Share Of Agriculture Research Articles

Economic Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture: A Study of India and its Neighbouring Countries Using ARDL Approach

This study aims to analyze the association between the share of agriculture in GDP and changes in climatic variables, notably per capita CO2 emissions and temperature change, using time series data of India, Bangladesh, and Nepal for the period 1961-2018. The ARDL bounds testing method was applied to analyze the relationships among the research variables for both short-term and long-term. The results revealed that in the long run, per capita CO2 emissions and temperature change have no statistically significant relationship with India and Nepal’s share of agriculture in GDP. However, temperature change has demonstrated a positive and statistically significant relationship with the share of agriculture in Bangladesh’s GDP. Temperature change has a significant and adverse impact on the share of agriculture in India’s GDP in the short run, whereas CO2 has no significant effect. In the short run, CO2 shows a positive and significant connection with the share of agriculture in Bangladesh’s GDP. Still, temperature change is negatively and significantly associated with the proportion of agriculture in the nation’s GDP. Different lag values of both CO2 and temperature change have significant relationships with the share of GDP in agriculture in the short run in Nepal. As agriculture is a key source of GDP for all three countries, it is vital to implement suitable policies and make plans and strategies to mitigate climate change’s harmful consequences in agriculture.

Threads of Transformation: Exploring the Influence of Systems Leadership on Sri Lanka’s Apparel Industry

By 1990, the agricultural share in Sri Lankan exports had fallen to less than half of what it was fifteen years ago, while the apparel industry's share was expanding threefold. The "Garments without Guilt" campaign, which ensured fair wages and prevented sweatshops and child labour, has reached a pre-COVID earning capacity of $5 billion annually the industry is geared to achieve its revenue goal of US$8 billion per year by 2025. Although the importance of effective leadership has been established as an absolute necessity for the development of an organization, the effects of leaders in other tiers outside the organization have rarely been explored. This study is an attempt to fill this gap in literature using the qualitative case study method to explore the impact of systems leadership (or lack thereof) on the development of the apparel industry in Sri Lanka. The industry has transitioned from its traditional methods of exporting and tailoring garments in the late '70s to the utilization of R&D and innovation to improve designs, production, marketing, logistics, and green garments. Most of the goals have been achieved through systems leadership that addresses a wide range of strategies, such as product and market diversification, improved organizational culture, achieving the highest standards of ethical compliance, and human resource development through a positive and nurturing environment that promotes 'green manufacturing’.

Regional rural transformation and its association with household income and poverty incidence in Indonesia in the last two decades

Increasing rural household income and reducing poverty rank among Indonesia’s top development priorities. Promoting rural transformation is one strategic policy framework to achieve these goals. In the last three decades, agricultural production has shifted from low-value food crops to high-value commodities, such as horticulture, estate crops, and livestock. Previous studies have analyzed rural transformation in Indonesia at the national level, but information on the magnitudes of impact across regions remains scarce. This study aims to analyze the changes in rural transformation at a regional level in the past two decades. The research utilizes secondary data from Statistics Indonesia (BPS), covering 34 provinces from 2000 to 2020, analyzed using descriptive and panel data regression analyses. The results show an increasing trend in the share of high-value agriculture (RT1) and rural non-farm employment (RT2). Both RT1 and RT2 are positively associated with the growth of rural household income and a lower poverty rate. However, the speed of structural transformation (ST), RT1, RT2, rural income growth, and poverty reduction vary across regions. This research implies that improving rural income and reducing poverty should be done by integrating policies, i.e., promoting high-value agriculture and expanding rural non-farm employment. Particular attention should also be given to provinces with slow growth in ST, RT1, RT2, and rural household income.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN TURKEY AND THE WORLD: TAXES APPLIED AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE ECONOMY

The agricultural sector is the main economic activity for countries that meet the nutritional needs of people for their survival, are of vital importance and cannot be replaced by any other source. Issues such as meeting the food needs of the increasing population, protecting natural resources and ensuring food safety increase the importance of the agricultural sector. Agriculture is the main resource of a country. Compared to other sectors, it is the first sector that should be supported in the development process, both in terms of meeting food needs appropriately and as a source of income. In this study, information is given about the historical development of agriculture in the world and in Turkey, the share of agriculture in GDP, its contribution to the economy and finally the taxes applied in agriculture, and information is given about the tax exemptions provided by the state and encouraging the agricultural sector. Within the scope of this information, an evaluation has been made about the taxes that the state will apply to the agricultural sector.

Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Crop Production and Management Practices, and Livestock: A Review

Agriculture is the second most important greenhouse gas (GHG: methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions)-emitting sector after the energy sector. Agriculture is also recognized as the source and sink of GHGs. The share of agriculture to the global GHG emission records has been widely investigated, but the impact on our food production systems has been overlooked for decades until the recent climate crisis. Livestock production and feed, nitrogen-rich fertilizers and livestock manure application, crop residue burning, as well as water management in flood-prone cultivation areas are components of agriculture that produce and emit most GHGs. Although agriculture produces 72–89% less GHGs than other sectors, it is believed that reducing GHG emissions in agriculture would considerably lower its share of the global GHG emission records, which may lead to enormous benefits for the environment and food production systems. However, several diverging and controversial views questioning the actual role of plants in the current global GHG budget continue to nourish the debate globally. We must acknowledge that considering the beneficial roles of major GHGs to plants at a certain level of accumulation, implementing GHG mitigation measures from agriculture is indeed a complex task. This work provides a comprehensive review of agriculture-related GHG production and emission mechanisms, as well as GHG mitigation measures regarded as potential solutions available in the literature. This review also discusses in depth the significance and the dynamics of mitigation measures regarded as game changers with a high potential to enhance, in a sustainable manner, the resilience of agricultural systems. Some of the old but essential agricultural practices and livestock feed techniques are revived and discussed. Agricultural GHG mitigation approaches discussed in this work can serve as game changers in the attempt to reduce GHG emissions and alleviate the impact of climate change through sustainable agriculture and informed decision-making.

Why did agriculture's share of Australian gross domestic product not decline for a century?

AbstractThe agricultural sector's share of gross domestic product (GDP) in growing economies typically declines but, for a century from the early 1850s, Australia's did not. Drawing on recent structural transformation literature, this paper seeks explanations for this unusual phenomenon, which is all the more striking because agriculture's share of employment continued to decline throughout and growth in manufacturing was being stimulated by tariff protection from imports. Several factors contributed, including a huge land frontier that took more than a century for settlers to explore, rapid declines in initially crippling domestic and ocean trade costs for farm products, the absence of a need to do any processing of the two main exports during that period (gold and wool) and innovations by farmers and via a strong public agricultural R&D system that contributed to farm labour productivity nearly doubling over those 10 decades. The ban on iron ore exports from 1938 and low export prices for fuels, minerals and metals during the two world wars and in the intervening decades also contributed.

Understanding Financial Inclusion of Individuals Engaged in Agriculture: Evidence from Upper-Middle-Income Balkan Economies

ABSTRACT Emphasizing upper-middle-income Balkan Economies, this study focuses on the determinants of financial inclusion on a sample of individuals engaged in agriculture. Using logit estimations, we investigate socio-economic characteristics influencing financial inclusion, including owning a bank account and holding savings. Results reveal that individual characteristics, such as education, income, gender, and online payment usage are influential drivers. Financial inclusion is also impacted by economy-level variables including the share of agriculture in GDP and financial infrastructure density. The study underscores the importance of tailored policies to promote financial inclusion, particularly for vulnerable groups in agriculture-dependent economies.

Changing of Land Use Type and Structure of Production in Pudong District, Shanghai, China Since Opening

Since the opening of Shanghai's Pudong New Area in 1990, Pudong has transformed its previously poor and backward appearance by introducing a large number of advanced manufacturing and service industries, making it the largest region in Shanghai in terms of economic output. Currently, due to the changing economic conditions in China, the development of the Pudong area needs to focus more on land intensification and industrial modernization, actively using stock resources for development and adjusting policies to respond to the changes in each industry. Therefore, by analyzing the changes in land area and output value of each industry in Pudong and the changes in the economic structure of Pudong, this paper concludes that the share of agriculture in the total economy of Pudong is decreasing year by year, the total amount of heavy industry exceeds that of light industry, the financial industry is growing as the pillar industry of Pudong, and the import volume is larger than the export volume. The conclusion is that Pudong should improve the level of agricultural production, increase the proportion of heavy industry in the development, improve the bank supervision policy and increase the imports to cultivate trading partners. These ideas will serve as a guide for the future quality development of Pudong and as a reference for new urban districts in domestic and foreign cities.

The Kazakhstan dairy enterprises’ problem analysis and innovative potential of an agricultural enterprise

In this study, the current situation in the agricultural sector of Kazakhstan and specifically the diary sphere is analized. Innovations and technologies for the dairy industry are also being researched, and the possibility of their utilization in Kazakhstan is proposed, along with ways to further agricultural development. This study shows the largest dairy enterprises of the Republic of Kazakhstan, their production capacities, and methods of milk production. It presents innovative methods that improve the process of milk production as well as its quality and quantity. This study reveals the problems of lack of acreage, absence of a clear subsidizing policy and state programs on supporting current and new industries, shortage of qualified personnel, and dependence on regulatory at both the national and transnational levels, etc. in the Republic of Kazakhstan in recent years. All these factors do not allow us to achieve adequately the required production rates, and with them comes the introduction of the latest technological methods in the production of dairy products. At the same time, there was an increase by 57.4% in the number of operating agricultural enterprises over the last 5 years, and the share of agriculture in the country’s GDP by 0.8-1%. The study shows the further ways of the innovative development of milk production, as well as the problems that these productions face and the ways to solve them.

Emission intensities in EU countriesʼ food production systems and their market resilience during the 2020 global economic turmoil

One effect of the 2020 global pandemic was market turmoil over the food production system. Such strong market shocks can also affect the environment, for example, through changes in the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity of production. The purpose of this study was to calculate and evaluate comparable GHG emission intensity indicators for food production systems and their production stages in European Union (EU) countries. An index decomposition analysis of the obtained indicators was conducted to determine the structural and intensity effects. The three original contributions of this analysis were index decomposition of emission intensity, consideration of more GHGs, and expansion of the study period to include 2018–2020. The results from the majority of countries confirm the research hypothesis that the emission intensity at the agricultural (on-farm) production stage in EU countries in 2020 increased in relation to the emission intensity of the remaining stages of the food production system. The overall emission intensity of food production systems increased from 0.83 CO2-eq per 1 GDP in PPP in 2019 to 0.86 in 2020. However, this was caused solely by the increase in emission intensity at the agricultural production stage, from 2.40 CO2-eq per 1 GDP in PPP to 2.65 in 2020. On average, emission intensity did not increase at other stages of the food production systems in EU countries. Our findings indicate the low market resilience of agriculture to the 2020 economic turmoil, causing the low market power of agricultural producers in relation to the remaining stages of the food production value chain. These results were confirmed by the higher intensity index and lower structural index between 2019 and 2020 in the majority of the analyzed countries, caused by the decline in the share of agriculture in the GDP structure of food production, with a simultaneous increase in its intensity over time.

Effect of Trade Openness and Agriculture on Tax Revenue Performance in Kenya

Purpose: Taxes play a critical role for most governments around the world in funding investments in capital, infrastructure and the delivery of essential services. The study therefore sought to examine the effect of trade openness and agriculture on tax revenue performance in Kenya.
 Methodology: The study adopted correlational research design, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) mechanism and Granger causality test to establish the relationship between the study variables. The choice of the VECM was influenced by its ability to estimate both short run and long run relationships. The theoretical framework of the study followed Heller’s neoclassical maximization utility approach. Annual time series data for the study were sourced from the World Bank Development Indicators for the period 1980-2020.
 Results: The study findings established that in the long-run agriculture share (-0.64, t-statistics = 14.57) and trade openness (-0.08, t-statistics = 3.88) have negative and significant effect on tax revenue performance in Kenya. The Pairwise Granger Causality test results indicated unidirectional causality running from tax revenue performance to trade openness. This suggests that tax rates have effect on trade openness in Kenya.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study adds to literature by proving the Arthur’s Laffer curve theory which advocates for lowering tax rates in order to boost productivity and encourage expansion of corporation. The findings of the study may provide the National Treasury with foundation for policy formulation and analytical framework for estimating the associated tax revenue with variables under consideration in this study. The study may be of importance to KRA in determining appropriate tax rates that are favorable in boosting revenue mobilization.

Assessment of export potential and state of foreign food and agriculture trade in the world

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to assess the export potential of countries, to determine the directions of food export development and the place of Ukraine in it, taking into account socio-economic factors by applying the authors’ methodical approach.
 Methodology / approach. The article considers world food and agriculture exports, the export potential of countries is assessed taking into account socio-economic factors. The authors select and apply a combination of methods necessary to achieve the goal of the study, which characterize specificities of individual countries of the world: method of systematic generalization, dynamic series analysis, factor analysis, regression analysis, comparisons, rating evaluation, integral approach. 
 Results. With the help of factor and integral analysis of macroeconomic indicators, we established that the structure of world exports and the share of food and agriculture is depended on the level of development and specialization of countries. In particular, the share of food and agriculture exports of developed countries is smaller compared to developing countries. The Netherlands and Germany are the leaders of the ranking in terms of food and agriculture export potential. According to forecasts, based on current trends, the export of bakery products in Ukraine and Poland should increase in 2023 compared to 2020 by 32.7 and 21.6 %, respectively. Effective socio-economic development, balanced export policy, modernization of production and logistics will contribute to the growth of export of food and agriculture with high added value.
 Originality / scientific novelty. Based on the authors’ methodical approach, the work improved the integral indicator of export development and the ranking of countries by export potential, taking into account socio-economic conditions. Factor models were built and the factors of food and agriculture export development were determined.
 Practical value / implications. The improved methodical approach to evaluating the effectiveness of global food and agriculture exports provides an opportunity to establish competitive advantages in the market and plan exports. Developing countries will have the opportunity to make the right choice of export products, which will provide them with added value and an increase in supply volumes.

WORLD EXPERIENCE OF STANDARDIZATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Agriculture is one of the leading sectors of the economy of Uzbekistan. In 2022, the share of agriculture in the gross domestic product of Uzbekistan was 28.4 percent (data of the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan in this and other places, unless otherwise indicated). In this article, the global experience of standardization of the agricultural sector in the Republic of Uzbekistan was widely covered.

The Cultural Determinants of FDI Inflows in Tourism: Global Evidence

This study analyses the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI inflows in tourism with an emphasis on the cultural determinants for a global sample of countries. More specifically, we examine the role of the presence of UNESCO heritage sites as a factor of tourism FDI. The results show that the recognition of UNESCO heritage sites, along with domestic tourism demand are leading factors of tourism FDI. In addition, we document some interesting findings regarding the traditional determinants of tourism FDI. Economic growth, trade openness, and depreciation of the domestic currency are found to have a positive impact, while labor force participation rate, and agricultural share in total output have a negative impact. The study also documents detailed effects of various aspects of institutional quality on tourism FDI. We find a rich set of results, including a positive impact by better government stability, voice, and accountability, and low risk of external conflict, and mixed effects by the other aspects of institutional quality. The results imply that FDI inflows in tourism reflect both common FDI features and tourism-specific FDI motivations.

State Policy Regulations of Agriculture for Sustainable Development of Rural Tourism

In order to ensure the high efficiency of the functioning of the actors of the rural tourism sector, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study, taking into account its sustainable development. This research paper underlines that the particular features of state regulation of the domestic agro-industrial complex need the expansion of state support tools through the development of rural tourism, conducting in same time at diversification factors helping its development. The paper explores state policy regulations underling the positive effects of rural tourism upon economy as a whole, factors that influences development of tourism, the integration of agriculture activities with those of tourism which implies constant inter-sectoral interaction; last but not least is analyzed the data on the share of agriculture and rural tourism in the structure of Kazakhstan's GDP, the level of the average monthly nominal wage of one employee by type of economic activity which is unappealing due the fact the structure peasants’ farms could be a mean rural tourism in which economy is enhanced.

National income and macro-economic correlates of the double burden of malnutrition: an ecological study of adult populations in 188 countries over 42 years

The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) represents a growing global challenge with adverse health and economic consequences. We aimed to investigate the associative roles of national income (gross domestic product per capita [GDPPC]) and macro-environmental factors on the DBM trends among national adult populations. In this ecological study we assembled extensive historical data on GDPPC from the World Bank World Development Indicators database and population-level DBM data of adults (aged ≥18 years) from the WHO Global Health Observatory database in 188 countries over 42 years (1975-2016). In our analysis, a country was considered to have the DBM in a year when adult overweight (BMI ≥25·0 kg/m2) and underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) prevalence was each 10% or more in that year. We used a Type 2 Tobit model to estimate the association of GDPPC and selected macro-environmental factors (globalisation index, adult literacy rate, female share in the labour force, share of agriculture in the national gross domestic product [GDP], prevalence of undernourishment, and percentage of principal display area mandated to be covered by health warnings on cigarette packaging) with DBM in 122 countries. We find a negative association between GDPPC and the likelihood of a country having the DBM. However, conditional on its presence, DBM level exhibits an inverted-U shaped association with GDPPC. We found an upward shift in DBM levels from 1975 to 2016 across countries at the same level of GDPPC. Among the macro-environmental variables, share of females in the labour force and share of agriculture in the national GDP are negatively associated with DBM presence in a country, whereas the prevalence of undernourishment in the population is positively associated. Further, globalisation index, adult literacy rate, share of females in the labour force, and health warnings on cigarette packaging are negatively associated with DBM levels in countries. DBM level in national adult populations rises with GDPPC until US$11 113 (in 2021 constant dollar terms) and then starts declining. Given their current GDPPC levels, most low-income and middle-income countries are thus unlikely to have a decline in the DBM levels in the near future, ceteris paribus. Those countries will also be expected to experience a higher DBM level at similar levels of national income than were historically experienced by the current high-income countries. Our findings point to a further intensification of the DBM challenge in the near future for the low-income and middle-income countries as they continue to have income growth. None.

Macroeconomic Determinants of Income Inequality in Sri Lanka

Even though several different income redistribution plans have been put in place by succeeding governments, income disparity has persisted in Sri Lanka over the past 50 years. Using secondary data from 1978 to 2021, this study aims to pinpoint the macroeconomic factors that contribute to income inequality in Sri Lanka. The basic estimating method is the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL), a rarely used analytical tool in Sri Lanka. The results show that the primary macroeconomic predictors of income inequality in Sri Lanka among the selected variables are government spending, trade openness, average prices, the share of agriculture in the GDP, and per capita GDP. Additionally, the findings demonstrate that trade openness and government spending cause income inequality, supporting Barro's theory. Additionally, the average price level and the percentage of agriculture in the GDP have helped to lessen income disparity in the nation. Per capita GDP also shows a marginal significance, supporting Kuznets’ view, which stresses that increasing a country’s GDP increases inequality. However, financial deepening and secondary school enrolment ratios do not show significant impacts emphasizing that financial and education factors do not contribute to inequality in the Sri Lankan setting. The study suggested that policy priority should be given to developing the agricultural sector and catching the spillover effect of international trade to reduce income inequality. That would ultimately lead to lowering trade-induced inequality. Furthermore, a crucial policy choice to lower the expense of daily life for the poor is to maintain a constant overall price level. Government transfer programs should primarily target the poor and maintain a proper monitoring mechanism to capture the outcome of those transfers also important. Currently, such a follow-up system is not in place; therefore, the government’s targets of reducing inequality couldn’t be realized to the fullest.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF VEGETABLE PRODUCTION VIA INNOVATION

Bulgaria has a deep tradition in the production and export of vegetables, but in recent decades there has been a gradual but permanently contraction of the sector. Vegetable production occupies a smaller and smaller share of the country's agriculture, the problems in the sector are deepening and hindering its prosperity. The purpose of the report is to focus on innovations that would support the sustainable development of vegetable production in Bulgarian agriculture.

Catchment land use drivers are weak predictors of lakes’ phytoplankton assemblage structure at functional group level

A number of studies evidenced the impact of human activities on aquatic environments worldwide. The availability of nutrients in lakes is strongly influenced by watershed land use patterns depending on the share of forestry, agriculture and urbanization level. Nearly all the previous studies, which examined the relationships between the phytoplankton community and the land use pattern on the watershed of lakes or reservoirs were performed on a taxonomic basis. In this study, 78 lakes were sampled to analyse how the different land use types affect their phytoplankton functional group compositions. Our results concluded that land use is a complex driver, and it cannot provide an unequivocally straightforward forecast, which could result in the selection of a specific functional group or taxa. Thus, land use alone is a weak predictor, but the shared effects may structure the phytoplankton assemblage composition.

A Critical Study on Availability of Agricultural Inputs with the Agri Input Dealers of Nagarkarnool and Wanaparthy Districts of Telangana State, India

Biggest discovery in the history of humanity was agriculture for basic livelihood of people to sustain this biggest development the quality supply of agricultural inputs to the farming community is essential because agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58% of India’s population. Gross Value Added by agriculture, forestry, and fishing was estimated at Rs. 19.48 lakh crore (US$ 276.37 billion) in FY20. Share of agriculture and allied sectors in gross value added (GVA) of India at current prices stood at 20.2 % in FY20. (Source: National Statistical Office (NSO). Seeds are critical to successful crop production and inevitably, farm productivity and profitability. Fertilizer supplies nutrients to the soil that are essential for growth. Crop protection chemicals control weed species, harmful insects and plant diseases that affect crops. Technical knowledge and Machinery enhance human labor effectiveness and increase farm productivity. Farm information helps the farmer to identify efficiencies that lead to higher productivity and profitability through achieving cost minimization and profit maximization. The study was carried out in the districts of Nagarkurnool and Wanaparthy of Telangana. A total of 60 input dealers were selected from the two districts based on Simple random sampling method. majority of the input dealers deal with medium range of agricultural inputs (55.00 per cent) Input dealers are dealing with combination of agricultural inputs and also various groups of plant protection chemicals based on their chemical classification are noticed to be sold by the input dealers during the study.