Agricultural Reform Research Articles

THE ROLE OF FARMING IN MODERNIZATION OF AGRICULTURE IN UZBEKISTAN

The article analyzes the role and place of farms in the modernization of agriculture in Uzbekistan, the systemic reforms in agriculture, their results using primary sources and scientific literature. KEYWORDS: Agriculture, agro technology, farming, agriculture, State program, modernization, land, reform.

Grassroots Leviathan: Agricultural Reform and the Rural North in the Slaveholding Republic by Ariel Ron

Reviewed by: Grassroots Leviathan: Agricultural Reform and the Rural North in the Slaveholding Republic by Ariel Ron Kyle G. Volk (bio) Grassroots Leviathan: Agricultural Reform and the Rural North in the Slaveholding Republic. By Ariel Ron. (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020. Pp. 308. Cloth, $59.95.) Why did Republicans create the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and land-grant college system in the middle of the Civil War? Historian Ariel Ron's deeply researched and densely packed monograph provides comprehensive answers by exhuming the political and economic world of northern farmers in the decades before the Civil War. In the process, he complements the bevy of recent scholarship on slavery and capitalism by providing powerful new ways to think about northern political economy in the age of sectional crisis. Turning our attention from northern industrialization, Ron shows how the formidable forces of scientific agricultural reform championed policies that threatened slaveholders and fueled the Republican Party and its construction of the national developmental state. Written for scholars and puzzlingly priced not to sell, Grassroots Leviathan should nevertheless be required reading for historians of agriculture, nineteenth-century politics, capitalism, and statecraft, as well as the coming of the Civil War. Ron's taproot is that, long before the Civil War, forward-looking northern farmers used political means to secure government aid for agricultural improvement. Part 1 of his study lays this foundation and implicitly joins political historians in exploring the plurality of political practices in the nineteenth century. After describing elite farmers' stillborn attempts at top-down reform in the early days of the republic, Ron reveals how agricultural reform followed the familiar deference-to-democracy trajectory, blossoming into a more popular affair after the 1820s. Essential to its democratization was the explosion of the agricultural press, local and state agricultural societies, and agricultural fairs, which attracted thousands. By the 1840s and 1850s, this "state-building social movement" sought [End Page 115] state-government support through annual appropriations for societies, the creation of boards of agriculture, and printing subventions for and subsidized circulation of agricultural reports (61). As Ron demonstrates, agricultural reform was not another aspect of Whig developmentalism; it transcended the partisan divide, as northern farmers deployed a mode of advocacy that worked outside the party system and appeared nationalistic and majoritarian, yet apolitical. Subsequent sections in the book add essential layers to this compelling political portrait, guiding readers to comprehend farmers' embrace of and influence on the Republican Party and its developmental policies. Turning to ideas, part 2 unpacks the nationalist (yet northern) vision of political economy that promoted domestic exchange and reconciled the interests of farmers and manufacturers. This occurred first through the "home market thesis" (87), which rationalized tariff protections for industry by emphasizing their ability to grow urban markets for farm goods. Confluences between agricultural and industrial interests continued in the emergent "Republican developmental synthesis" (97), which Ron unearths by situating the influential economic thought of Henry Carey in the ascendant concerns of scientific agriculture, especially fertilizers. Faith in industrial technology's ability to advance agriculture and emancipate farmers from drudgery boosted the significance of science and education, informing calls for the USDA and land-grant colleges. Alongside well-known commitments to free labor, it also became a cornerstone of the Republican antislavery political economy. Highlighting the causal power of scientific agriculture, part 3 details parallel developments in the mid-nineteenth century that more explicitly drove demands for developmental state building. First, the commercialization of fertilizers and other agricultural technologies birthed a crisis of expertise. How were farmers to know which newfangled products actually worked? To businessmen and others, authoritative government bodies—first at the state level and eventually the federal USDA—needed to conduct research, regulate the market, and stamp out frauds. Second, scientific agriculture brought demands for specialized educational institutions. When private institutions and state governments proved unable to provide reliable resources, reformers looked to the federal government to fund state agricultural colleges. In sum, Ron exposes a broad-based and scientifically driven northern agricultural capitalism that craved not laissez-faire but state partnership and intervention. Making farmers' project a reality required the obstructionist, export-oriented slaveholding South to step aside. Part...

The impact of agricultural reforms on rural families in Romania

Assessing the socio-economic and demographic impact of the reforms in Romanian agriculture, since 1990, on rural families, is one of the important components in the new context of the CAP, which includes new perspectives on the concept of rural family. From subsistence to sustainability, it implies the medium and long term objective of the main reforms in Romania's agriculture after the December 1989 Revolution, which were mainly represented by the start of the process of transition to market economy, by benefiting from the advantages of land rent and maybe the most important reform is Romania's accession to the EU. This paper aims to conduct an analysis of the evolution of the Romanian rural area in its many facets, focusing on the main reforms in post-December Romania agriculture, as well as the concepts of rural development in terms of sustainability and multifunctionality. In the context of a Romania that, since the accession of the EU, being considered perhaps the most important reform is the reform of agriculture, which is in the process of implementing the European model of agriculture and rural development. In order to demonstrate how the rural areas have been changed across the years, an empirical study has been assessed. It shows that there is a representative relationship between the farmers' productivity and incomes, proving how the economic prosperity of the rural citizens is determined by labour effectualness, while multiple reforms have been reshaped families' welfare.

О трансформации финансовой отчетности сельскохозяйственных организаций в соответствии с требованиями международных стандартов

Current trends in the Russian economy are generating changes in the field of accounting reform in agriculture. Business entities are seeking to attract additional investment, including foreign investment, to enter new capital markets. To achieve this goal, agricultural organizations must provide transparent and objective information about their activities to interested users. This fact, in turn, determines the preparation of accounting documents that are understandable for foreign investors. Therefore, reporting under the rules of IFRS by domestic organizations is an essential condition for gaining access to foreign capital markets and increasing confidence on the part of foreign investors. Taking into account the above, we have clarified the methodological approaches to the transformation of accounting and financial reporting in accordance with IFRS, which were tested in LLC Plemzavod named after KIROV in the Durtyulinsky district of Bashkortostan.

Everydayness of the Ukrainian village in the conditions of the nazi occupation regime of 1941–1943 (on the materials of the left bank of Cherkash)

Purpose. The purpose of this investigation is to find out the main features of everyday life in theUkrainian countryside under the Nazi occupation regime and to substantiate the provisions of its terrorist andmisanthropic nature on the basis of archival and published sources, oral history, in the context of local wartimeevents.Scientific novelty. We can see it in the introduction into scientific circulation of hitherto unknown archivaland narrative sources, the publication of new facts of regional history on this basis, and the presence of originalinterpretive constructions.Conclusion. According to the empirical material, the everyday life of the villages of the Left Bank of Cherkasyregion under the Nazi occupation regime, despite certain peculiarities, generally fit into the all-Ukrainian contextof that extraordinary era. Many villagers fell victim to Nazi terror, were subjected to forced deportations and allsorts of restrictions. The occupiers considered the village as the primary source of replenishment of the Reich’sfood resources, so they pursued a policy of shameless looting, inhuman exploitation, and deportation. The reform ofagriculture declared by them was not realized due to the prevalence of Ukrainophobic intentions in the occupationpolicy. In the field of educational and cultural life, the occupiers consistently pursued a line of deintellectualizationand spiritual zombies of Ukrainians. The facts of local origin presented in the article convincingly consistentlyreveal the anti-Ukrainian and inhumane nature of the Nazi occupation regime. The everyday life of the village atthat time was characterized by the emergence of the problems of survival of the peasants under the occupationpressure.Given the epistemological prospects of the topic discussed in this article, it needs further study anddiversification based on the involvement of new facts of regional history.

Szafa z kochankami. Praktyki przesłaniania, odsłaniania i zasłaniania historii Obór w twórczości Mirona Białoszewskiego

The aim of this article is to capture one of the unveilings of the history of the manor house in Obory, near Warsaw, and to analyse the principle structuring the essence of transformation of this place in Miron Białoszewski’s work. Using the geocritical method, the author examinesthe relationship between characters and things related to this place selected by Białoszewski and the poetics he used. The frequently recurring motif of the wardrobe was juxtaposed with the analys is of inventories andwills belonging to the owner of the manor at the turn of the 17th and18th centuries, which are preserved in The Central Archivesof Historical Records in Warsaw. The main part of the article is devoted to the aestheticsand functions of 18th-century furniture in relation to the context of thecourt culture of that time, which Białoszewski explored poetically. In his works he played out the tension between the covering and uncovering ofthe secrets hidden in the complicated security systems of baroque furniture.This tension accumulates in the spatial nature of Obory: it is a remoteand hidden place. Its location allowed Białoszewski to practice covering, uncovering and recovering the history of the manor. These practices notonly constituted the structuring principle of the writer’spoetics, but they also open up the possibility of following the transformations of places of such semantic complexity as Obory. They allow us to capture the dynamics of changes that often involve inverting their previous meanings, e.g. in the context of agricultural reform, and also help to expose the related conflicts.

Indian Agriculture Reforms: Hitting the Bull’s-Eye or Beating around the Bush?

Indian Agriculture Reforms: Hitting the Bull’s-Eye or Beating around the Bush?

Comprehensive Evaluation on Agricultural Modernization Development of Heilongjiang Province Based on Entropy Method and Generalized Least Squares

Although Heilongjiang Province is the largest commodity grain producing area and modern agricultural reform pilot area, its agricultural modernization still has a long way to go. According to the actual situation of 34 regions in Heilongjiang Province, this paper evaluates the agricultural development of Heilongjiang Province from four main aspects: input level, output level, social development ability and sustainable ability. An index system of four first-level indicators and ten second-level indicators has been established. Analytic hierarchy process method and entropy weight method were used to calculate the weight of each index layer. Secondly, the least square method was used to fit the three-dimensional nonlinear value, and the extreme value standardization method was used to evaluate each index. Finally, based on the longitude and latitude data of 34 regions in Heilongjiang Province, the Moran index is calculated and the comprehensive evaluation results of the development level index of agricultural modernization in each region were given.

Land tenure security and farm efficiency in Indian agriculture: Revisiting an old debate

This paper examines the Marshallian inefficiency hypothesis of share tenancy system in agriculture of Odisha, Eastern India. It examines the hypothesis from a different perspective where it is argued that a secured land tenure system enhances farm efficiency even though it is sharecropping. We develop three hypotheses within the profit maximization framework and use the efficiency scores of paddy growers computed from the data envelop analysis (DEA) to verify them empirically. The ‘latent variable regression model’ results reveal that a secured land ownership status significantly augments farm efficiency. But the nature of tenancy contract (sharecropping and fixed-rent tenancy) makes no difference in farm efficiency. The policy implication of the study calls for tenancy reform in Odisha agriculture to make the tenancy a more secure one. Currently, the government of Odisha has banned the share tenancy. But a vast concealed tenancy comprising of marginal farmers and landless cultivators is in place. So any reform in this regard would benefit them directly.

Production and Trade Impacts of CAP Post 2022 Reform on Main Croatian Crop and Livestock Markets—Partial Equilibrium Modelling Approach

The Latest Common Agricultural Policy reform intends to expand and strengthen environmental and social support and to liberalise the delivery model carried out through strategic planning. This paper aims to assess the potential impacts of the new CAP reform on the main agricultural markets in Croatia. The impact assessment is analysed using the AGMEMOD model where, in addition to the baseline scenario, three scenarios of potential changes are developed and compared to the baseline. Changes in market patterns (production, yield and net trade) at the end of the simulated period are compared with the baseline scenario results by 2030. The reduction in support levels to production, abolishment of voluntary coupled supports and introduction of additional environmental constraints have a significant impact on the main Croatian agricultural markets. Crop markets prov to be less dependent on subsidies, so that market pattern changes will not mean the loss of Croatia’s net export status for soft wheat, maize and soy beans, while barley no longer holds this status. Livestock sectors, especially beef and dairy, in addition to demonstrating a distinct lack of competitiveness even before the Croatian accession to the EU, additionally suffer significant production volume losses along with an increase in imports. Although significant, changes to the Croatian agricultural market are not dramatic enough to cause a complete production breakdown by 2030.

The Nature of the Future: Agriculture, Science, and Capitalism in the Antebellum North

The Nature of the Future: Agriculture, Science, and Capitalism in the Antebellum North

The Janus Face of Agricultural Policies, Kisans and Sethias: Local and Global

Indian agriculture is at a crossroads. We can plan out the phasing of reforms or force the pace and mess up the process. The Supreme Court had taken a practical stand on the Farm Trade Laws—implement them after consultation and with a well-defined framework spelt out. They had also appointed an expert amicus curiae. But this was not acceptable to the agitating farmer organisations in view of the stated views the experts had. It is possible that experts can re-examine their position as the Court said, but not highly probable. So going back to direct negotiations led to the stand the government has taken of holding the laws in abeyance for a year or a year-and-a-half. This will provide time for discussion of the details of agricultural reform which was needed since the laws were passed in a hurry on a single day. To begin with, it has to be understood that in a continental country one-size-fits-all will not work. The policy bind India is in is therefore a difficult one, even if the arguments are not ideologically anti-trade or those that lack policy interest. If a feasible alternate transitional policy set exists, a sensible approach would be to try to establish a roadmap of economic policies for, say a few major crops, and see if feasible alternatives exist.

Grassroots Leviathan: Agricultural Reform and the Rural North in the Slaveholding Republic, by Ariel Ron

Grassroots Leviathan: Agricultural Reform and the Rural North in the Slaveholding Republic, by Ariel Ron

Vegetation history of SE Sicily from feudal land management to post-war agricultural industrialization

A new marine pollen record from SE Sicily is presented. The pollen study was done at a sub-decadal resolution to assess the role and extent of human impact in driving regional environmental and land cover changes over the last four hundred years. The combination of palaeoecological evidence and historical documents provides a detailed report of the main ecological dynamics in relation to socio-economic events, past land use, and land management regulations in Sicily. Our palaeovegetational reconstruction reveals a remarkably stable landscape, preserved by traditional land use practices that have persisted through the long-lasting feudal history of Sicily. After centuries of human-induced environmental stability, an abrupt change in vegetation structure occurred around 1950 AD, reflecting the modern land use policies and agricultural reforms following the Second World War. This vegetational breakpoint in SE Sicily corresponds to a suggested date for the onset of the Anthropocene.

Socio-Economic development in Tehsil Alipur

According to modern concept of philosophy of history presented by the historian like Voltaire and Marx that history is the study of human progress. This progress might be observed in different region as per the availability of economic sources. Economic development is considered very important for socio-political stability of the country. This is a micro level study of a region which presents a picture for the state. Many economic developments can be seen during British era. The economy of the Tehsil depends upon agriculture which is based on riverine system. New British Government introduced many agricultural reforms and new methods of cultivation and irrigation, hence total production of land was increased. They introduced new sources of communication, transportation. They made new settlements through them Government revenue had increased. This Paper primarily deals to explore the condition of the economic development in the Tehsil Alipur from (1929 to 1971).

"Rusticall chymistry": Alchemy, saltpeter projects, and experimental fertilizers in seventeenth-century English agriculture.

As the primary ingredient in gunpowder, saltpeter was an extraordinarily important commodity in the early modern world. Historians of science and technology have long studied its military applications but have rarely focused on its uses outside of warfare. Due to its potential effectiveness as a fertilizer, saltpeter was also an integral component of experimental agricultural reform movements in the early modern period and particularly in seventeenth-century England. This became possible for several reasons: the creation of a thriving domestic saltpeter production industry in the second half of the sixteenth century; the development of vitalist alchemical theories that sought a unified explanation for the "growth" of minerals, metals, and plants; the rise of experimental natural philosophy; and the mid-seventeenth-century dominance of the English East India Company in the saltpeter trade, which allowed agricultural reformers to repurpose domestically produced saltpeter in agriculturally productive ways. This paper argues that the Hartlib Circle - a loose network of natural philosophers and social reformers - adopted vitalist matter theories and the practical, experimental techniques of alchemists to transform agriculture into a more productive enterprise. Though their grandiose plans never came to fruition, their experimental trials to develop artificial fertilizers played an early role in the origins and development of saline chemistry, agronomy, and the British Agricultural Revolution.

Youth Aspirations and Expectations of Economic Recovery of Jammu and Kashmir in India after Abrogation of Article 370

The paper intends to explore the perceptions of the youth regarding the economic recovery of Jammu and Kashmir in India after the abrogation of Article 370, and to draw the policy implications for the speedier economic recovery of conflict-ridden regions. The study has been confined to the Jammu region and focused on four selected districts of the Jammu region viz Jammu, Kathua, Rajouri, and Poonch. A cluster sampling technique has been used to select respondents from the selected districts. The study has been restricted to the educated youth of selected districts as they represent the hope for the future and they can better interpret economic recovery. The primary data has been collected through a questionnaire survey of the youth of selected districts. A total of 120 educated youth (graduates, postgraduates, research degree holders belonging to different religious groups viz. Hindus and Muslims: 40 each, and Christians and Sikhs: 20 each) have been selected based on their approximate proportional representation in the total population. Data has been analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. The paper reveals that economic recovery requires significant development of businesses and local economies. Young population is the heartbeat and energetic force for economic development. Therefore, their participation in economic recovery is vital to give right direction to the economy specifically since the revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir. The developmental aspirations of the youth focused on agriculture reforms, investment in manufacturing, transportation, health, education, infrastructure, banking, and transparency in all development planning and implementation. Youth education and training and self-employment including the development of tourism, horticulture and handicrafts sectors were prioritized for economic recovery post-abrogation of Article 370. Addressing persistently high unemployment rate in Jammu and Kashmir has been ranked as one of the top priority areas for economic recovery. There is a need to rejuvenate the sick industrial units for creating sustained employment opportunities for youth. Tourism, handicrafts and horticulture sectors should be developed to reduce poverty, promote exports and generate employment for the youth through substantial funding from the Central government and private sector.

Price Signal of Tilled Land in Rural China: An Empirically Oriented Transaction Costs Study Based on Contract Theory

Prices are effective signals of many market conditions, while underpricing of tilled land in rural China poses a dilemma to this common sense. Using n = 191 imputed contracts in rural China, this paper aims to investigate the role of ambiguous property rights in the context of agricultural reforms. Using rank statistics, several candidate variables in the transaction costs function fc(•) were identified, including BMI (Body Mass Index), Knowledge, Subtraction and Farming Experience. The results show clear evidence for underpricing to restrain competition under ambiguous property rights. More illuminatingly, non-parametric regression analysis specifies a well-founded transaction costs function: increasing Subtraction by one unit increases transaction costs by the equivalent of US$513.40, while a one-year increase of farming experience reduces transaction costs by US$116.20, ceteris paribus. It concludes that social costs behind underpricing are detrimental to China’s rural reform. This study contributes to economic theory, with important implications for policy makers. To encourage smooth transmission of price signals, it is important to consider farmer characteristics and develop professional farmers.

Analysis on the change of tourists' leisure agricultural tourism behavior and the influence of individual intrinsic characteristics

With the development of leisure agriculture and consumer behavior, more attention should be paid to consumer experience. Based on the data of 2004 and 2019, this paper makes a comparative analysis on the tourism behavior of leisure agricultural tourists in Xuzhou, studies the process of behavior change, and uses the Heckman two-step model to analyze the impact of tourists' internal characteristics on the consumption behavior of leisure agricultural tourists. The empirical results show that: in the past 15 years, there have been great changes in the way tourists collect information, and the Internet has become the main information collection tool; the evaluation criteria of tourists have basically not changed, but the satisfaction has improved significantly; the gender, age, occupation, education level and family structure of consumers have no significant impact on whether they choose leisure agricultural travel; the income level will have an impact on tourists' behavior Significant impact. The conclusions of the study are as follows: first, the use of Internet information channels to increase publicity; second, aiming at the internal characteristics of tourists, targeted customer precision marketing; third, to promote the supply side structural reform of leisure agriculture and promote the high-quality development of the industry.

PANDEMIC, GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS AND FOOD SECURITY OF THE COUNTRY

Agriculture is an important and organic part of the national economy of any country. Its role is great in ensuring the country's food security, improving the balance of payments and strengthening state independence. The state and proportions of development of other sectors of the national economy depend on the level and speed of development of agricultural production. This connection is reflected in both technical-technological and industrial-economic connections. At the same time, this connection is bilateral, with the increase of agricultural production, the structure and quality of food of the population improves, the volume of imported food decreases, which has a positive impact on reducing the balance of payments deficit and increasing the degree of independence of the country. Due to the important role of agriculture, the field received a lot of attention in the first years of the restoration of independence, which is confirmed by the agrarian policy developed and implemented during that period, whose primary task was to ensure the country's food security and strengthen food independence. In connection with the important role of agriculture in the first years of the restoration of independence of the region, much attention was paid, which is confirmed by the agricultural policy developed and implemented during this period, the main task of which was to ensure the country's food security and strengthen food independence. At the same time, it was a great challenge for a country with a devastated economy, followed by significant reforms in agriculture, restructuring of the sector and the creation of an appropriate legal framework, the integration of state regulation of the market economy and self-regulatory mechanisms. However, under the influence of a number of external and internal factors, it was not possible to fully implement the developed agrarian policy. Agriculture is still characterized by low productivity and, consequently, by a small share in the sectoral structure of the national economy. The country has serious problems in supplying and providing vital agricultural products such as wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, meat and poultry. The global pandemic and the resulting global economic crisis have put the issue of solving the country’s food security problem on the agenda. To this end, the revitalization of rural areas, social stability and balancing the level of migration from rural to urban areas should be a priority. Establishing food security is a complex task and is primarily the responsibility of the government. There is no universal mechanism for solving the global food security problem in the world today. This problem must be solved at the national level, as food security is considered to be a level of national food production that allows the principle of self-sufficiency of the population and state reserves with food to be implemented in accordance with scientifically substantiated norms. The current severe economic crisis in the country has further intensified the social background and demanded the strengthening of the stimulating and organizing function of the state. The issue of state regulation of the agricultural sector should be considered in close connection with the development of entrepreneurship and self-regulation of production at the micro level, and priority should be given to measures that maximize the adaptation of producers to market economic conditions, increase production efficiency and competitiveness, which will ultimately contribute to the saturation of the market with domestic products and state food security. It should also be noted that recent years and even more so the pandemic process, have once again confirmed the notions of omnipotence on the market mechanism. The market does not have a magic wand that will solve all the problems by itself and regulate the existing problems. The myth of the role of the "invisible hand" and the crisis itself is a thing of the past. The modern world community supports the social orientation of the economy, therefore "realizing the dangerous nature of social polarization", which can not be solved by bypassing state regulation and mechanisms.