Agricultural Technology Research Articles

UN Assistance to African countries in building climate-resilient agriculture

Relevance. Africa is the mirror and quintessence of modern international processes. The continent faces a gigantic number of challenges, some of an existential nature. But at the same time, there is an active search for ways to solve them.The purpose is to consider the experience of forming climate-resilient agriculture on the example of individual African countries and the role of the UN in this process.Objectives: to characterize the conditions and reasons for the formation of climate-resilient agriculture in the African region; assess the policies of the governments of Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Rwanda on the development of climate-resilient agriculture.Methodology. The comparative research method was used in the study of agricultural development programs in African countries. Chronological and historical methods of studying legal documents, programs of the United Nations, FAO, NEPAD, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Rwanda aimed at the formation of climate-resilient agriculture. A statistical research method for operating with data from the statistical databases of Globaleconomy and the World Health Organization.Results. The introduction of new technologies in agriculture is a condition for saving the environment, which is under pressure from two sides: global climate change and unprecedented growth in the population and its needs. One of the most important areas is to increase the productivity of agriculture, the solution of this urgent task will depend on the introduction of new technologies: seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, plant protection, etc.Conclusions. The introduction of programs and technologies for the formation of climate-resilient agriculture in African countries requires significant funding and institutional and legal preparation.

Switching costs in transient technology use: Panel evidence from Kenyan maize production

AbstractThe idea of switching costs and how they affect agricultural technology adoption has received little attention in the literature. We employ a dynamic switching model to show that switching costs generally discourage the adoption of new technologies by farmers, but the extent of the effect depends on the level of switching costs, as well as farmer perceptions and foresight. We provide an empirical strategy to identify switching costs and estimate their effects on adoption under different farmers’ perceptions about adoption uncertainty. An application to hybrid seed adoption in Kenya confirms the existence of switching costs. The correlated‐random‐effects probit results suggest there is heterogeneity in dominant farmer types across agro‐ecological zones in Kenya. Area‐specific policies are suggested to promote technology adoption in different environments.

Digital transformation at what cost? A case study from Germany estimating the adoption potential of precision farming technologies under different scenarios

This study addresses the research gap in understanding the low adoption of Precision Agriculture Technologies (PATs) by extrapolating regional trends from in-depth farm-level analyses. Focusing on a smallholder region in Germany, it investigates the adoption limits of PATs, questioning whether the low rates are due to unknown economic thresholds and how these thresholds can be influenced. Six PATs are evaluated, along with the impact of six potential measures to increase adoption rates, using predictive economic modeling and scenario analysis. Findings confirm low adoption rates, peaking at 4.61 % for automatic guidance and 17.73 % for site-specific fertilization, highlighting that current strategies are only partially effective, especially for precision weeding, site-specific seeding, planting, and spraying. Fortunately, targeted interventions for less adopted PATs enhance average farm income, which may increase their broader acceptance. The study advocates for targeted, technology-specific strategies over broad measures like subsidies, emphasizing the effectiveness of private sector initiatives like machinery cooperatives and service providers in improving adoption. The study concludes that greater PAT uptake in agriculture is only possible if realistic expectations are set by all stakeholders and tailored strategies are developed to promote a comprehensive digital transformation of the sector.

Adoption of green production technologies by farmers through traditional and digital agro-technology promotion–An example of physical versus biological control technologies

Traditional and digital agro-technology promotion are two critical methods for disseminating agricultural technology information, which effectively encourages farmers to employ green production technologies. This paper empirically examines the effects of traditional and digital agro-technology promotion on the adoption of green production technologies by 619 apple producers in the primary apple production area of Guanzhong Plain, China, using micro-survey data. The study's findings suggest that both promotion models significantly influence the adoption of green production technologies by farmers. This conclusion remains valid after the instrumental variables approach and a series of robustness tests are implemented to address endogeneity concerns. The heterogeneity analysis revealed that the impact of the two promotion modes on the adoption behavior of green production technologies by farmers varied by scale. Specifically, digital agro-technology promotion had a greater impact on the adoption of physical control technologies by small-scale farmers, while traditional agro-technology promotion had a greater impact on the adoption of biological control technologies by large-scale households. In addition, the technological differences between traditional agrotechnology promotion and digital agrotechnology promotion result in clear complementary and substitution effects. The two modes of promotion have evident complementary effects for biological control technologies. The two modalities of promotion for physical control technologies exhibit complementary effects between social communication-type promotions and traditional agro-technology promotions, as well as substitution effects between short-video promotions and traditional agro-technology promotions.

Effect of farmland scale on agricultural green production technology adoption: Evidence from rice farmers in Jiangsu Province, China

Agricultural green production technology (AGPT) is crucial for mitigating farmland pollution and degradation, as well as promoting green agricultural development. Using data from 774 rice farmers in the 2021 China Land Economy Survey (CLES), the study analyzes the impact mechanisms and mediating pathways of farmland scale on AGPT adoption at both the farmer and plot levels. The study also reveals the differences in impact based on the heterogeneity of plot concentrations and technological attributes. The results show that: (1) Farmland scale positively impacts AGPT adoption, both at the farmer and plot level. (2) Farmland scale positively impacts AGPT adoption at two levels by affecting commercialization rate, time preference, and machinery investment. (3) The positive impact of farmland scale are heterogenous at two levels. When rice is scatteringly planted, plot scale has a more significant impact on AGPT adoption than operation scale; however, when rice is concentratedly planted, the situation is the opposite. Additionally, when faced with "capital-increasing, labor-saving, and risks-increasing" technology, operation scale has a more significant impact on AGPT adoption than plot scale; however, when faced with "capital-stabilizing, labor-increasing, and risks-controlling" technologies, the situation is the opposite. These findings help to provide policy implications for promoting AGPT adoption and sustainable farmland use.

Social inequalities shape climate change adaptation among Indian farmers

Abstract Agricultural technologies are vital for farmers adapting to climate change. However, while efforts have focused on improving access and initial adoption, little attention has been given to social disparities in rates of adoption and the benefits derived from these technologies. Our study investigates the adoption of groundwater irrigation technology in India, a transformative innovation that has historically enhanced productivity and food security, and helped agricultural households adapt to a changing climate. We use a nationwide household survey sample that spans nearly a decade, capturing a key period of groundwater expansion in India. Our analysis reveals that members of highly marginalized social groups are less likely to adopt groundwater irrigation technologies, and less likely to sustain their use of the technologies for long periods of time. Furthermore, the household-level benefits of the technologies–operationalized through the relationship between technology adoption and income–appear lower for households belonging to historically marginalized groups compared to the historically advantaged. Our study underscores the importance of addressing social inequalities in both adoption as well as the sustained utilization of agricultural technologies and other climate adaptation tools. Disparities in the utilization of these technologies can hinder farmers’ ability to access new innovations and adapt to increasing threats from climate change. Targeted policies and interventions are essential to not only provide historically marginalized groups access to technological innovations, but also facilitate their effective utilization.

The impact of ethical commitments on the intention to adopt digital agricultural technologies

Sustainable food security is a critical global concern and an urgent priority in developing countries such as Iran. Digital agricultural technologies (DAT) represent significant solutions in this regard, yet their adoptions and development in Iran face limitations. Theoretical studies have underscored the importance of ethical commitments in the adoption process. This study aims to investigate whether ethical commitments regarding food security can influence the intention to adopt digital technologies by farmers. The study employed the Norm Activation Model and integrated two additional components, namely perceived risk and social capital. We applied this framework to examine research works on farmers of Kermanshah Province in the west of Iran, using survey data (sample n = 384). Data analyses were done through structural equation modeling (SEM). Based on the results, the developed Norm Activation Model can be used to predict the adoption intention of DAT by farmers; with the model explaining 65% of total variance. Feeling guilt exhibited the highest direct effect, followed by feeling proud. Furthermore, ethical norms had a direct and indirect impact on intention through the mediating variables of feeling proud and Feeling guilt. The findings of this study contribute to facilitating innovation adoption strategies. It is recommended that, in order to facilitate and stabilize farmers' adoption of innovation, their sense of guilt should first be aroused. After stimulating the farmers' sense of pride toward the adoption; emphasis should be placed on ethical commitments. Ultimately, the introduction of technology and the facilitation of infrastructure should be pursued.

Determinants of agricultural technology changes: Evidence from rice-cultivating households in Vietnam

Determinants of agricultural technology changes: Evidence from rice-cultivating households in Vietnam

Evaluation of commercial and taste qualities of plum fruits in the foothills of Kabardino-Balkaria

Breeding varieties with high commercial and consumer qualities of fruits is one of the priority areas in the selection and variety study of domestic plum. Accordingly, the evaluation of some commercial and consumer qualities of fruits in plum varieties in the specific conditions of the mountains and foothills of the region is of great practical and scientific interest. Taking into account market requirements and the growth of consumer demand for fruit products, it is necessary to constantly update the range of plums. In this regard, varieties and hybrid forms of European plum for the subsequent selection of variety samples with high commercial characteristics have been studied (fruit weight, their uniformity and shape, cover color, aroma, pulp juiciness, taste, etc.). As a result of the studies, variety samples with the best commercial and taste properties of fruits have been selected. The following varieties have been distinguished by a high sugar content: Čačakska rannyaya - 18.8%, Grosso de Felicio - 16.5%, Big Heart - 14.7%, Milena - 13.8%, Velikiy Gertsog - 12.7%. The following varieties have been noted for the content of organic acids: Big Heart - 1.31%, Velikiy Gertsog - 1.1%, Milena - 0.92%, Čačakska rannyaya - 0.9%, Grossa de Felicio - 0.89%. Vitamin C is found in the highest amounts in the fruits of the following varieties: Big Heart – 7.85%, Grossa de Felicio – 6.34%, Angelina – 6.2%, Kyrgyzskaya Prevoskhodnaya – 5.34%. The size of the fruit is one of the characteristic varietal properties, despite the fact that it is largely determined by the cultivation conditions, the agricultural technology used, the age of the plant, its crop load, the variety-rootstock combination, as well as a number of other circumstances. The highest fruit weights are shown by the following varieties: Big Heart - 39.1 g, Kyrgyzskaya Prevoskhodnaya - 46.3 g, Zheltaya Afaska - 53.3 g, Zheltaya Large - 56.0 g, Kabardinskaya Rannyaya - 59.0 g, Fortuna - 65.1 g, Black Star - 78.7 g, Byron Gold - 84.2 g, Grossa de Felicio - 85.3 g, Angelina - 87.0 g, Ti Chi San - 97.1 g, Burbank Giant - 120.0 g.

Investigation of the floristic biodiversity of a meadow of the Republic of Adygea

The relevance of the research: the research was carried out within the framework of a joint project of the Faculty of Agricultural Technologies and the Pharmaceutical Faculty “Physic Garden” for the implementation of the Development Program of Maikop State Technological University for 2023-2032. The goal of the research is to study the species composition of a meadow community, to identify medicinal plant species. The research objectives are to study the vegetation cover of meadows of the flat territory of the Republic of Adygea, collection, office processing, determination of meadow vegetation, analysis of flora - taxonomic, bioecological, biomorphological. The research methods: plant species were identified using the field atlas by A.S. Zernov and the guide by I.S. Kosenko [3, 6]. Life forms are presented using the system by K. Raunkier, taxonomic analysis using the work by A.P. Khokhryakova. The object of research is a phytocenosis of a continental dry meadow. The meadow phytocenosis is represented by herbaceous species adapted to growing together; the flora includes 44 species of higher plants from 16 families, 2 classes, and 1 division. The ratio of plants belonging to the dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous classes is approximately 3:1. The Asteraceae and Rosaceae families predominate in the studied flora from the Magnoliopsida class, and the Poaceae family from the Liliopsida class. In terms of the number of species, the basis of the meadow phytocenosis is made up of perennial grasses. The life form assessment according to Raunkiaer showed the prevalence of hemicryptophytes, according to the hydromorphological structure - the majority of mesophytes. The meadow is in a mature stage, since most of the plants are rhizome. The bulk of the vegetation is meadow, weed-meadow and weed. Such herbs as motherwort five-lobed and common yarrow, which are a source of medicinal plant materials included in the State Pharmacopoeia of the 15th edition grow in the meadow.

Evaluation of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes Based on Morphological Traits in Agro-climatic Regions of Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2023-2024 at the experimental farm of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding ,Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh .A Randomized Block Design With three Replications was conducted for the study.22 Characters were observed and recorded which included ten qualitative traits and twelve quantitative traits days to 50 percent flowering, Days to pod initiation ,days to 50% pod setting ,plant height ,number of primary branches , number of secondary branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant, biological yield, harvest index, seed index. Among all the genotypes ICCV-10 recorded best performance for seed yield per plant, days to pod initiation, days to 50 percent pod setting followed by among all genotypes. Followed by PG-06102 among all the genotypes. High PCV and GCV where recorded in number of seeds per pod, number of primary branches. The number of seeds per pod recorded high heritability. High seed index is recorded under genetic advance.

A smart agriculture information system delivering research data for adoption by the Australian grains industry

Online Farm Trials (OFT) is a bespoke online information system providing current and historical grains trials research data and information in Australia. It represents a technology that supports smart agriculture by enabling discoveries in the data. Its impact on users has been established, supporting industry knowledge and decision making and leading to improved work practices. The aim of this research is to identify the contribution of OFT, as a tool that supports smart agriculture, and to explore current adoption, barriers and the opportunities for expansion of the system in the Australian grains industry, as perceived by industry experts. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with leaders and innovators from the agriculture industry (N = 16). Thematic analysis of the qualitative data reveals widespread value of OFT as an important resource for accessing industry-dedicated, current and historical research trials data. Barriers to adoption were identified which included incomplete data, and a lack of industry-wide awareness. Opportunities to consolidate and expand the data, together with improved industry awareness, are essential to improving industry-wide adoption. Key learnings were identified in the research that has benefit for the industry, and consideration for the adoption of technology in smart agriculture. This includes functionality, audience, completeness of information/data, consideration of new technologies and the promotion of the system supported by real world examples to encourage industry adoption. Recommendations to support the design and development of digital platforms in agriculture, in the future, are also offered.

Alternative and Emerging Mulch Technologies for Organic and Sustainable Agriculture in the United States: A Review

Plastic mulches made from nonbiodegradable polymers (e.g., polyethylene) provide an essential service in commercial horticultural production systems by enhancing crop productivity through weed suppression, soil moisture conservation, and moderating soil and canopy temperature conditions. Plastic mulches are particularly important in organic agriculture because weed management options are limited. Nevertheless, there is increasing concern about addressing the negative environmental impacts of plastic mulch waste. Soil-biodegradable plastic mulch (BDM) films that are designed to biodegrade in soils after incorporation are promising alternatives to nonbiodegradable plastic mulch. However, although the US organic standards technically permit the use of BDM films, no commercially available products meet National Organic Program (NOP) requirements for 100% biobased content and 90% degradation after 2 years following soil incorporation (7 Code of Federal Regulations, section 205.2). Other concerns about biodegradable film mulches include high perceived cost, esthetics, and uncertainties regarding the impacts of soil incorporation. New mulch technologies have emerged to diversify sustainable mulch options and overcome barriers associated with BDM film use in organic production. The objective of this study was to provide an overview of alternative and emerging mulch technologies, with an emphasis on biodegradable mulches, including water-based sprayable mulches such as hydromulch and foam mulch, and biobased agrotextiles. Information about how these mulch technologies contribute to organic and sustainable agriculture is provided, along with definitions, opportunities, challenges, and recommended areas for future research.

Sustainable soil management practices provide additional benefit for energy use efficiency

In light of recent fluctuations in energy prices, there has been a growing emphasis on energy efficiency within the agricultural sector. At the same time, ongoing soil degradation in intensive agricultural systems reinforced the need for soil health improving agricultural practices. This study combines the two aspects and examines the effects of sustainable soil management practices on total energy consumption, specifically focusing on fertilizer and pesticide energies, as well as economic indicators such as contribution margins. Using Germany as a case study, we assess three general soil improving management practices: diversified crop rotations, organic fertilizers (green or liquid manure) instead of mineral fertilizers, and no-till/reduced till systems instead of ploughing. Drawing on data from the Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft e.V. (KTBL) (Board of Trustees for Technology and Construction in Agriculture) database for German agricultural planning, we consider variations in yield potentials, soil types, and farming systems. Our results reveal that using mineral fertilizers and shifting to more diverse crop rotations can reduce energy consumption by approximately 21,000 MJ/ha on average (7 % of total energy) over a 6-year rotation. Likewise, adopting no-till systems instead of ploughing decreases energy use by 12,000 MJ/ha (5 % of total energy). Economically, organic farming offers a €4000/ha higher contribution margin compared to conventional methods in fertilization and tillage. These sustainable practices improve soil health, conserve energy, and enhance economic viability. With fluctuating energy prices, organic farming could become more economically attractive and accelerate its adoption across agricultural landscapes.

Development of a hydroponic device using potassium Ion-Selective electrode and neural network technology

The rapid development of modern agricultural biotechnology and information technology has become a key driver of modern agricultural growth. The demand for ion detection is prevalent in all aspects of agriculture. This study details the research on an ion sensor agricultural system using potassium (K) ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). The main emphasis is on the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for driving ISE development of accuracy. ISEs based on solid contact with metal oxides, specifically manganese dioxide, are studied. Moreover, the design details of an ion signal acquisition device using the NI-9205 acquisition card and LabVIEW are presented. Finally, based on experimental results of nutrient solution samples, ANNs show better performance than the multiple linear regression method. The mean relative error of K-ISE detection was maintained within 4%. This study thoroughly discusses ISE technology to promote its adoption in agriculture.

Analyzing the Impact of Competitiveness Factors on Increasing Grain Production in Kazakhstan and Russia

The main research objective of this study is to conduct a detailed econometric analysis of the factors affecting the competitiveness of cereal production in Northern Kazakhstan and the Volga region of Russia, focusing on climatic conditions, irrigation systems, and soil cultivation technologies. The assessment of grain production competitiveness was considered for the period 2018-2020 in the context of the following indicators: grain yield, grain sown area, and gross grain harvest. The data analysis also included indicators of annual domestic grain consumption and total grain production in Kazakhstan and Russia. The study found that over the past few years, in the Volga region of Russia, wheat yields have been stably higher than those in Northern Kazakhstan, where the situation in grain production remains unstable. In the forthcoming decades, the production of grains is expected to exert a substantial influence on both regional and global food security. Russia’s grain production is the most important direction of national agriculture, which has the greatest potential for development in the near future. Kazakhstan, in turn, is poised to improve its competitiveness, given various opportunities to foster the growth of grain production. However, there is a need to modernize agricultural technologies and introduce climate-resistant agronomic systems.

Influence of various organic nutrient management technologies on microbial abundance, growth, and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under field conditions

A field study (three years) was carried out to evaluate the outcome of various organic nutrient management technologies including farmyard manure (FYM) and poultry manure (PM) integrated with chemical fertilizers for microbial dynamics and growth and yield of rice at Experimental Farm of Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan. The most broadly grown rice variety, NIA-Shandar was selected for this study. The experiment involved integrating organic technologies, specifically Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and Poultry Manure (PM), each applied at 10 tons per hectare. These organic technologies were combined with varying levels of inorganic fertilizers: half (60 kg N ha-1 and 45 kg P2O5 ha-1) and full (120 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1) recommended doses. Additionally, zinc was applied at 10 kg ha-1. The study employed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to assess treatment effects. Both organic technologies perform better for microbial dynamics and rice growth and yield enhancement either alone technology or combined with chemical fertilizers during three rice seasons. The maximum general microbial abundance (9.70 log10 CFU g soil-1), N2 fixing (7.37 log10 CFU g soil-1), P solubilizing (7.97 log10 CFU g soil-1) and Zn solubilizing(6.75 log10 CFU g soil-1) population was recorded in FYM alone or with half N and P2O5 fertilizer application. The highest plant height (106 cm), tiller numbers(17.10), panicle numbers (26.53), panicle length (26.32 cm), one thousand grainweight (26.53 g) and rice grain yield (7.92 t ha-1) were perceived in FYM with full rate N and P2O5 fertilizer application. Both technologies along with chemical fertilizer induced soil properties and soil nutrients which reflected to increase soil microbial abundance and growth and yield of rice however, FYM showed higher potential than poultry manure during the three years rice cultivation seasons. Hence, it was indicated that a significant contribution to the development of sustainable agricultural technologies that prioritize soil health,environmental stewardship, and food security.

Optimization of a Smart Greenhouse with a Solar Energy System for Floating Raft Hydroponic Cultivation: Implementation and Performance Evaluation

Abstract The rapid growth of the global population has increased food demand, posing challenges for traditional agriculture due to limited natural resources. Hydroponic systems offer a sustainable solution by optimizing the growing environment. This study evaluates the performance of a floating-raft hydroponic smart greenhouse powered by solar energy. The system integrates advanced technologies and renewable energy sources, including three 120 Wp and 130 Wp solar panels arranged in a series-parallel configuration, a solar charge controller, two parallel 12V 65Ah and 12V 200Ah batteries, a microcontroller, DHT22 sensors, and actuators such as LED lights and a mist-type DC pump sprayer. These components effectively regulate humidity, temperature, lighting, and spraying, with data transmission to the Antares platform via a monitoring system utilizing NodeMCU ESP8266. The greenhouse maintained optimal environmental conditions, reducing the temperature from 38°C to 32°C within 30 minutes. The system’s daily electrical load was 1006.36 Wh, leaving an energy reserve of 68.35%. The plants cultivated in the greenhouse responded favorably to the system. This study highlights the potential of combining renewable energy with smart agricultural technologies to address the limitations of traditional farming practices and enhance sustainability.

Chatbot for Promoting Best Crop Management Practices to Rice Farmers in Odisha, India

The increasing penetration of mobile phones has made it easier to reach remote farmers and bridge the knowledge gap between them and researchers/extension workers and agricultural stakeholders. Farmers need concise, context-specific, information to address the challenges which arise due to lack of near-real time updates. Scaling up innovative agricultural technologies is essential to ensure these advancements reach the farmers for their benefit. Chatbots represent an informative tool for delivering the latest agricultural developments to farmers in a user-friendly and interactive format. Chatbots can deliver information on best agronomic practices, weather forecast, market information thereby improving the decision-making capacity of farmers. This paper discusses the development of a rule-based chatbot under a pilot-study and presents findings from a user study conducted with 102 farmers in Odisha, India in 2021. The content topics were decided using a participatory approach wherein farmers selected the topic of interests and information required. The content was developed using the digital tools Rice Crop Manager (RCM), Seed Cast and Rice Knowledge Bank (RKB), developed and deployed by International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The chatbot is hosted on Facebook messenger platform and needs the internet support to operate. Farmers having this app can use the chatbot without any additional expense. The results indicate that farmers acknowledged and appreciated interactive features of chatbot and the content but expressed a desire for more comprehensive information on insect-pest management and other crop management practices. The findings highlight the potential of chatbot as a complementary channel to disseminate agro advisories, complementing the existing agricultural extension services. The study has its limitations in terms of small sample size which may or may not represent the variability of the entire population of the area.

Smart Farming for Sustainable Agriculture: A Case Study through Korean Public TVET

This study aims to present implications for sustainable education and training of the agricultural workforce. It introduces the case of a smart farm learning factory as an educational facility at Korea Polytechnics. Learning factory refers to the practical experience gained using the knowledge acquired in engineering education to solve problems in the actual work field. For this study, we analyzed the smart farm case of Hongseong Campus of Korea Polytechnics, a government-funded vocational education institution in Korea. The research questions are as follows. First, what is the purpose of establishing a smart farm education and training facility? Secondly, what is the performance of the facility? Thirdly, what are the implications of the Korean smart farm for sustainable TEVT? As a result of analyzing the case, the purpose of establishing the facility was to improve the practical capabilities of convergence technologies used in machinery, automation, industrial facilities, and electrical departments. Additionally, the performance has been found to serve as the foundation for project-based learning subjects that incorporate convergence education, and companies have been able to reduce training costs and contribute to sales profits by using this facility to train employees. Finally, the implication of sustainable TVET through smart farm cases is that it has provided a way to enhance the effectiveness of teaching and learning guidance at agricultural sites, create educational resources that can utilize advanced agricultural technologies for sustainable development, and actively cooperate and collaborate with educational institutions, governments, and local companies.