Agricultural Units Research Articles

Интеллектуальная система управления сельскохозяйственными роботами: формирование структуры

Digital technologies introduced into agriculture are aimed at improving the efficiency of agricultural production. Agricultural robots carrying out technological operations, monitoring the field, crops, or crop yields may reduce their productivity, quality and safety of operation due to the geographical distance from the cloud storage, low bandwidth and network unreliability, significant delays and failures in data transmission. To increase the performance of units with unmanned robotic technical means for agricultural purposes, to ensure the high quality of their technological operations, as well as their safe operation, an intelligent control system using edge computing technologies based on Edge Computing is proposed. During the research, the authors used methods of complex structural-dynamic analysis and an expert-analytical method of information processing. As a result of the research, a structural and functional diagram of an intelligent control system for agricultural units with robotic technical means has been proposed to ensure centralized control of the technological process. Agricultural machines adjust the working tools and their operation process using built-in autonomous control systems that transmit data to the control system to generate commands. The operation of the working tools is adjusted in case of serious failures in the unit operation. The implementation of the Edge Computing concept in digital agriculture will reduce the amount of transmitted information and the load on the data transmission network, without reducing the technological process quality in case of failures in the operation of farm machines and embedded systems.

Математичне моделювання стійкості руху асиметричної дискової борони

The production necessity to expand the functional capabilities of farm machinery and tractor units (MTUs), being the most demanded in small farms due to their high energy intensity, reliability, and versatility in the production of agricultural products, is an important task that requires the application of new methodological, practical approaches, and relevant design solutions. This article discusses the application of a hitch weight compensator, installed on the frame and plow of an asymmetric disc harrow, as one of the ways to rationally redistribute the hitch weight within the MTU during pre-sowing soil tillage. The mathematical justification is provided for improving the stability of the movement of an asymmetric disc harrow and the use of wide-span agricultural units, which allows increasing the productivity of their application and reducing temporary and energy costs for pre-sowing soil cultivation. In the general case, the performed mathematical analysis allows you to justify the fact that the MTA with an installed hitch weight compensator allows you to redistribute the load in the MTA composition, which will be able to expand the functional capabilities of the MTA and stabilize the stability of the movement of the asymmetric disc harrow under the conditions of its use in farms during pre-sowing soil cultivation.

Dynamics of energy consumption of multi-element traction transport machines

The results of the study of energy costs of multi-element traction transport machines are presented. The method of determining the energy costs of traction transport machines is substantiated. The energy costs of a multi-element agricultural unit are theoretically determined. The results of experimental studies of multi-element traction transport machines on the example of an agricultural unit consisting of a John Deere 8345R tractor, a hopper for John Deere 1910 seed and John Deere 1895 direct seeders. The proposed method for determining energy costs allows estimating the energy consumption of the machine as a whole or its elements. Elements of multi-element traction transport machines in the analysis of energy costs are energy-dynamic models in the form of equations of state space, which allows flexible formation of systems of equations when changing the composition and sequence of elements of the multi-element machine under study. Three ways of connecting energy-dynamic models of elements are considered: parallel and series connection and connection with feedback. It has been established that the energy expenditure by the elements of the agricultural aggregate varies according to the harmonic law with a period of 7.5 s and a transient process at the beginning of movement. The highest energy expenditure occurs in the planter 3.7·106 J with a span of 0.15·106 J. The energy consumption of the tractor and hopper is 2.7·106 J and 3.25·106 J with a span of 0.1·106 J and 0.15·106 J. Experimental studies were carried out using the measuring system of dynamics and energy of mobile machines. The fluctuations in energy consumption on the front wheels are in the same phase and those on the rear wheels are in antiphase and amount to 7.25·105 J with a span of 0.5·105 J for the front left wheel; 7.55·105 J with a span of 0.5·105 J – front right; 6.25·105 J with a span of 0.4·105 J – for the rear wheels. Keywords: energy costs, estimation method, multi-element traction transport machine, energy

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE HYDRAULIC DRIVE TRANSFER OF A EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURAL UNIT FROM TRANSPORTATION TO WORKING POSITION

This article highlights the solution to the problem of building a dynamic mathematical model and its research. The analysis of the processes taking place in the hydraulic drive of the transfer of the wide-grip agricultural unit from the transport position to the working position was performed. Search and analysis of already existing hydraulic systems, principles of building mathematical models and methods of their solution were carried out. It is shown that one of the directions of development of the market of modern agricultural aggregates is an increase in the number of structures with an increased width of grip. It should be noted that this design feature has several advantages from the point of view of fuel economy, reduction of the number of passes of the unit and, as a result, reduction of the amount of compacted soil. Which, in turn, contributes to the preservation of its condition and increases the efficiency of its use. The disadvantage of wide-grip units is the difficulty of maneuvering when turning. Therefore, to ensure quick maneuvering, units of this type must be equipped with an effective system for transferring the machine from the transport position to the working position. A hydraulic drive is used to meet this requirement. This type of drive has a number of advantages - compactness, power, the ability to work at high speeds and the ability to dampen vibrations. The scheme of the hydraulic drive for transferring the wide-grip unit from the transport position to the working position with gradual switching on of the hydraulic motors is proposed. A mathematical model of the hydraulic drive has been developed. The composition of the proposed mathematical model includes the balance equations of the amount of liquid, the equations of forces and moments acting on the working bodies of hydraulic motors. The obtained solutions of this system make it possible to conduct a thorough analysis of the processes taking place in the hydraulic drive, and to identify such ratios of hydraulic drive parameters that ensure high-quality operation of the system.

СРАВНИТЕЛЕН АНАЛИЗ НА ШИРИНАТА НА ИВИЦАТА ЗА ЗАВИВАНЕ ПРИ ИЗВЪРШВАНЕ НА ГЪБОВИДНИ ЗАВОИ ОТ НАВЕСЕН МАШИННО-ТРАКТОРЕН АГРЕГАТ В ПОЛЕ С НЕПРАВИЛНА ФОРМА

Analytical relations for determining the headland width when making T-turns by a machine-tractor unit with a mounted machine on an irregularly-shaped field have been specified. Five types of T-turns are described in two variants – open turn and closed turn. Each of these is done in two directions of movement. A total of 20 variants of the turns are described. The method for determining the headland width of a specific machine-tractor unit consisting by a tractor and mounted row seeder is demonstrated. For each type of turn the headland width is determined according to the angle between the direction of movement of the agricultural unit and the field border. A range of angle modification from 10° to 90° is adopted. The analysis show that for obtaining minimum headland width closed turns in left to right direction of movement should not be made. The smallest theoretical headland width is when making a closed T-turn with arch-shaped backward movement and left-to-right direction of movement on the field. When using T-turns with an arch-shaped backward movement and T-turns with straight ahead movement when entering the headland, the actual headland width is the same (6 m) regardless of the type and direction of the turn.

EVALUATION OF ENERGY INDICATORS OF GRUNDING AGGREGATE

The analysis of tools for uncultivated and surface tillage shows that the market of agricultural machinery lacks universal units that can reliably and efficiently perform both types of tillage with one machine. To assess the validity of the unit baseline model, field studies were conducted, during which key agronomic indicators of tillage quality were identified. Studies have shown that the rate of uncultivated soil exceeds 6.5 km / h, and the degree of soil cracking - more than 80%. At small tillage to a depth of 12 cm at operating speeds over 7.0 km / h. The use of additional working bodies will allow to form on the basis of the basic model of the unit narrower options for a particular car. The optimal design parameters of the proposed plowing unit, in addition to the plow width of 4.5 m, include rollers of the same width to level the plow surface and the capacity of the fertilizer hopper 4 m3. Technical parameters in the process: plow depth α = 0.2 m, soil resistance coefficient Km = 30 kN/m2, working area Lp = 1000 m. surface treatment will reduce yields. The energy model of functioning of the agricultural subdivision is presented. Studies have shown that by optimizing the ratio of tractor weight to engine power, you can increase the productivity of agricultural units. For stubble cultivation with a normal humidity of 8 km / h, with a permissible slip of 10%, the optimal parameters for a class 1.4 wheeled tractor will be the working weight m = 4790 kg and engine power N = 69.0 kW. In this case, the thrust will correspond to the 2nd thrust class.

Hydro-Political Borders and Division of Space in the Sasanian Domain

ABSTRACT This article argues that the Sasanian government tried to reshape the hydrological order of water resources by damming rivers, digging canals and building aqueducts according to their conception of justice. Although all Iranian dynasties more or less replenished their budget with agricultural revenues, it was the Sasanian government that for the first time exalted irrigated cultivation as the cornerstone of their political economy. The hydraulic mission of the Sasanian polity was to keep a balance between water resources and workforce in their agricultural units. This mission pursued two schemes; first all water resources were reorganized through investing in a considerable number of hydraulic structures, second the agricultural working class was kept confined to the area irrigated and affected by the same supplied water, the area that is called hydro-political territory in this study. Hydro-political borders were the product of a mesh of interactions between ideology, political power, ecology and economy, which impeded social mobility and stifled different aspects of socio-economic change in Iran’s agrarian communities. This article concludes that today’s Iran has inherited the same political tradition that gives rise to hydro-political borders by reorganizing water resources based on a geopolitical disparity between different regions and the leaders’ institutional priorities.

Agricultura y cambio climático. Impactos en los subsistemas de subsistencia en los Andes centrales del Perú

Climate change is a process that is affecting the daily living of societies in the world, especially because it disturbs the behavior of the ecosystems that support life. Agriculture is central to our existence and the effects of climate changes on crop productivity are already being studied with specific recommendations such as those given by FAO for tropical and mountain regions. This time, a rapprochement will be made to the impacts of climate change on subsystems related to subsistence food production and strategies that could be adopted to improve the economic income of its practitioners. Reference will be made to what happens in the Central Andes, especially in Peru, where, according to the 2012 National Agricultural Census, there are 68% of agricultural units from 0.1 to 5.0 hectares affecting 1,231,000 households. The objective is to show that there is a significant number of rural families that must also be considered in efforts to improve their quality of life that can be homogenized with that of the rest of Peruvian society. The development policies of family farming do not take into consideration subsistence farmers with agricultural units under three hectares, however, they should be included in the development agenda to ensure their sustainability against risks, such as climate change. The methodology of this research is deductive-inductive based on written documents and field experiences in different parts of the Peruvian mountains.

Method for assessing the performance of agricultural machinery

The article discusses the features of the operational and technological assessment of agricultural machinery. Research has been carried out and a technical tool has been developed that allows timing of technological operations in determining the operational and technological indicators of an agricultural machine. To determine such indicators as the distance traveled, speed and performance, a global navigation satellite system is used with the ability to generate vehicle movement tracks in an Internet application. The use of the proposed device will reduce subjective errors in the timing of operations and speed up testing of agricultural units.

YUMSHATKICH PANJANING TUPROQQA KIRISH BURCHAGINING UNING TORTISHGA BO‘LGAN QARSHILIGIGA TASIRI

In the aisles of seedlings of fruit trees in new orchards, it is possible to receive additional income within 5-8 years by sowing and growing various vegetable and gourd crops, however, most farms do not use this opportunity. The reason for this is that in order to prepare for sowing, the soil plowed in early spring in the passages of gardens should be loosened, clods should be crushed, the surface - leveled and irrigation furrows - cut. When performing these works, at present, each technological process needs a separate passage of the corresponding agricultural unit. However, this leads to an increase in labor, time and energy costs. Considering the foregoing, this article presents findings from a research into the development of a design for a combined unit that performs a range of works, in one go, on preparing the soil for sowing when growing vegetable and gourd crops in the garden passages, as well as determining some parameters of the working bodies of this unit. In particular, a method for determining an optimal angle of entry into the soil of the loosening paw of the developed unit and the traction resistance of this working body is shown. As a result of the research, in view of effective and high-quality operation of the unit, the optimal angle of entry of the loosening paw into the soil was worked out as αmax = 25...35o, as well as the traction resistance of this working body – as R = 320...400 N, while, the values of the width of the paw and the depth of tillage are taken equal, respectively b = 0.04...0.06 m, h = 0.15 m.

Potential for optimization of energy consumption and costs in saffron production in central Iran through data envelopment analysis and multi‐objective genetic algorithm

AbstractTechnical management of agricultural units plays an important role in increasing the yield, energy efficiency, and decreasing the production costs. Based on that, the present study aimed to evaluate and optimize the technical and economic efficiency in Saffron farms in the 2019–20 cropping season in Iran. Required data were collected from 70 Saffron farms through interviews and questionnaires and were analyzed and compared using two optimization methods including data envelopment analysis (DEA), and multi‐objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). Based on the results related to the energy section, the total energy input was obtained as 43,578 MJ ha−1 before any optimization, while it was determined as 36,033 and 36,910 MJ ha−1 after optimization using DEA, and MOGA, respectively. Also DEA and MOGA methods improved the energy ratio index (ER) (0.002) by 50, and 159%, respectively. Results related to the economic section showed that the total production costs were mitigated from 1260 $ ha−1 to 863.5 and 1069 $ ha−1 after optimization by DEA, and MOGA, respectively. After optimization of revenue (using MOGA method), and total costs (using MOGA, and DEA), the benefit cost ratio index was improved from 1.43 to 2.09 (using DEA), and 3.3 (using MOGA). Consequently, MOGA optimization method showed better results compared to DEA in both energy and economic sections.

Estimation of the performance of automotive engines by the results of their diagnosis under operating conditions

The need for food supply for the population has been and remains the most important component of the life of the world's population. In connection with the growth of the population, this need will grow. Considering that food production requires enormous and constant work in the bosom of the Earth's biosphere, measures are being taken to alleviate working conditions, increase its efficiency, safety and efficiency. In this regard, the growth of electromechanization and automation of technological processes in the agro-industrial complex is an inevitability not only of the past, but also of the current century. With regard to agricultural production, the decisive factor in this direction is the use of mobile agricultural units with piston motor tractor engines. The latter are characterized by the peculiarity of reducing efficiency as they approach the amortization period, up to complete failure (i.e., termination of performance). In this regard, specialists are developing methods and tools for diagnosing the operability of auto-tractor engines in order to restore it in a timely manner. For this purpose, an innovative device has been proposed for diagnosing the operability of these engines. The article provides a diagram of the device, a description of the principle of its operation to achieve the set goal under operating conditions. The constituent structural elements of the device are deficient-free and affordable. The device combined with their use is not structurally difficult and allows one to obtain reliable results on assessing the performance of engines according to their measured characteristic indicators under operating conditions.

Agri-Entreprenership a Study on Agri-Entrepreneurship with Reference to the Entrepreneurs of Maravanmadam Village, Thoothukudi

Now a days the entrepreneurship is growing faster with the help of our government. Many schemes like MUDRA, are utilized by many entrepreneurs and build their business in progressive nature. This study is mainly focused on the entrepreneurs ofMaravanmadam area of Thoothukudi district who are using agriculture as their base and earning profits from it. The products produced from agricultural units are now getting more demand in the market as now people are getting awarded about the dangerous of plastic. This study also absorbed on the area that to suggest the entrepreneurs to produce different products and attract the market to them by way of advertisements and other products which are having more demand and also which are unique from others.

THE ROLE OF THE INNOVATION BROKER IN THE FORMATION OF EIP-AGRI OPERATIONAL GROUPS

The European Innovation Partnership for Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability (EIP-AGRI) is part of the support for agricultural economic development. EIP-AGRI operational groups are groups of people who are working together on an innovation project funded by Rural Development Programs (RDP). Their essence is to transform innovative ideas into real solutions. The coordination of the formation process of operational groups has been entrusted to agricultural advisory units, especially to innovation brokers working there. The aim of the study was to determine the role of the innovation broker in the formation of EIP-AGRI operational groups. Mechanisms of innovation support in the agricultural sector were presented, paying particular attention to the tasks of the National Network for Innovation in Agriculture and Rural Areas (NRN) and the Measure “Cooperation” implemented under RDP 2014-2020. The “e-Networking” operation implemented by the Pomeranian Agricultural Advisory Centre in Lubań (PODR) in 2020-2021 was analysed and a survey study was conducted using an original survey questionnaire prepared on the Webankieta platform. The conducted survey shows that the role of an innovation broker is, first of all, to support entities interested in cooperation in obtaining funds for innovative activities, prepare project proposals and documents related to the functioning of the EPI operational group and identify entities willing to undertake cooperation as well as to assist in its establishment.

Influencing responsible green innovation in Dominican agribusiness performance

AbstractThe objective of this article is to explore the combined effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR), green transformational leadership and knowledge transfer on responsible green innovation and to analyse their impact on agribusiness business performance in the context of a developing country. There is no research that integrates joint effects on responsible innovation with a focus on process inputs and increased greening capabilities in agricultural units. Moreover, we have integrated transformational green leadership to better explain this impact as a differentiator. Results show both knowledge transfer and green transformational leadership have positive relationships with responsible green innovation, and the latter has a positive impact on environmental, economic and strategic performance dimensions. Overall, our results establish that CSR is an external driver that reinforces knowledge transfer with an emphasis on collaboration. CSR also reinforces green leadership functions through synergies in conjunction with green human resource management practices.

Factors supporting the adoption of soil conservation practices: Evidence from Ecuadorian smallholder farmers

AbstractThe modernization of agricultural practices has been widespread in South America since the 1970s. The main practices implemented included the use of fertilizers and phytosanitary control based on synthetic elements, and agricultural mechanization for plowing. These activities affect soil quality and make soils more dependent on fertilizer imports throughout the continent. At the same time, the intensification of agricultural activity also increased CO2 emissions in South America from less than 150 thousand gigagrams in 1977 to more than 280 thousand gigagrams in 2017, which translates into a greater burden of agriculture on the environment. Ecuador is one of the South American countries that share several social, climatic, and topographic characteristics common in the region; therefore, it is interesting to study the factors that help mitigate soil erosion processes resulting from agricultural activity. For this purpose, this study performs the estimation of a Tobit model with the information of the agricultural units with seasonal crops present in the Continuous Agricultural Surface and Production Survey of 2018. For the model approach, the number of soil conservation practices (SCP) in each farm is considered as the dependent variable. The estimation results show that there is a positive relationship between farms that are managed by women and the number of SCP implemented: the same result was obtained with respect to agricultural investment by local governments. However, it was found that farms with government technical assistance implemented fewer SCPs, which opens the debate on the importance of soil conservation in public policy.

Mathematical model of analytical approach of comparative analysis of productivity of agricultural machinery when using visualization technology

The article discusses options for increasing the productivity of agricultural machinery, and also reveals the relationship between increasing its productivity by reducing the time of maintenance when using elements of virtual reality. Also, the article presents a mathematical model and shows the solution to the problem of assessing the productivity of agricultural technical units, in particular, it is proposed to conduct an assessment based on a comparison of the time spent on performing work when using elements of virtual reality during maintenance and in the traditional form of its implementation.

Practice and Effects of Programming Education using Drones in the Agriculture Unit of the Fifth Grade of Elementary School Social Studies

Practice and Effects of Programming Education using Drones in the Agriculture Unit of the Fifth Grade of Elementary School Social Studies

ЭФФЕКТИВНАЯ КОМПЛЕКТАЦИЯ МАЛЫХ И СРЕДНИХ АГРОПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ СОВРЕМЕННЫМИ СЕЯЛКАМИ И РАЗБРАСЫВАТЕЛЯМИ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ РОССИЙСКО-НЕМЕЦКОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА

The article discusses evidence-based recommendations using graph-analytical techniques when choosing the best agricultural machines for an agricultural enterprise when modernizing the machine and tractor fleet of small and medium-sized agricultural organizations with optimal productivity and seasonal output by seeders of the Eurotechnika JSC company (Samara) German of the Amazonen-Werke company, the leading machine-building enterprise in Russia for trailed equipment, for various technologies (classic, Mini-Till, No-Till) and crops (cereals, row crops, etc.) in small and medium-sized, crop areas, agricultural enterprises. The article also discusses recommendations on the selection of spreadersdistributors that are optimal in terms of productivity and seasonal output for applying solid (granular) mineral fertilizers also in small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises, in terms of sown areas. The material of the article is of scientific and practical interest, since it allows to take into account the main condition of agriculture in the selection of optimal agricultural machines – the implementation of field work within the recommended regional agrotechnical terms, determined by the possible productivity of agricultural units. The seeders and spreaders offered in this article by a well-known company in the world are reliable and highly efficient in operation, and are in great demand among Russian farmers.

Perspectives of using mobile energy vehicle of traction class 1.4; 2 in agrocultural production

Purpose. Substantiation of perspective directions of use of trucks as a mobile energy vehicle of traction class 1.4; 2 for formation on its basis of mobile agricultural units for performance of technological operations in farms with the area of 20–500 hectares. Methods. They were based on the application of analytical methods and mathematical modeling of the process of agricultural machinery and the basics of economic analysis. Numerical simulation was performed using a PC. Results. The list of technological operations, on which a cargo car can be used as an energy vehicle, was substantiated. Economic efficiency of using the mobile energy means of the traction class 1.4; 2 is established on the example of a technological operation for plant protection products. Conclusions. The use of trucks as a mobile power vehicle of traction class 1.4; 2 for the formation of a mobile agricultural unit on its basis for agricultural operations will reduce the cost of crop production by increasing annual load, increasing working and transport speeds, using direct flow technologies. It will also reduce the range of technical means for performing technological operations and increase the efficiency of their use. Keywords: truck, mobile agricultural unit, mobile power vehicle, traction class 1.4; 2, technological operations, mobile energy vehicle.