Intellectual Property Rights In Agriculture Research Articles

Intellectual Property Rights in Agriculture: Plant Variety Protection and Food Security

This research explores the complex relationship between Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in agriculture, focusing on plant variety protection and food security. In this context, protecting plant varieties becomes key to enhancing agricultural productivity, addressing climate change challenges, and ensuring the sustainability of the food supply. Implementing intellectual property rights in agriculture also directly impacts the welfare of farmers and other stakeholders in the agricultural sector. Methodologically, this research adopts a normative approach, using various data sources and relevant analyses within the legislative framework. The research also elucidates the crucial role of institutions tasked with implementing plant variety protection measures within a broader IPR framework. The research findings indicate challenges and opportunities inherent in implementing plant variety protection measures, including legal and policy barriers, and opportunities for policy innovation and collaboration among government stakeholders, industry, and society. In conclusion, this research offers valuable insights into the complex dynamics between Intellectual Property Rights in agriculture, particularly plant variety protection, and food security. Furthermore, policy recommendations are proposed to strengthen regulatory frameworks for plant variety protection, enhance access to agricultural technology, and promote multi-stakeholder collaboration. Considering the complexity of the relationship between various aspects of IPR, plant variety protection, and food security, further research can explore innovative solutions to overcome existing barriers and capitalize on emerging opportunities. This may involve a more detailed analysis of existing legal and policy frameworks and exploring the practical implications of the policy recommendations outlined in the abstract in ensuring the sustainability of agricultural systems and food security in the future.

Do geographical indications of agricultural products promote county-level economic growth?

PurposeIntellectual property right constitutes play a forceful role to promote economic growth and create a fortune. However, it is not yet clear to what extent the agricultural intellectual property rights represented by geographical indications of agricultural products (AGIs) can affect the development of regional economy. The purpose of this paper is to analyze this impact and its mechanism as well as to draw policy implications from this empirical analysis.Design/methodology/approachUsing county-level panel data from 2006 to 2020, this paper employed the difference-in-differences (DID) model.FindingsThe authors find that AGIs can significantly improve economic development at the county level. The AGIs can stimulate the flow of commercial and industrial capital to the countryside, thus fueling county-level economic development. Unlike AGIs for cereals and cash crops, AGIs for aquatic products and animal products cannot influence or have a negative impact on county-level economic. Compared with Eastern regions, the acquisition of AGIs in Western regions can more significantly boost county-level economic development. Therefore, AGIs can pronouncedly narrow down the gap of cross-county economic growth.Originality/valueConclusions of this paper can provide references for building the county-level countryside into a main ground of agricultural economic development and brand construction, continuously promoting the agricultural supply-front structural reform and boosting realization of all-around rural revitalization.

Intellectual Property Rights and Agricultural Development: Evidence from a Worldwide Index of IPRs in Agriculture (1961-2018)

This paper revises and updates the Campi-Nuvolari index of intellectual property protection for plant varieties. The new index provides yearly scores for the period 1961–2018 for 104 countries, which have legislation on plant variety protection in force. The new evidence highlights the ongoing shift towards more similar and stronger systems of intellectual property rights (IPRs) worldwide, regardless of individual characteristics of countries. The signing of the TRIPS and trade agreements with TRIPS-Plus provisions are major drivers of this process. In addition, certain characteristics of countries such as the regulatory environment, the level of human capital, the importance of agricultural production, and openness to trade, are also significant determinants of the evolution of IPRs systems. We conclude by discussing other possible applications of the data.

Rural Revitalization Strategy and Intellectual Precision Poverty Alleviation Based on Agricultural Intellectual Property Rights: Taking Yichang City in the Wuling Mountain Area as an Example

Rural revitalization strategy, precise poverty alleviation and priority poverty alleviation in the destitute areas, are the three important new problems in the “three rural” work and rural poverty alleviation in recent years in China. Wufeng tujia autonomous county, Changyang tujia autonomous county, Zigui county in Yichang city, are located in the “main battlefield” of the national poverty alleviation — the Wuling mountain area. This paper introduces the agricultural intellectual property rights of the three counties' patents related to agriculture, trademarks, geographical indications, agricultural biological genetic resources, traditional knowledge, and new plant varieties. Based on the perspective of traditional knowledge, the paper analyzes the rural revitalization strategy and intellectual precision poverty alleviation, and puts forward ten suggestions.

Study on the Intellectual Property Protection and Cultural Heritage Inheritance of the Borderland-selling Tea Jingyang Fu Brick Tea

The borderland-selling tea, mainly dark tea and brick tea, is a kind of special commodity of the ethnic minority in China. The famous historical tea, Jingyang Fu brick tea, is a kind of competitive borderland-selling tea on the Ancient Tea Route, the main cargo for export on the Ancient Silk Road. This paper introduces the general situation of the borderland-selling tea, and analyzes the agricultural intellectual property rights of the tea, based on geographical indications, agricultural biological genetic resources, traditional knowledge, trademark rights, patent rights and new varieties of plant. This paper discusses the countermeasures of traditional tea culture inheritance and innovation development from the aspects of intellectual property protection, transmission of traditional knowledge, innovation of agricultural science and technology, cultural inheritance of the Ancient Tea Route, “Along the way” strategy. The corresponding recommendations are put.

Intellectual Precision Poverty Alleviation Based on Agricultural Intellectual Property Rights in Lichuan City in the Wuling Mountain Area

Priority poverty alleviation in the destitute areas and precise poverty alleviation, are the two important new problems in rural poverty alleviation and the “three rural” work in recent years in China. Lichuan city has 50 national poverty villages, is located in the “main battlefield” of the national poverty alleviation—the Wuling mountain area. This paper introduces the agricultural intellectual property rights of the city's geographical indications, agricultural biological genetic resources, traditional knowledge, trademarks, patents related to agriculture and new plant varieties, analyzes the strategies of agricultural intellectual property protection and intelligent precision poverty alleviation under the rural revitalization strategy, and puts forward some suggestions.

Research Trends and Prospects of Agricultural Intellectual Property Rights in Japan

Research Trends and Prospects of Agricultural Intellectual Property Rights in Japan

Nanotechnology applications and intellectual property rights in agriculture

Nanotechnology research uses specific properties of materials at the nanoscale to develop improved materials, devices, systems and therapeutics. There is a risk of overlapping patent claims and lack of distinction between nano-based and traditional patents due to the interdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology. There is an increasing trend of granted patents. The World Intellectual Property Organization and World Health Organization, regulatory and policy bodies, are working to make a comprehensive property right regulation for nanotechnology products. The USA, the leader of nanotechnology products, has made guidelines to make patent search easier for nano-based products. The European Patent Office has also created a new classification for nano-based inventions. Here we review the status of intellectual property rights protection of nanomaterial, environmental implications and application of nanotechnology in agriculture.

Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade of Agricultural Products

The signing of the agreement on Trade-Related Aspects on Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) had led to a process of global harmonization and tightening of intellectual property rights (IPRs) systems. As part of this process, the use of IPRs in agriculture has been increasing in the last decades. This paper studies the effect of intellectual property rights on agricultural trade, for the post-TRIPS period (1995–2011), using a new yearly index of IPRs, for 60 developed and developing countries. We study the effect of stronger IPRs on total trade, bilateral trade, and trade margins using different econometric techniques. We found that the strengthening of IPRs has been having a negative and uneven effect on agricultural trade at different levels of disaggregation. The gravity estimation showed that both the IPRs of the importer and the exporter have negative effects on total bilateral trade and that the probability of creating new bilateral trade links increases with the importer’s IPRs. Finally, we found that stronger IPRs have a negative effect on the intensive margin of trade and a positive impact on the extensive margin. Overall, the evidence shows that agricultural trade related to the developing world has been more negatively affected, which calls the attention to the idea that a common system can equally work for all countries.

Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy in Agriculture, Biotechnology and Genetic Resources

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive background and overview of key issues, debates and positions related to the international regulation and application of intellectual property rights over agriculture, genetic resources, including biotechnology and the use of IPR's as plant and intellectual property protection. It explores the linkages among biological diversity, biotechnology developments and intellectual property with specific view on the relationship between access to biological and genetic resources, agriculture systems and increased poverty levels in India. This paper examines the significance of intellectual property rights in agricultural innovations, genetic resources and biotechnology and the possibilities for the protection through the context of the TRIPS and the WTO agreement on Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. With the growth of private investment in developing country, agriculture, genetic resources, new advances in the biotechnology, and rapid integration of developing countries into the global trading system, intellectual property rights (IPRs) have become an important concern in the agricultural sector. The paper focuses specifically on the case of India and other developing countries, implementing IPRs in agriculture and Biotechnology. Findings indicate that yields grew significantly during the last two decades due to the combination of public investment in hybrid breeding programs that generated new materials offering substantial yield gains, and biological IPRs conferred by hybridization that conveniently need for substantial productivity growth in agriculture.

The Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement and Agriculture in South Asia

One of the main objectives of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is to facilitate world’s trade and production. It enforces legally binding multilateral agreements on trade in goods, services and trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. The Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement was implemented to regulate standards of Intellectual Property (IP) regulations in WTO member countries. Being a member of the WTO and a signatory to the TRIPs Agreement, it was compulsory for Sri Lanka and five other South Asian countries (Bangladesh, Nepal, the Maldives, India and Pakistan) to formulate its IP regulations to comply with the TRIPs Agreement. According to the agreement, by 2006 India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, and by 2013 Bangladesh and Nepal have to provide legal protection to plant varieties and farmers’ traditional knowledge via patents or by an effective sui generis system or by both. All of the above six countries have during the past 15 years implemented or drafted several acts to comply with the TRIPs Agreement. Sri Lanka has passed the Intellectual Property Rights Act No. 36 of 2003 to comply with the TRIPs Agreement. However, this Act does not provide protection for plant varieties and farmers’ traditional knowledge as it does not allow patenting of plants. Due to several reasons such as lack of demand from civil society, a poor legal system, lack of properly established institutional system, etc,. Sri Lanka was unable to build an effective intellectual property rights regime complying with the agreement, especially for the agricultural sector. Further, due to a delay in establishing rules and regulations to comply with the agreement, the Sri Lankan agricultural sector faces several difficulties in international trade and it has also lost a number of opportunities to use its own plant varieties for the benefit of future generations. The article suggests several techniques and methods that could be followed in implementing intellectual property rights in agriculture in order to promote investments and accelerate trade especially in Sri Lanka. And also it suggests the importance of having a regional centre to manage intellectual property rights effectively among South Asian countries.

How agricultural biotechnology scientists perceive intellectual property rights (IPRs) and their implications: insights from developing Asia

This paper presents the results of a web-survey of scientists and researchers from India, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam, conducted to measure their awareness, attitudes and perspectives towards the new intellectual property rights (IPRs) paradigm in agriculture. Results indicate that respondents are aware on IPR and its features and have openness in answering IPR-related questions despite the current ambiguity and debate surrounding IPRs in public sector research. They also understand global policy trends and some of the risk factors involved. However, they need to have more exposure to, and training on, the use of the different IPR instruments. Interestingly, respondents disclosed that even with expanding IPR in agriculture, they did not have problems accessing new biological materials and genetic resources from local and international research centres. Results can serve as important reference for institutions implementing IP capability programmes for better appreciation of the importance of IPR for public research institutions.

Intellectual Property Rights in Agriculture and the Interests of Asian‐Pacific Economies

This paper describes recent and ongoing processes of technological change in agriculture, which has become a highly R&D‐intensive sector in many countries of the Asia‐Pacific region. It also considers the role of various forms of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in promoting such technological changes and in affecting their diffusion through the region. A central part of the discussion is a review of how these various IPRs operate and are protected in major economies of the region. There is an assessment of the economic interests of key countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, China, Japan and the Republic of Korea, in global and regional policy evolution in agricultural IPRs. These interests are a mix of comparative advantage in farming, which is quite distinctive among these countries, and the technological basis of production, which is more convergent. A review of available measures of innovation in the region suggests that all of these economies are active in developing new agricultural technologies, although there is considerable specialisation in the types of processes developed. Given this mix of divergence in comparative costs and convergence in technology interests, it is difficult to describe sharply the preferences these economies may have in continued globalisation of agricultural IPRs. However, the analysis points to some areas in which countries may continue to specialise – thereby retaining the ability to remain in specific areas of farming – and other fields in which international collaboration may be sensible.

The Economics of Intellectual Property Rights: Discussion

American Journal of Agricultural EconomicsVolume 79, Issue 5 p. 1592-1594 Principal Paper Session The Economics of Intellectual Property Rights: Discussion Murray Fulton, Murray Fulton director and professor Centre for the Study of Co-operatives; Agricultural Economics, University of SaskatchewanSearch for more papers by this author Murray Fulton, Murray Fulton director and professor Centre for the Study of Co-operatives; Agricultural Economics, University of SaskatchewanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 December 1997 https://doi.org/10.2307/1244386Citations: 7AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume79, Issue5December 1997Pages 1592-1594 RelatedInformation

Intellectual Property Rights and the Welfare Effects of Agricultural R…D

AbstractWe review intellectual property rights in agriculture and outline a modeling framework that accounts for relevant institutional features of agricultural R…D. The analysis emphasizes vertical market linkages whereby agricultural innovations adopted by farmers are produced upstream by input suppliers. It is argued that the conventional assumption of competitive pricing cannot hold when new technologies are produced by private firms because such innovations are typically protected by intellectual property rights (such as patents) that confer (limited) monopoly rights to discoverers. The implications of intellectual property rights for the welfare evaluation of agricultural R…D are derived, and it is shown that conventional methods usually overestimate the welfare gains from agricultural innovations.