from variance components using restricted maximum likelihood (RR-BLUP). The MLP neural network efficiently predicted genetic values for the relative maturity group trait for genotypes belonging to populations of broad and restricted crosses, with an R2 of 0.999 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.241, and for grain yield, there was an R2 of 0.999 and an RMSE of 0.076. While the percentage of coincident superior genotypes remained relatively consistent, a significant difference was observed in their ranking order. The genetic gain with selection estimated using MLP was higher by 30–110% compared to RR-BLUP for the relative maturity group trait and 90–500% for grain yield. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) showed higher efficiency than RR-BLUP in predicting the genetic values of the soybean population. Local selection at intermediate latitudes is conducive to developing lines adaptable for regions at higher and lower latitudes.

Fermentative parameters and chemical composition of mixed silages from corn-crotalaria intercropping

The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of corn-crotalaria intercropping on the fermentative process, the organic acid profile, and the chemical composition of the silages produced. The trial was implemented in a randomized block design, in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, with three types of intercrops [single corn (CSC), corn + Crotalaria juncea (CCJ), and corn + Crotalaria ochroleuca (CCO)] in two spatial arrangements [A1 (corn and legume sown in the same row) and A2 (corn and legume sown in alternate rows)], with six repetitions per treatment, evaluated in two agricultural years. The silages were evaluated for fermentative losses, pH, organic acids, ammonia nitrogen, chemical composition, and in vitro dry matter degradability. The least amount of gas loss was observed in the silages produced in the first year with CCJ and the CCO (11.6 g/kg dry matter for both). The lowest pH values were verified in the silage of the treatments CSC and CCJ (3.46 and 3.44, respectively) in the second year, and for ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), the lowest concentrations were observed for CSC and CCO (120.7 and 138 g/kg total nitrogen, respectively). Higher levels of lactic acid and crude protein were obtained in the silage produced with CCJ, in both years of evaluation, whereas lower contents of acid detergent fiber were observed in the silage of the treatments CSC and CCO in the spatial arrangement A2. The largest coefficients of in vitro dry matter degradability were observed in the silages originated from CSC and CCO (820.6 and 798.0 g/kg dry matter, respectively). These results suggest that the intercropping of corn with C. ochroleuca sown in alternate rows increase the crude protein content without reducing the fermentative and nutritional quality of the silages. The planting of both legumes in the same row with corn negatively influenced the fermentative and nutritional characteristics of the silages, and this method is not recommended.

Seasonal and annual methane and nitrous oxide emissions affected by tillage and cover crops in flood-irrigated rice

Soil tillage plays an important role in methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in flood-irrigated rice production. Hence, this study measured the effects of soil tillage and cover crops on the seasonal and annual CH4 and N2O emissions in flood-irrigated rice. A field experiment was conducted for two agricultural years with conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), no-tillage (NT), and NT with Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum) (NT+PC). The effect of different tillage systems on CH4 emissions, which occur predominantly in rice cultivation, depends on the impact of tillage and the amount of straw remaining at the time of rice seeding. When straw incorporation in MT and CT reduces the quantity of straw remaining relative to NT, lower CH4 emissions occurred in the CT and MT. In contrast, when the amount of straw remaining on the soil is similar among the types of soil tillage, lower CH4 emissions occurred in the NT. The effect of tillage on annual N2O emissions was unclear, although the highest in-season N2O emissions occurred in the NT, where the highest water-filled pore space values were recorded in both years. High N2O emissions during rice cultivation occurred in the CT after nitrogen fertilization. The effect of the cover crop in the NT varied as a function of the performance of the clover. When the PC biomass production was satisfactory in the second year, annual CH4 and N2O emissions increased by 8 % and 23 %, respectively. The seasonal and annual quantification of CH4 and N2O emissions is important to reduce the uncertainty of the effect of different land management systems on CH4 and N2O emissions.

Risk Attitude of Farmers in the Climate Extreme Region of Andhra Pradesh, India

Aim: The objective of the current study was to assess the risk attitude of both insured and non-insured farmers and identify the factors influencing the risk attitude of insured and non-insured farmers.
 Study Area and Design: An ex-post-facto study was conducted, and the stratified random sampling method was used to collect the data at selected villages in Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh.
 Methodology: A sample of 150 farmers of chilli and cotton was collected (90 insured and 60 non-insured). Data regarding the agriculture year 2021-22 was analysed using Moscardi and de Janvry approach. The socioeconomic, institutional and farm characteristics were analysed by using discriminant analysis to identify the factors influencing farmers’ risk attitudes.
 Results: The present study results showed that the majority of the farmers are risk neutral. In the case of risk preferers insured farmers are more compared to non-insured farmers. Insured chilli farmers more than non-insured chilli farmers in case of risk-averse but, it is the reverse in the case of cotton farmers. Occupation, constraints in getting credit facility, membership of the association, the proportion of crop income to the total farm income and family size of insured chilli farmers and family size, education level membership of the association, constraints in getting credit facility, the proportion of crop income to total farm income of non-insured chilli farmers are significant. Variables like age, occupation, farming experience, constraints in getting credit facility and age, occupation, education level, and farming experience of insured and non-insured cotton farmers were found to be significant. 
 Conclusion: The majority of the farmers (both insured and non-insured) are risk neutral.

Examining the Combinability of Morphological Characteristics and Grain Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) Lines

Objective: The purpose of corn improvement is to develop inbred lines and new hybrids to improve the existing cultivars according to different traits. Success in the commercial production of hybrid corn depends on the extensive evaluation of inbred lines. Methods: This research was carried out in order to determine the superior line, tester and hybrid of grain corn using the line x tester analysis method in the agricultural year of 1401 on the farm of Khoy Agricultural Research Station. Results: Lines L6 and L7 were the first lines for the number of days to physiological maturity, and hybrids T1×L18, T2×L23, and T3×L3 had the most special adaptation. Conclusion: Based on this, Lines L6 and L7 were the earliest ones for the number of days until physiological maturation. Also, T1×L18, T2×L23, and T3×L3 crosses had the highest specific compatibility.

The Study of the Impact of Complex Foliar Fertilization on the Yield and Quality of Sunflower Seeds (Helianhtus annuus L.) by Principal Component Analysis

The aim of the paper is to assess the impact of Foliar Fertilizations (FF) on the yield and quality of sunflower seeds. This research was carried out in the agricultural years of 2019–2021 in the experimental field of the university. The method of planting in the field was carried out in subdivided plots with three repetitions and six fertilization options. The experimental variants were as follows: Control (Mt), V1—FF 10:10:10+ME (microelements), V2—FF 8:10:0+8B (Boron)+ME, V3—FF 15:0:0+2S (Sulfur)+1B+ME, V4—FF 15:0:0+4B+ME, and V5—FF 8:8:8+ME. FF treatments were carried out in the vegetation phases specific to the sunflower crop. These varied from 2–6 L ha−1, depending on the chemical composition of the product. The application of treatments with FF to the sunflower culture positively influenced both production and its quality expressed by specific quality indices, namely the content of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, fibers, and minerals. The results were discussed not only in view of classical statistics but also using the Principal Components Analysis (PCA), which allows a more complex evaluation of the effects of foliar treatments on the production and quality of sunflower seeds.

Farm households and the elusiveness of social sustainability: Contrasting the emotional registers of organic and conventional producers

In sustainability scholarship broadly and sustainable agriculture research specifically, the ‘social’ facets of a system have long been considered the least well understood and most difficult to operationalize. Efforts to compare organic and conventional agricultural production have often left the social dimensions of these systems unexplored. This article presents results from a 2020 statewide survey of farmers in Ohio, USA. Rooted in both classic agri-family theories of family farm change and contemporary theoretical calls to attend to the affective dimensions of agriculture, the paper analyzes farmers' socio-emotional responses to the 2019 growing season, a particularly stressful agricultural year. It uses bivariate analyses to compare organic and conventional producers' experiences of stressors and compare their reported levels of satisfaction, optimism, and stress. Although organic producers experienced significantly more stressful events, they also reported feeling more optimistic, more satisfied, and less stressed. These findings suggest that farm studies focused exclusively on financial, production, or attitudinal variables may miss key facets that differentiate organic from conventional production. Considering the structural and demographic conditions of the eastern Corn Belt, the article discusses how social sustainability relates to regionally specific processes of conventionalization and may illuminate feedback loops between farm households' emotional experiences and organic sector growth.