Agricultural Workers Research Articles

Human capital, creativity and innovation as pillars of leading technology systems

The relevance of the research is determined by the need of modern agricultural enterprises for innovations. Only on the basis of innovative development they can be competitive and later enter industry 4. The purpose of the article is to analyze and justify an innovative approach to the formation of technological networks in the agricultural sector based on the use of competitive advantages of human capital and strengthening of its creativity. The authors note that in order to attract innovation, project managers must coordinate the company's strategy with the strategy of knowledge management and creativity development. The study summarizes the results of using an innovative model in the Brazilian agricultural sector that promotes human capital development and knowledge generation, as well as environmental sustainability (the UTAUT model). The evaluation of these results showed that a significant factor in the successful implementation of the innovation model is the creation of an appropriate organizational and management culture, focused on the involvement of innovations in the activities of agricultural enterprises. The authors conducted a survey of agricultural workers of large and small enterprises of this industry in order to identify their need and degree of readiness for innovations. The results of the survey showed significant differences between large and small enterprises in the given parameters, which require the choice of different ways and sources of strengthening their innovativeness. The problem raised in the article is also relevant for Ukraine as a country with a traditional agricultural sector.

Cluster Analysis as a Strategy to Contribute to the Competitive Advantage of Mangos from Guerrero, Mexico

Objective: To analyze mango production and industrialization in Guerrero, Mexico, in order to identify its components, dynamics, and areas of opportunity, stimulating the development of a mango cluster. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research is based on Porter's Five Forces methodology, adapted to the agri-food industry. Data were collected through semi-structured surveys in Técpan de Galeana and Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero. In addition, a systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted along with database analysis. Results: The Guerrero mango supply chain (SC) was mapped, identifying three main challenges: high input costs, lack of price regularization, and the lack of interest shown by young people in agricultural work. Sinaloa and Chiapas were also identified as the main competitors, both in terms of production volume and competitive advantages. Findings/Conclusions: Enhancing the coordination within the supply chain and implementing strategies are important to mitigate high costs and power asymmetries in negotiations with suppliers and buyers. Furthermore, the significance of developing a cluster to enhance the competitiveness of the Guerrero mango against its competitors is emphasized.

Gendered impacts of climate change: evidence from weather shocks

Abstract Climate change is a critical challenge of our era, and its effects on human well-being are undeniable. It may not be immediately apparent that its impacts can vary by gender. Drawing from lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is clear that a shock can affect men and women differently, due to social norms and pre-existing gender differences. This paper reviews economic studies on how weather shocks—such as floods, droughts, and extreme temperatures—affect a broad spectrum of outcomes, ranging from endowments to economic opportunities and agency. Although specific physiological vulnerabilities exist (e.g. boys are more vulnerable to prenatal shocks, while girls and women are more vulnerable to heat), the most significant gendered impacts stem from pre-existing inequalities and societal responses to these shocks. In regions with a strong preference for boys, families facing resource shortages from shocks might prioritize boys for food and other resources, pull girls from school, marry them off young, or withdraw women from agricultural work so they can focus on household chores. Conversely, boys and men might leave school or migrate to seek alternative income sources during or after such shocks. Without gender-responsive climate policies, climate change is likely to exacerbate existing gender inequalities.

Anticolonial co-design: a methodology for including agricultural workers in the development of new AgTech

ABSTRACT Collaborative design (co-design) is becoming a popular method for including end-users in the design process of technologies which may affect them. The research in this paper emerges from an agricultural technology (AgTech) co-design project located in settler colonial state of Aotearoa New Zealand. Inspired by methodological insights from anticolonial science and technology studies (STS), the paper details the authors’ experiences with attempting to include local and migrant agricultural workers within the AgTech co-design project in a way that did not perpetuate colonialism (i.e. was anticolonial). Based on these experiences, the authors identify four practices that can support other researchers wanting to engage in anticolonial co-design: (1) understand the historical context of your research; (2) create a place –and community-based guidelines for technology development; (3) build and maintain strong relationships with collaborators; and (4) be prepared to slow-down or to stop innovation. These practices offer methodological insights into how to do anticolonial co-design within the uneven power relations of settler colonialism and within projects not necessarily designed to engage in anticolonial co-design.

Immigrant Work and the Production of Italian Agrifood: The Variants of Subordinate Integration

The agri-food industry in Southern Europe and elsewhere is typically seen as a place of harsh exploitation of immigrant workers. This article aims to give a more comprehensive picture of immigrant work in the Italian agrifood system. Based on nine case studies of local production systems, it elaborates on the concept of “subordinate integration,” showing its different variants. In addition, it discusses the relationship between subordinate integration at work and different forms of social insertion on the territory, mainly focusing on the housing question. In conclusion, the social regulation of work in agriculture and the role of trade unions is highlighted.

MODAL SOSIAL PENYULUH: PERAN KEPERCAYAAN DALAM KEGIATAN PENYULUHAN PERTANIAN DI KOTA KENDARI

The objective of this study was to ascertain the extent of social capital among extension workers in Kendari City, with a particular focus on the role of trust in the implementation of effective agricultural extension activities. The study population consisted of all agricultural extension workers in Kendari City, numbering 63 individuals. The research sample was selected using the census technique, which involves taking the entire population, resulting in a sample size of 63 respondents. The data were collected via survey, interview, and document analysis techniques, employing a variety of media formats, including questionnaires. The research variables concentrated on the social capital of extension workers, specifically in the context of trust in agricultural extension activities. This research employs a quantitative methodology. The data were analyzed using a quantitative descriptive approach. This method employs mathematical and statistical calculations for testing, measurement, and hypothesis testing. The findings indicated that the social capital of the extension workers in Kendari City, specifically their trust in agricultural extension activities, has been effectively implemented. Trust in agricultural extension activities is a crucial element in the success of extension work. The relationship between extension workers and farmers plays a pivotal role in this process. By fostering effective communication and mutual respect, trust can be established, which in turn will encourage the adoption of more effective and sustainable agricultural practices.

EVALUATION STUDY ON THE THREE DIRECTIONAL TRAINING IN JI'AN CITY OF CHINA

The meaning of "three directional" refers to targeted enrollment, targeted training, and targeted employment. The report of the 19th National Congress of China first proposed the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. Subsequently, it made important arrangements for the rural revitalization strategy, clarifying that in the future, we should promote the work of agriculture, rural areas, and farmers by the overall requirements of prosperous industries, livable ecology, civilized rural culture, effective governance, and prosperous living. The future of rural areas is the comprehensive revitalization of industries, talents, culture, ecology, and organizations. The construction of rural regions cannot be separated from talents. The 19th National Congress report proposes cultivating and cultivating a "three rural" work team that understands agriculture, loves rural areas, and farmers. Grassroots agricultural technology promotion talents (referred to as grassroots agricultural technology personnel), as an important component of the "three rural" work team, are an important force in achieving comprehensive rural revitalization. In the rural revitalization strategy, deepening the cultivation of grassroots agricultural technicians is essential to achieve agricultural modernization and improve the farmers' quality of life. This research report aims to evaluate the feasibility of continuously deepening the cultivation of "three directional" agricultural grassroots agricultural technicians and provide a basis for relevant policy formulation education and training.

Impact of the Agricultural Sector on Unemployment, Inequality and Rural Poverty: A Panel Regression Analysis in Indonesian Provinces

This study examined how the agricultural sector impacted unemployment, income inequality, and rural poverty across Indonesia’s provinces from 2015 to 2021. Using data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and a panel regression model, the research analyzed the relationships between these factors. It also explored the structural changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021. The findings showed that the agricultural sector’s Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), farmer exchange rates, and informal labor significantly influenced unemployment and income inequality in rural areas. However, the pandemic did not have a major effect on income inequality or poverty levels in these areas. The GRDP and value-added in agriculture played a crucial role in reducing rural poverty. The findings also showed that the COVID-19 pandemic did not directly increase or decrease the number of poor people, but it affected informal agricultural workers due to physical distancing measures. The research highlighted the agricultural sector’s importance in addressing unemployment and inequality during the pandemic in Indonesia.

Research on tomato disease image recognition method based on DeiT

Tomatoes, globally cultivated and economically significant, play an essential role in both commerce and diet. However, the frequent occurrence of diseases severely affects both yield and quality, posing substantial challenges to agricultural production worldwide. In China, where tomato cultivation is carried out on a large scale, disease prevention and identification are increasingly critical for enhancing yield, ensuring food safety, and advancing sustainable agricultural practices. As agricultural production scales and the demand for efficient methodologies grows, traditional disease recognition methods no longer meet current needs. The agricultural sector's move towards more modern and scalable production methods necessitates more effective and precise disease recognition technologies to support swift decision-making and timely preventive actions. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel tomato disease recognition method that integrates the data-efficient image transformers (DeiT) model with strategies like exponential moving average (EMA) and self-distillation, named EMA-DeiT. By leveraging deep learning technologies, this method significantly improves the accuracy of disease recognition. The enhanced EMA-DeiT model demonstrated exemplary performance, achieving a 99.6 % accuracy rate in identifying ten types of tomato leaf diseases within the PlantVillage public dataset and 98.2 % on the Dataset of Tomato Leaves, which encompasses six disease types. In generalization tests, it achieved 97.1 % accuracy on the PlantDoc dataset and 97.6 % on the Tomato-Village dataset. Utilizing the improved DeiT model, a comprehensive tomato disease recognition system was developed, featuring modules for image collection, disease detection, and information display. This system facilitates an integrated process from image collection to intelligent disease analysis, enabling agricultural workers to promptly understand and respond to disease occurrences. This system holds significant practical value for implementing precision agriculture and enhancing the efficiency of agricultural production.

Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort for Agricultural Workers: A Study of Heat Stress Relief Measures Using Sun Protection Lotions

The entire study was carried out on a group of 100 female farm workers at the CTAE university campus in Udaipur during the wheat crop harvesting season, with the aim of examining the effectiveness of various heat stress relief measures (sun protection lotion with different sun protection factors, SPF) in improving outdoor thermal comfort. The experiments were designed to assess the average skin temperature of Indian female farm workers under five fixed Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) conditions (28, 29, 30, 31, 32°C), all falling within the heat stress category as per American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) standards. The mean skin temperature was determined using the Hardy du-bois 7-point model formula, which involved measuring the mean temperature of specific body parts of the 100 female farm workers. A variation of ± 0.5°C was considered due to the challenge of achieving precise thermal conditions in open field settings. The experiment aimed to evaluate the thermal and physiological responses of the participants. The findings revealed that the use of sun protection lotion alone resulted in increased cooling effect, thereby expanding the thermal comfort range. Additionally, the application of sun protection lotion alone reduced the mean skin temperature by 0.39, 0.38, 0.36, 0.30, 0.27°C by the end of the work period.

3.O. Scientific session: Migrant labour exploitation and health: How can research foster protection of migrant workers?

Abstract Migrant workers sustain essential industries such as the food supply chain, construction, and domestic and care work. They tend to perform onerous and risk-laden tasks at low pay without employment or health protections, and often under exploitative terms (e.g., debt bonding, piecework). Current evidence on associations between migration, employment terms and conditions, and health indicates profound inequities in work-related health outcomes for migrant workers. Although the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted these disparities and their potential social and public health implications, migrant workers continue to be overlooked by public health scholars and policymakers. Supranational regulations (such as EU directives) and national policies rarely consider migrants in their role as workers, and little research is dedicated to questions at the intersection of migration, employment, and health. The invisibility of migrant workers is also a matter of disciplinary and sectoral silos, with different aspects of migrant labour regulated separately by Ministries of Immigration, Labour, Agriculture, Health, and others. These silos create incompatible, context-contingent definitions, terminologies, and administrative categorizations, leading to inconsistent data collection and data gaps which, in turn, translate into policy blind spots. Data that are comparable across contexts and that refer to migration, employment/work and health are generally scarce. For some sectors and contexts, virtually no data exist; e.g., for migrant workers in agriculture, construction, and domestic work, and for migrant workers in low- and middle-income countries. There is barely any evidence about interventions to improve the structures that dictate migrant workers’ employment conditions or obligations of employers. Given the limited participatory research with migrant workers, we have a very poor understanding of their views and viable intervention options, and migrant workers’ voices thus also remain absent from policymaking. This workshop aims to contribute to greater visibility of - and ultimately action on - migrant labour exploitation in research and policy. To this end, it will map current challenges and shortcomings in generating evidence on the links between migration, work/employment, and health; and it will suggest ways to improve research and interventions to address migrant workers’ health, based on the speakers’ experience in developing intervention-focused evidence in different contexts. The workshop will conclude with an open discussion to identify further relevant questions and elaborate steps towards better research and greater protections for mobile worker populations. Key messages • Harm from exploitative working conditions among migrant workers is substantial, yet data collection methods and intervention designs are limited. • For public health research to effectively help protect the health and rights of migrant workers, it is essential to share methods and insights across disciplines to drive research for action.

Agricultural activities reduce the risk of requiring long-term care among older Japanese

Abstract Introduction Controlling the risks that lead to requiring long-term care for the older adults is a crucial medical and socio-economic issue. This study investigated the impact of agricultural activities (AAs) on the risk of requiring long-term care. Methods A 5-year follow-up was conducted on 1,009 healthy individuals aged 65-80 years (mean age 72 years; 44% men) living in a rural area (Wakayama, Japan). Requiring long-term care was assessed as requiring support or nursing care (RSNC) according to the Japanese criteria. Health status including frailty and metabolic syndrome were also assessed using Japanese criteria. Work status and lifestyle habits were assessed using self-administered questionnaires. The main outcome was the probability of RSNC. COX proportional hazards regressions were performed, stratified by occupation (agricultural worker or other) or frequency of AAs (none, less than or >150 days/year), adjusted for sex, age, frailty, metabolic syndrome and household as possible confounding factors. Results Approximately 35% of the participants were in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries as occupation, and 78% engaged in AAs. A total of 85 participants RSNC and 39 deaths were observed during the follow-up. The cumulative survival probability did not differ according to occupation or frequency of AAs, whereas the probability of RSNC was significantly lower in participants engaged in AAs (hazard ratio 0.37 [95% CI 0.22, 0.62]; <150 days/year, 0.29 [95% CI 0.17, 0.50]; >150 days/year). Participants engaged in AAs were significantly more likely to engage in low- and vigorous-intensity physical activity, and to participate in industry and community organizations and relating events. Conclusions These findings suggest that AAs may promote a physically and socially active lifestyle, independent of frailty or metabolic syndrome, and reduce the risk of RSNC. Key messages • Prevention of long-term care is important in the older population. • A lifestyle associated with agricultural activities may contribute to healthy aging.

Why greenhouse agricultural workers do not use pesticide protection methods? A case study

Abstract Background Exposure to pesticides in individuals working in greenhouse agriculture is an important public health problem that threatens their health more than individuals working in other agricultural jobs for the same period of time, causing an increase in mortality and morbidity rates. Applying protection methods plays an important role in reducing/preventing exposure-related health risks. It is aimed to explore the reasons why greenhouse agricultural workers do not use pesticide protection methods. Methods This case study was adopted the descriptive qualitative approach between February-March 2024. Individual in-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted with semi-structured interviews, resulting in 20 participants. The inclusion criteria for participants include being a greenhouse agricultural worker (at least 1 year), being 18 years of age or older, using pesticides, not using any personal protective equipment, and not engaging in protective behavior. Braun and Clark’s (2021) reflexive thematic analysis methodology was used to analyze the data. Results In this study generated three main themes and fourteen subthemes. The main themes identified were a) personal attitudes/ characteristics b) negative features of the physical environment, c) negative features of personal protective equipment. Conclusions The reasons why greenhouse agricultural workers do not use pesticide protection methods are individual attitudes/characteristics such as laziness and not to care about, negative characteristics of the environment such as temperature, humidity and wetness, and negative characteristics of personal protective equipment such as being heavy and inflexibility. Health institutions and health professionals serving in regions where agricultural workers should develop interventional studies, intervention programs and strategies to protect and improve the health of these individuals. Key messages • Greenhouse agriculture workers do not use any of the pesticide protection methods due to individual attitudes/characteristics, negative characteristics of environment and personal protective equipment. • Health professionals can ensure that greenhouse agricultural workers use pesticide protection methods by increasing their awareness of health risks and planning interventional studies.

Heat-related risk in outdoor workers in the context of climate change: a systematic review

Abstract Background Climate change is one of the paramount challenges in the current global health setting. From an occupational health perspective, outdoor workers are amongst the most vulnerable populations to climate change and heat-related risk. A systematic review was performed, aiming to assess heat-related health outcomes in outdoor workers. Methods The research query was structured using the Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome (PICO) model, and including synonyms and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms for the following keywords: “outdoor workers”, “climate change”, and “occupational risk”. The systematic review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statements, screening three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus). Results After duplicate removal and title and abstract screening, the final screening by full-text resulted in 10 included studies. The included studies were performed mostly on construction (included in 5 studies, 50.0%) and agriculture (in 5 studies, 50.0%) workers. Eight studies (80.0%) had a majority of male workers, while one (10.0%) had a majority of female workers, and one study (10.0%) did not report on the gender ratio. Four of the included studies (40.0%) reported a high prevalence of heat-related symptoms, ranging from 64.0% to 90.3% of workers. Three studies (30.0%) showcased a prevalence of heat-related symptoms in less than 50% of workers (ranging from 11.6% to 47.5%). Three studies (30.0%) evaluated odds ratio, highlighting an increased odds ratio of heat-related symptoms in outdoor workers. Conclusions This systematic review highlights heat-related stress in outdoor workers as an important occupational risk. Mitigation and prevention strategies should be developed and implemented at a company, national, and supra-national level, to ensure the safety and wellbeing of outdoor workers worldwide. Key messages • A systematic review was performed to assess risks related to climate change in outdoor workers. Heat-related symptoms were reported with a high prevalence, ranging from 64.0% to 90.3% of workers. • Mitigation and prevention strategies should be developed and implemented at a company, national, and supra-national level, to ensure the safety and wellbeing of outdoor workers worldwide.

Sociodemographic differences in low back pain: which subgroups of workers are most vulnerable?

BackgroundLow back pain (LBP) is a common health problem in workers that contributes to work disability and reduces quality of life. However, studies examining vulnerable groups in relation to sociodemographic differences in LBP remain scarce. Therefore, the current study investigates which sociodemographic groups of workers are most affected by LBP.MethodsData from the 2018 BIBB/BAuA employment survey were used (N = 16252). Age, education, occupational group, income, working hours, atypical working time, relationship status, and having children were used as sociodemographic predictors. Gender-stratified logistic regression analyses and intersectional classification tree analyses were conducted.ResultsA higher prevalence of LBP was observed for women compared to men. Significant differences in LBP emerged for age, working hours, atypical working time, occupational group and education, with some gender differences in the importance of predictors: Age was a significant predictor mostly in men as compared to women, atypical working hours had a slightly greater effect in women, whereas differences in LBP according to the occupational group were more pronounced for men. Vulnerable groups were found to be women who work in occupations other than professionals or managers, work atypical hours and have an intermediate or low educational level as well as men who work as skilled agricultural workers, craft workers, machine operators, or elementary occupations and are between 35 and 64 years old.ConclusionsThus, workers with certain occupations and lower levels of education, middle-aged men and women with unfavourable working time characteristics are most affected by low back pain. These groups should be focused on to potentially increase healthy working life and prevent work disability.

Evaluating the Availability and Accessibility of Agricultural Extension Services Under the Single Spine System in Uganda. A Case of Smallholder Crop Farmers in Buhweju District

Purpose: This study evaluated the availability and accessibility of agricultural extension services under the Single Spine System, with a specific focus on smallholder crop farmers in Buhweju District. Methodology: The study adopted a mixed-methods approach, employing both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. Structured questionnaires were administered to a sample of 393 smallholder crop farmers and key informant interviews with district agricultural officers and extension workers provided in-depth insights into the delivery of services. Findings: The results indicate that education was positively and significantly (P<0.01) associated with knowledge about the availability of extension services. Farmers with more years of schooling had a greater likelihood of being aware of extension providers. Similarly, larger households with more labor resources (median size = 4) had better access to extension services. Moreover, household land size (median = 3 acres) and income (median = UGX 250,000) were significantly correlated with both availability and access to extension services, with wealthier farmers seeking more information to improve agricultural productivity. The study also revealed that proximity to extension service centers was a critical factor; households closer to sub-county offices (median distance = 1.5 km) had higher knowledge of available services. Access to credit and group membership were also major determinants of both awareness and access to extension services. Challenges were also identified, including limited outreach by extension officers, inadequate allowances, and insufficient logistical support for field officers. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study recommends increased sensitization efforts using local leaders, social media, and community networks, alongside greater support for sub-county agricultural officers to ensure effective service delivery.

Gender dynamics and aspirational disparities in agriculture

AbstractDespite increasing scholarly attention to individual aspirations, rural women's aspirations in agriculture remain largely unexplored. With women increasingly central to agricultural work, understanding their aspirations is crucial. Using farm surveys from Ecuador, Kenya, and Rwanda, we investigate the relationship between gender and aspiration formation in agriculture. Similar to previous findings related to education and entrepreneurship, our findings show women have lower ambitions for agricultural production. Addressing the unique challenges they face, gender‐sensitive policies are vital for inclusive, sustainable agriculture. Our study contributes to a broader understanding of the multidimensional factors shaping agricultural outcomes, underscoring the importance of integrating diverse perspectives for effective policy formulation in agriculture.

Górale and Farming – It Goes Hand in Hand. Agricultural Work as Part of Cultural Heritage in Podhale

Contrary to common associations linking Podhale with recreation and tourism, this region still retains its rural character. Rurality, thus, is a category inextricably connected with agriculture and largely shaped by work. That is why progressive changes in agriculture and general de-agrarianisation affect rural areas much more strongly than a simple change in occupational structure would suggest. The article concerns selected narratives and activities of Podhale farmers, showing agriculture as part of the cultural heritage of the countryside. Reffering to the specific agrarian structure, I argue that farmers in this regions use mountain conditions and the presence of the tourist business to undertake activities that go beyond economic aspects of work. The specific nature of agriculture makes it a space for realising individual ambitions that reach beyond earning a living and touch upon aspects of indentity. Even though the agricultural past is common to most inhabitants of Podhale, farmers, consciously referring to it, use techniques available only to them as specific continuators of highland farming methods.

Toxicokinetic model of the pyrethroid pesticide lambda-cyhalothrin, main exposure route and dose reconstruction predictions in agricultural workers.

A toxicokinetic model of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) was developed to relate absorbed doses to urinary cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (CFMP) metabolite levels used as a biomarker of exposure. The model then served to reconstruct absorbed doses in agricultural workers and their probability of exceeding the EFSA Acceptable occupational Exposure Level (AOEL). The toxicokinetic model was able to reproduce the temporal profiles of CFMP in the urine of operators spraying pesticides using the optimized model parameters (adjusted to human volunteer data). Modeling also showed that simulation of an inadvertent oral exposure mainly was the exposure scenario giving the best fit to CFMP urinary time-course data in applicators. With the dermal model parameters optimized from data in volunteers, simulation of a dermal exposure in applicators did not allow to reproduce the observed peak excretions and urinary metabolite levels; extremely high applied dermal doses would be required but still simulated dermal penetration rate would remain too slow. Simulation of an inhalation exposure allowed to reproduce the observed time-courses, but with unrealistic air concentrations. For applicators with the highest urinary concentrations, there was a probability of exceeding the AOEL at some points during the biomonitoring period [>50% probability of exceeding for 27% of 24-h samples]; for non-applicator workers the probability of exceeding the AOEL value was very low [corresponding value of 5%]. Furthermore, the median [95% CI] estimates of 10 000 Monte Carlo simulations led to a biological reference value corresponding to the AOEL of 116 [113-119] ng/kg bw/d and 7.5 [7.3-7.7] μg/L. Overall, 7% of applicators and 1% of workers performing weeding and strawberry picking had a probability of exceeding this biological reference value. As a next step, it would be interesting to apply these methods to multiple exposure to various contaminants.

Erratum: Rice Sufficiency Officers’ Role Perception and Job Satisfaction as Agricultural Research and Extension Workers

Erratum: Rice Sufficiency Officers’ Role Perception and Job Satisfaction as Agricultural Research and Extension Workers