Agricultural Productivity In India Research Articles

Assessing the Impact of Financial Inclusion on Agricultural Productivity in India

Assessing the Impact of Financial Inclusion on Agricultural Productivity in India

Impact of Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme on Grape Beneficiary Farmers

Agriculture in India is extremely vulnerable to incidence of extreme weather events which leads to agrarian distress. Farmers are sensitive to agricultural risks and, as a result require insurance. Climate variability and extreme weather events have become a great threat to agricultural production in India. The projected increase in droughts, floods, heat and cold waves, cyclones, extreme precipitation events will result in greater instability in food production. Grape fruit crop is extremely sensitive to climate change; year by year many farmers are indebted due to very meager yields. Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS) is one such scheme which was recent crop insurance launch by Government of India to mitigate the hardship of the insured farmers against the likelihood of financial loss on account of crop loss resulting from adverse weather conditions. Grape fruit crop was taken into consideration to assess the impact of the ‘RWBCIS’ on beneficiaries. The study was conducted in the year 2021-2022 in Nasik district of Maharashtra state. The sample consists of total 150 farmers, 75 beneficiary farmers and 75 non-beneficiary farmers of RWBCIS. With the help of tools like Crop diversification, Cropping intensity and Incremental cost benefit ratio an attempt is made to find out the impact of the RBWCIS on beneficiary farmers in comparison to non-beneficiary farmers. The results showed that there is no significant difference in crop diversification and cropping intensity between the two groups. Also, there is no noticeable difference between the creditworthiness of beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers of RWBCIS. Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio for beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries was more or less unity. There is no noticeable impact of RWBCIS on Grape beneficiary farmers.

Impact and Assessment of Climate Change on Agricultural Production in India: A Geographical Perspective

Climate change is an imminent global challenge that poses significant threats to our planet’s ecosystems, human societies, and overall well-being. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns (UN) 2023 has shown all too clearly that climate change is here, and human activities have been the main driver of climate change. At the core of climate change is Global Warming which has triggered the melting of glaciers, sea level rise, weather fluctuation, erratic rainfall, and an increase in temperature patterns over the next century is predicted. The main objectives of this research paper is to examine the various causes of climate change in India and what is the impact of climate change on agricultural production in different parts of the country. The entire study is based on secondary sources of data. The result of the study shows that agricultural sector, which is already having difficulties as a result of the growing need for food, is being negatively impacted by climate change. In India, agriculture is very important because it is the foundation of the country's economy and provides a living for most of the population. 17.4% of India's GDP, or its gross domestic product, is derived from agriculture (Economic Survey, 2015–16). Drought, heat waves, storms, flooding, delayed monsoons, and variations in seasonal temperatures are some of the elements that negatively affect agricultural operations, such as planting, tending, and harvesting crops like Zaid, Rabi, and Kharif. These factors affect India's agricultural productivity as well as livestock farming. The study also reveals that Climate change has resulted in altered cropping patterns and decreased output of crops such as sugarcane, ground nuts, and paddy in states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, Orissa, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar. Some Indian states, including Bihar, Maharashtra, and Kerala, have demonstrated climate variability by experiencing drought-like conditions in certain areas and flood-prone areas in others. Also, it results in the failure of crops, which drives farmers in some states to take their own lives due to crippling debt. On top of that, there is a risk to food security, a change in the quality of nutrition, a modification in pest and disease, but—above all—it is making life harder for the people having poor socio-economic status.

Impact of Agriculture Corporate Farm Increase Productivity Widespread Destructive Activity on Earth Democracy in India

Agricultural productivity in India can be improved by investing in agricultural research and development, improving irrigation infrastructure, promoting farm mechanization, and strengthening agricultural extension services. Agriculture is the foundation of the civilization, culture and heritage of India. It most commonly refers to corporations that are large-scale farms, market agricultural technologies in particular pesticides, fertilizers, and GMO's, have significant economic and political influence, or some combination of the three. The large-scale corporate agriculture is more efficient than peasant farming in the country. It leads to better allocative efficiency, induces higher private investment in agriculture, and results in higher output, income and exports. During 2021-22, in the countries total exports agricultural exports contributed of to the tune of US $ 50.2 billion with a 20% increase from US $ 41.3 billion in 2020-21. In FY 2023, it is projected that the Indian agriculture sector will grow at the rate 3.5%. Agriculture in India is a complex mosaic of distinct agro-ecosystems, differentiated by climatic, soil, vegetation and other natural features. About half of the Indians derive their livelihood from agriculture and allied activities. Technology and Research Corporate farming enterprises usually invest in research and development of new agricultural technologies, seeds, and farming practices. Farmers who are part of these systems can benefit from access to cutting-edge technology and knowledge that can improve productivity and efficiency. It is one of the oldest systems of the world characterized by its diversity and heterogeneity, unorganized and stressed on account of natural and anthropogenic vagaries from ‘seed to market’. Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, contributing to around 16.5% of India's GDP and employing over 50% of the workforce. The Indian agriculture market is valued at USD 435.9 billion as of 2022 and is expected to reach USD 580.82 billion by 2028, growing at a CAGR of around 4.9% between 2023 and 2028. Historically, stressed natural resources due to unfavourable weather, monsoon and natural calamities resulted in crop failures leading to food shortage that made serious impacts on the civilization. Post-Independence, the Indian agriculture transformed from a food-scarce to food-exporting country primarily due to science led innovations that caused multi-fold increase in the agricultural production from 135 million tons in 1950/51 to over 1300 million tons in 2021/22 in spite of increasing abiotic and biotic stresses and depleting along with deteriorating natural resources. Agriculture is one amongst the few sectors that made progressive growth after independence and marched well with the need of the country. Success in agriculture since Independence has been the backbone of India’s success.

Participation of Rural Women in Agricultural Production in India

Participation of Rural Women in Agricultural Production in India

Input subsidies, public investments and agricultural productivity in India

The fund allocation in agricultural sector in India is heavily tilted toward input subsidies provision; however, researchers seem to favor investment expenditure instead. The present paper seeks to compare the usefulness of input subsidies as compared to investment with regard to agricultural productivity so that policy makers hit the right tool and avoid less productive state expenditure. We investigated a total of four regression models using autoregressive and distributed lag cointegration in a time series framework covering period from 1983 to 2019. The first model considers all input subsidies in aggregate form, and the rest three models take input subsidies in disaggregate forms, namely fertilizer subsidy, irrigation subsidy and power subsidy, respectively. It is observed from the results that input subsidies still contribute more than what public investment does to agricultural productivity. It is also found that power subsidy is the most effective component of input subsidies followed by fertilizer subsidy. Hence, government expenditure on input subsidies is justified on the ground that it ensures all farmers to have access to affordable agricultural inputs. Targeted subsidies combined with adequate investment in agricultural infrastructure could deliver long-term agricultural development in India.

Agriculture export policy in India: 2010-2020-ies

The increase in exports of agricultural and food products from India to the world market gave an impetus to the author to study the measures of the country's agricultural export policy. The transition to an export-oriented development model announced at the end of the twentieth century led to the development of new approaches to foreign trade policy. Export promotion measures in the field of agriculture were prepared taking into account the peculiarities of agri-cultural production in India and were of a systematic nature. They included: political mecha-nisms, in particular the involvement of state governments; infrastructure and logistical support; economic stimulation of exports, including the creation of special export zones (agricultural clusters), attracting private investment in production and processing. Important attention was paid to the organization of the electronic National Agricultural Market (E-NAM), the digital platform of the Agri Exchange APEDA, the modernization of seaports intended for the export of agricultural goods. The result of the agrarian policy was two points – an increase in the growth rate of agricultural production and an increase in agricultural exports. The volume of exports of agricultural goods has more than tripled over the past decade and a half, and the export basket of these goods has significantly expanded. India has become the world's leading rice exporter, has become one of the world market leaders in exporting such non-traditional goods for the country as fish and aquaculture products, meat, milk and dairy products, and has also retained its traditional cotton and sugar markets.

Analysis of Old Trends in Indian Wine-Making and Need of Expert System in Wine-Making

Abstract: Agriculture provides a living for the vast majority of Indians, either directly or indirectly. Some have an immediate connection to farming, while others are involved in the commercialization of agricultural products. The poor rate of agricultural productivity in India can be attributed to a number of factors, including a lack of socioeconomic growth, illiteracy, ineffective funding for farm output, and a lack of facilities for the sales and marketing of agricultural goods. There has not yet been widespread adoption of contemporary agricultural technology and modern farm equipment in the agricultural sector. In India, several different varieties of fruit are grown for the purpose of being sold commercially. The grape is a fruit that is essential to the production of many types of wine. There is evidence that winemaking dates back thousands of years. The production of wine is a completely natural process that requires almost no human involvement. The process of manufacturing wine consists of five primary components or steps: harvesting, crushing and pressing the grapes, fermentation, clarifying, maturing and bottling the finished product. The production of wines of high quality utilizing the ingredients listed above has given rise to a number of distinct trends in winemaking. The purpose of this essay is to investigate many antiquated practices that were a part of the winemaking process in India and how they influenced wine production. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of both established practices and emerging tendencies in the winemaking business

Enhancing livelihoods in farming communities through super-resolution agromet advisories using advanced digital agriculture technologies

Agricultural production in India is highly vulnerable to climate change. Transformational change to farming systems is required to cope with this changing climate to maintain food security, and ensure farming to remain economically viable. The south Asian rice-fallow systems occupying 22.3 million ha with about 88% in India, mostly (82%) concentrated in the eastern states, are under threat. These systems currently provide economic and food security for about 11 million people, but only achieve 50% of their yield potential. Improvement in productivity is possible through efficient utilization of these fallow lands. The relatively low production occurs because of sub-optimal water and nutrient management strategies. HHaJathrough Historically, the Agro-met advisory service has assisted farmers and disseminated information at a district-level for all the states. In some instances, Agro-met delivers advice at the block level also, but in general, farmers use to follow the district level advice and develop an appropriate management plan like land preparation, sowing, irrigation timing, harvesting etc. The advisories are generated through the District Agrometeorology Unit (DAMU) and Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) network, that consider medium-range weather forecast. Unfortunately, these forecasts advisories are general and broad in nature for a given district and do not scale down to the individual field or farm. Farmers must make complex crop management decisions with limited or generalised information. The lack of fine scale information creates uncertainty for farmers, who then develop risk-averse management strategies that reduce productivity. It is unrealistic to expect the Agro-met advisory service to deliver bespoke information to every farmer and to every field simply with the help of Kilometre-scale weather forecast. New technologies must be embraced to address the emerging crises in food security and economic prosperity. Despite these problems, Agro-met has been successful. New digital technologies have emerged though, and these digital technologies should become part of the Agro-met arsenal to deliver valuable information directly to the farmers at the field scale. The Agro-met service is poised to embrace and deliver new interventions through technology cross-sections such as satellite remote sensing, drone-based survey, mobile based data collection systems, IoT based sensors, using insights derived from a hybridisation of crop and AIML (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning) models. These technological advancements will generate fine-scale static and dynamic Agro-met information on cultivated lands, that can be delivered through Application Programming Interface (APIs) and farmers facing applications. We believe investment in this technology, that delivers information directly to the farmers, can reverse the yield gap, and address the negative impacts of a changing climate.

WTO SPS협정상 지역화에 관한 연구

The World Trade Organization (hereinafter, WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (hereinafter, SPS Agreement) is the first multilateral agreement which elaborates on the principles of Article XX(b) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994. The SPS Agreement aims to protect human, animal or plant life or health, and prevent those SPS measures from discriminating arbitrarily between the WTO members.
 Especially, it is important to understand the Adaptation to Regional Conditions (hereinafter, Regionalization) of Article 6 under the SPS Agreement, as WTO Appellate Body in the Russia-Pigs Dispute examined the implementation aspects of Article 6.2 under the SPS Agreement. The Appellate Body reversed its previous rulings on Article 6.2 in the India-Agricultural Products Dispute, the US-Animals Dispute, and the Russia-Pigs Dispute, and highlighted the implementation aspects of the 'Regionalization Procedure', for the first time. In addition, the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in the US-Animals Dispute and the Russia-Pigs Dispute pinpointed the relationship between the 'Import Approval Procedure' under Article 8 and Annex C, and the 'Regionalization Procedure' under the Article 6 of the SPS Agreement. Thus, this research focuses on the WTO Adjudications on Regionalization of Article 6, and its extended interpretations to the 'Import Approval Procedure' of Article 8 and Annex C of the SPS Agreement. It continues to study on the Regionalization provisions within the United States, European Union, and the Republic of Korea. Also, it analyzes and compares on the legal obligations of Regionalization provisions under the preferential trade agreements, such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (hereinafter, CPTPP), the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (hereinafter, RCEP), and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (hereinafter, USMCA). It mainly compares CPTPP and RCEP, or CPTPP and USMCA. The main purpose of this analysis is to comprehend the contents and the level of legal obligations of CPTPP, and find legal improvements for the domestic regulations of the Republic of Korea after its accession to CPTPP. In the same vein, this research emphasizes on the significance of the WTO Adjudications and its implications to be reflected on the domestic regulations.
 The Republic of Korea needs to organize a systematic framework for dealing with the Regionalization requests from foreign governments, and establish an official position who specializes in the 'Regionalization Procedure'. This research will provide implications for the improvement of the legal and administrative framework of the Republic of Korea.

Addressing the effect of meteorological factors and agricultural subsidy on agricultural productivity in India: a roadmap toward environmental sustainability.

In the last two decades, the extensive literature that has measured agricultural productivity and growth rate remains controversial and provides few strategies about its main determinants. The present study aims to find out the key determinants of food grain yield (FGY) and examine the role of climate change and agricultural subsidy (SUB) in the context of India using annually data spanning from 1991 to 2018. The current study applied the ARDL modelling to investigate the impacts of climatic factors (average rainfall (RF), mean temperature (AT), and carbon emission (CO2) and agricultural subsidy (SUB) on food grain yield (FGY) in the short-and long-term in India. The estimated outcomes indicate that climatic factors such as RF have a positive impact while AT and CO2 have a negative effect on FGY. Similarly, non-climate variables such as gross capital formation (GCF) and fertilizer usage (FERT) positively contributed to FGY, while the area under crop (LUC), SUB, and employment (AL) negatively affected FGY in India. The results from Granger causality divulge that climatic and non-climatic elements are the main determinants of food grain yield, which have been playing play a significant role in enhancing food grain production and ensuring food security in India. Based on empirical outcomes and findings, some key policy implications emerged. Precisely, government and policy developers should focus on technological innovation and precision agriculture to increase agriculture production and productivity. Government should create funds to curb the climate change problem and promote eco-friendly renewable energy.

SPS협정 제6조의 해석

Purpose - The purpose of this study is, in case of an outbreak of pest or disease in areas within Members territories, to identify the requirements and procedures for legitimate import regulation according to sanitary or phytosanitary characteristics of a region, including the concept of a pest- or disease-free areas and a low pest or disease prevalence, through the interpretation of Article 6 of the SPS Agreement. Design/Methodology/Approach - This study analyzed the Panel and the Appellate Body reports on three dispute cases related to Article 6 of the SPS Agreement(India Agricultural Products case, US Animal case and Russia Pig case). Findings - The most important obligation in the interpretation of Article 6 of the SPS Agreement is to ensure that Members adapt their SPS measures to the SPS characteristics of the area from which the product originated and to which the product is destined, and the remainder of this Article sets out in detail the obligations of such Member States. and prescribes the respective obligations applicable to the relevant importing and exporting Members. Research Implications - Article 6 of the SPS Agreement requires that WTO members take appropriate measures according to the regional characteristics of the area of origin and destination, rather than prohibiting the import of product related to outbreak of pest or disease in areas within Members territories.

Trends in Export of Major Agricultural Commodities and Products from India

India's agricultural products export touched $ 50 billion for the financial year FY22, the highest level ever achieved. Basmati and Non-basmati rice are major exports and doubled during 2010-20 compared to 2000-2010. Export value of basmati and non-basmati rice were about Rs. 32,000 crores and Rs. 23,000 crores respectively during 2019-20. Exports of processed vegetables, fruits, nuts and fresh grapes are growing nearly 3 times during 2010-2020 (Rs.500 crores each) compared to 2000-2010 (around Rs. 3,000 crores each). Exports of cucumbers, gherkins, jaggery and confectionary items are growing at a faster rate in the recent decade (Rs.400 crores during 2005-06 to Rs. 1600 crores during 2019-20). Export basket of agricultural commodities is highly diversified (Herfindahl Index: 0.09 – 0.26) and non-conventional exports like processed vegetables, fruits and vegetables are increasing in faster rate. Hence, policy support to the non-conventional and high value exports as well as small and new exporters has to be continued. Aggregation of small exports and Farmers Producers Companies will directly benefit the farmers.

Review of Machine Learning Techniques for Crop Recommendation System

Abstract: The Indian population is highly dependent on agriculture for vegetables, fruits, grains, natural textile fibres like cotton, jute, and many more. Also, the agricultural sector plays a vital role in the economic growth of the country. The agriculture sector is contributing around 19.9 percent since 2020-2021. As a result, agricultural production in India has a significant impact on employment. The soil in India has been in use for thousands of years, resulting in depletion and exhaustion of nutrients and minerals, which leads to a reduction of crop yield. Also, there is a lack of modern applications, which causes a need for precision agriculture. Precision Agriculture, also known as Satellite farming is a series of strategies and tools to manage farms based on observing, measuring, and responding to crop variability both within and between fields. One of the main applications of precision agriculture is the recommendation of accurate crops. It helps in increasing crop yield and gaining profits. This paper aims to review and analyse the implementation and performance of various methodologies on crop recommendation systems. Keywords: Machine Learning, Precision Agriculture, Crop Recommendation System, Classification.

A Novel Approach of Ensembling the Transfer Learning Methods for Rice Plant Disease Detection and Classification

Agriculture, the primary sector of Indian economy. It contributes around 18 percent of overall GDP (Gross Domestic Product). More than fifty percent of Indians belong to an agricultural background. There is a necessary to rapidly increase the agriculture production in India due to the vast increasing of population. The significant crop type for most of the people in India is rice but it was one of the crops that has been mostly affected by the cause of diseases in majority of the cases. This results in reduced yield that lead to loss for farmers. The major challenges faced while cultivating the rice crops is getting infected by the diseases due to the various effects that include environmental conditions, pesticides used and natural disasters. Early detection of rice diseases will eventually help farmers to get out from disasters and help in better yield. In this paper, we are proposing a new method of ensembling the transfer learning models to detect the rice plant and classify the diseases using images. Using this model, the three most common rice crop diseases are detected such as Brown spot, Leaf smut and Bacterial leaf blight. Generally, transfer learning uses pre-trained models and gives better accuracy for the image datasets. Also, ensembling of machine learning algorithms (combining two or more ML algorithms) will help in reducing the generalization error and also makes the model more robust. Ensemble learning is becoming trendier as it reduces generalization error as well as makes the model more robust. The ensembling technique that was used in the paper is majority voting. Here we are proposing a novel model that ensembles three transfer learning models which are InceptionV3, MobileNetV2 and DenseNet121 with an accuracy of 96.42%.

E-NAM – Digital Agricultural Market: Challenges and Opportunities in India

Agriculture is one of the most crucial sectors of the Indian economy. Growth and development of agriculture and allied sectors directly affect the well-being of people at large, rural prosperity, and employment opportunities, and theyit forms an important resource base for many agricultural- based industries. Following independence, agricultural production in India has improved significantly. But there is a deficiency in the agricultural marketing framework in India. The system of agricultural marketing in India has a long path-way between the producer and the ultimate consumer of agricultural produce (Gopal Naik et al. 2002:,Basu 2020). To shorten this path, the government of India broughtings digitalization in agricultural marketing in April 2016 through E-NAM (Electronic- National Agriculture Market) to bring the marketing of agricultural commodities to a digital form. All this requires a great revolution in agricultural extension services for different stakeholders. The current study evaluates the various challenges and opportunities in India through E-NAM for different stakeholders. The current study is descriptive and based on secondary data collected from websites, newspapers and journals.

The impact of groundwater depletion on agricultural production in India

India relies on groundwater irrigation to produce staple grain crops that provide over half of the calories consumed by its over 1.3 billion people. While groundwater has helped India achieve grain self-sufficiency, aquifers have been overexploited across much of the country and its implications for crop production are unclear. To understand how groundwater depletion affects staple grain (wheat, rice, maize, pearl millet, and sorghum) production in India, we ran district-level panel regressions using agricultural census, groundwater observation, and gridded weather datasets over a ten-year study period (2004–2013). We find that nationally, declining groundwater levels are associated with significant reductions in yield, cropped area, and production for wheat, rice, and maize in the winter season. Despite the negative impacts of groundwater depletion on crop production, we find little evidence that farmers are switching from planting more water-intensive to less water-intensive grains. Using profit-based decision modeling, we further investigated the effects of agricultural energy prices on crop choice in the monsoon season across Haryana and Punjab, which are responsible for over 60% of India’s grain production, have high electricity subsidies, and have rapidly depleting water tables. We find that eliminating energy subsidies for groundwater pumping would likely not encourage farmers to switch to planting less water-intensive crops, though sensitivity analyses suggest that it could encourage the adoption of increased water conservation efforts. In summary, our analyses reveal a discernable impact of groundwater depletion on crop production in India and suggest that reducing or removing energy subsidies may largely affect water use but not crop choice.

Agricultural credit and agricultural productivity across Indian states: An analysis

The study analyses the relationship between formal agricultural credit and agricultural productivity in India. Secondary data have been collected from various sources for the selected states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal for the time period 1990–1991 to 2017–2018. Fixed effect model is used to perform the state‐level panel data analysis to establish the relationship between the agricultural credit and agricultural productivity. In addition to this, the study also focuses on analysing the effectiveness of Doubling of agricultural credit policy. The findings from the analysis show that direct agricultural credit and doubling of agricultural credit policy has a positive impact on productivity, whereas the indirect credit has a significant negative impact on productivity. In order to increase agricultural productivity, policies should focus on providing direct credit at a larger scale.

New strategy for accelerated agricultural production in India

Agriculture has been receiving due importance Plan after Plan. Unfortunately schemes under these plans were not evaluated for decades. Emphasis was given on subsidies. In many cases there was duplication of efforts. No effort was ever made to bring about convergence and efficient utilization of resources. Emphasis should have been laid on cost effectiveness of measures and multiplicity of schemes at national, state and district level dealing with similar areas of focus be avoided. There is need to initiate Accelerated Agriculture Programme (AAP) under which states would be required to submit specific area-based programmes. The consolidation of small agricultural holdings through formation of cooperative societies was required. ICAR will provide high yielding breeder and certified seed; NCDC should act as a financial institution; horticulture wing of the department should be abolished; accelerated irrigation programme be introduced. Industries and organizations consuming large volumes of water should set up desalination plants. At the same time schemes/proposals received from state governments under AAP may be considered/approved by an empowered committee. There is also an urgent need to reduce the administrative cost by rationalising the administrative system.

Artificial intelligence enabled plant emotion xpresser in the development hydroponics system

In this paper the development of scalable Hydroponics monitoring systems is presented. Hydroponics, a system of growing crops without soil, has been successfully used to grow crops on a commercial scale. Hydroponics has the potential to fill the gap of low agricultural production in India due to its high efficiency while serving as an environmentally friendly alternative to soil culture. This method of farming has benefitted from new technologies like IoT and machine learning that make it possible to integrate intelligent agents in the management of hydroponic systems as well as collecting live data. These technologies allow for increased automation and refined control of hydroponic systems. In this paper the development and execution of a hydroponic structure equipped with intelligent agents for internet enabled monitoring, data collection and storage. Problem FormulationNowadays, as the population is growing widely it becomes difficult for the cultivation of plants in the land. There are different types of soil present on the earth, it is not possible to cultivate all types of plants everywhere. Due to scarcity of water, it becomes difficult for the farmers to cultivate the plant in the soil. In conventional methods, farmers need to monitor the plants frequently for the good yield. The effects of global warming, and the plants are affected with UV rays. For this reason, it is more difficult to plant in an uncontrolled environment. To overcome all the above problems, we implement the cultivation of plants in water without soil.