Agricultural Food Research Articles

The Role of Gender in Agricultural Development and Food Security: The Case of Halaba and Gedeo Areas of Southern Ethiopia

Although the role of gender play a great role in the livelihoods of greater portion of rural households in the study area, the participations level on the activities of the agricultural production is little focused. This study, therefore was designed to assess gender participation and integration constraints in Gedeo and Alaba Zones in southern Ethiopia. The study was designed in cross sectional design. The data were collected in two zones, 3 woredas, and 8 rural kebeles. Samples who randomly selected were 86 men and 69 women farmers a total 155 farmers were selected so as to collect the required data through triangulation of different tools, which are key informants interview, focus group discussion and household survey and the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, participation index scoring and ordered logit analysis. Based on the data analysis result frequency of men and women participation in selected agricultural practices were computed. There were six gender participation factors evaluated in descriptive statistical tools, based on the respondents, 118(76.2%) respondents believed that community norm can affect the participation of gender in agricultural practice and 1(0.6%) respondent believed that cultural norms couldn’t affected by community norm. The average task share of the household is 30%, 15%, 43% and 12% for men, boy, women and girl, respectively. Women and men performed larger share of the gender role in rural household as compared to boys and girls. The reproductive work of women in the household covered 67% of the total household care work. Generally the gender participation index was 73.8 which indicated that the gender participate on all agricultural activities but concerning to women it needs effort to amend the factors affecting women participation. Even though the gender role of boys and girls in selected agricultural commodities is very low, they were highly engaged in their academic persuasions in school and at home. According this statistical result household members spent agricultural labor hour in differently, as converted this labor share in to daily labor hours indicated that women, men, boys, and girls are spending 10, 7, 4 and 3 hours per day on average, respectively. Results obtained from the ordered logit model indicated that institutions, awareness level, opportunities to agricultural extension, credit access, education level and land size showed positive significant relationship with their gender participation in farming activities Women are just as efficient agricultural producers as men and can achieve similar yields when given access to resources, including training and services. Therefore, increasing the opportunities for women and youths can have a powerful impact on productivity and agricultural-led growth and are recommended for better rural development.

Toward Damage-Less Robotic Fragile Fruit Grasping: A Closed-Loop Force Control Method for Pneumatic-Driven Soft Gripper.

Fragile fruit uploading and packaging are labor-intensive and time-consuming steps in postharvest industry. With the aging of the global population, it is supposed to develop robotic grasping systems to replace manual labor. However, damage-less grasping of fragile fruit is the key problem in robotization. Inappropriate grasping force will result in damage, early-stage bruise, or slip. Benefits from the advantages of softness and compliance of a pneumatic-driven soft gripper have been widely adopted for agricultural product and food manipulation. Nevertheless, pneumatic gripper is a complex, multivariable, nonlinear, and long time-delay control system, which is difficult to achieve robust closed-loop grasping force control. In this study, we aim to solve this problem and developed a robotic grasping force control system with pneumatic gripper and matrix force sensor. The force distribution condition was explored to tackle the problem in changing of the main contact point. A double closed-loop control method was proposed based on Kalman filter (KF) and proportion integration differentiation controller with dead band. The external and internal control loops were force controller and air pressure of the pump controller, respectively. The double closed-loop controller with dead band achieved robust grasping force control through air pressure. The experimental results validated the effectiveness of the KF method for denoising and the matrix force visualization method for exploring grasping mechanism. Ablation studies were carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the multiple grasping force sensing units in matrix form and the dead band in the controller. The maximum steady-state error was 0.07 N. In addition, the generalization performance and the antidisturbance ability of the grasping force control system was also validated. In summary, the problem in closed-loop control of the grasping force for pneumatic gripper has been solved in our study, and the method in this research is potential to be deployed in fruit postharvest industry.

Nanotechnology for sustainability of agriculture and environment: Green synthesis and application of nanoparticles – A review

Moreover, with the continuous population increase worldwide, there is more demand of food and other daily necessities, which require double agriculture production to provide adequate food for humanity from the same available natural resources. Therefore, looking for new techniques to combat various challenges is instantly needed to sustain crop production and provide enough food for humanity. The use of nano-technology in agriculture field represents an important tool for consistent production of agriculture crops and assists farmers with new practice management systems such as precision agriculture systems, the aim of which is to increase productivity and reduce expenses. Nanotechnology plays an important role in altering agriculture food production. The particles ranging from 1 to 100 nm are accounted as nanoparticles, which usually have high surface energy, big surface area and quantum quarantine. Most notably, nanoparticles increase crop yield by increasing the effectiveness of agricultural inputs to enable site-targeted, controlled nutrient delivery, assuring the least amounts of agro-inputs needed. Additionally, the main aim in agricultural production is to facilitate plants' faster adaptation to the increasingly severe climate change factors, such as high temperatures, low water availability, salinity, alkalinity and environmental pollution with heavy metals, without jeopardizing the delicate ecosystems that are currently in place. This review illustrates the effect of numerous nanoparticles on diverse plants of many concentrations, sizes and shapes. The molecular and genetic response to NPs, their method of action and their interactions with biomolecules should be the main areas of study in the future.

Performance of Agricultural Extension Workers in Pemalang District, Central Java, Indonesia

Agricultural extension plays an important role in the development of food agriculture, especially in efforts to increase production. This study describes the performance of agricultural extension in Pemalang Regency, Central Java on internal factors and available infrastructure. The analysis method used is a mixed method, which is a combination of descriptive statistics and simple triangulation. In Pemalang Regency, the overall performance of extension workers is 62.7% included in the sufficient category. The availability of facilities and infrastructure has no significant effect on the performance of extension workers. The results of multiple linear regression analysis found that the variables of education and the number of assisted farmers had a significant effect on the performance of extension workers, while the variables of age, working period, and regional distance did not have a significant effect on the performance of extension workers.

Performance of the Trade Service Regarding Supervision of Subsidized Fertilizer Distribution in Balikpapan City

This study aims to evaluate the Performance of the Balikpapan City Trade Office in supervising the distribution of subsidized fertilizers, which is an important element in supporting the agricultural sector and food security. Subsidized fertilizers play a role in providing access to farmers to obtain fertilizers at affordable prices, but challenges such as uncertainty of supply and uneven distribution are still problems. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection through documentation and interviews. The results of the study indicate that the trade office has implemented integrated and comprehensive supervision standards, including planning, implementation, and monitoring of fertilizer distribution. Although there has been progress in the availability of fertilizers, the evaluation indicates the need for improvements in inter-agency cooperation and distribution systems to increase the effectiveness of supervision. With reports on the circulation of fake fertilizers, the Trade Office conducts direct supervision at kiosks and farmer groups and coordinates with related agencies to ensure effective distribution

P‐WEV: PSO Based Weighted Ensemble Technique for Agricultural Food Price Volatility Modeling

P‐WEV: PSO Based Weighted Ensemble Technique for Agricultural Food Price Volatility Modeling

Ovule and seed development of crop plants in response to climate change

The ovule is a plant structure that upon fertilization, transforms into a seed. Successful fertilization is required for optimum crop productivity and is strongly affected by environmental conditions including temperature and precipitation. Climate change refers to sustained changes in global or regional climate patterns over an extended period, typically decades to millions of years. These shifts can result from natural processes like volcanic eruptions and solar radiation fluctuations, but in recent times, human activities—especially the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial emissions—have accelerated the pace and scale of climate change. Human-induced climate change impacts the agricultural sector mainly through global warming and altering weather patterns, both of which create conditions that challenge agricultural production and food security. With food demand projected to sharply increase by 2050, urgent action is needed to prevent the worst impacts of climate change on food security and allow time for agricultural production systems to adapt and become more resilient. Gaining insights into the female reproductive part of the flower and seed development under extreme environmental conditions is important to oversee plant evolution, agricultural productivity, and food security in the face of climate change. This review summarizes the current knowledge on plant reproductive development and the effects of temperature and water stress, soil salinity, elevated carbon dioxide, and ozone pollution on the female reproductive structure and development across grain legumes, cereal, oilseed, and horticultural crops. It identifies gaps in existing studies for potential future research and suggests suitable mitigation strategies for sustaining crop productivity in a changing climate.

Study on the spatio-temporal coupling and drivers of agricultural carbon emission efficiency and food security

In light of global climate change and environmental challenges, reducing agricultural carbon emissions while maintaining food security has become a critical concern for sustainable agricultural development. This study examines 13 provinces in primary grain-producing regions, utilising data from 1999 to 2022 to analyse the spatio-temporal heterogeneity and driving factors of the coupled and coordinated development of agricultural carbon emission efficiency and food security. The findings indicate that: 1) The proportion of carbon emissions from agricultural inputs in primary grain-producing regions exceeds 80%, whereas the contribution of carbon sinks from rice, maise, and wheat surpasses 95%. Both agricultural carbon emissions and carbon sinks in the Yellow River Basin are significantly elevated; 2) The general trend of agricultural carbon emission efficiency and food security is increasing, spatially characterised by a pattern of high levels in the north and south, and low levels in the south and high levels in the north, respectively. The integration of the two systems is progressing positively, and the trailing form of food security has emerged as a developmental trend, with the degree of food security limiting the coordinated advancement of both. 3) The overall spatial disparity exhibits a declining tendency, with hypervariable density being the primary contributor to this spatial difference. The overall polarisation of the primary grain-producing regions has diminished. The level of heterogeneity in the Songhua River basin progressively intensifies; 4) Rural human capital and financial support for agriculture, urbanisation rate and soil erosion control, agricultural machinery power and soil erosion control are the main interaction factors. The economic status and rural human capital will facilitate the integrated and harmonious development of the two systems, while the agricultural disaster rate will impede this integrated and harmonious development. Ultimately, policy solutions are proposed to optimise agricultural inputs and raise their utilisation efficiency, adopt diversified regional development strategies, promote regional connection and coordinated development, and reinforce the management of drivers and policy support.

Enhancing Agricultural Ecology and Food Sustainability in the Yangtze River Economic Belt: An Integrated Evaluation Approach

This research critically examines the relationship between agricultural ecological protection and the sustainability of food production within the Yangtze River Economic Belt, a crucial area for China’s environmental and food sustainability. By developing a comprehensive evaluation framework, this study utilizes various analytical tools, such as entropy weight, comprehensive index models, coupling degree, coupling coordination, and relative development degree, to assess the interaction and degree of correlation influencing these systems. Key findings indicate that while the ecological protection index slightly declined from 2002 to 2022, indicators of food sustainability and overall development trended upwards, albeit with fluctuations. The study reveals an overall positive coupling degree and an increasing trend in coordination between ecological protection and food sustainability. The coordination index plays a crucial role in improving coupling coordination, and at the same time ecological factors play a more important role in this dynamic than factors related to food sustainability. In addition, this study identified stages of maladaptation and uncoordinated levels which further help to understand the complexity of the problem. The results underscore the need for improved strategies to manage the interplay between these critical domains, enhancing both ecological conservation and food sustainability.

Optimizing encapsulation of garlic and cinnamon essential oils in silver nanoparticles for enhanced antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea pathogenic disease

The application of nanotechnology offers an environmentally sustainable approach to managing plant diseases and improving the protection of agricultural products and food. The antimicrobial potential of essential oils (EOs) derived from Allium sativum (garlic) and Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) can be significantly enhanced through the application of nanotechnology. In this study, we encapsulated the EOs of A. sativum and C. verum in silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which resulted in increased fungicidal activity against Botrytis cinerea, the pathogen responsible for anthracnose in many horticultural crops. The encapsulated EOs demonstrated a synergistic effect, achieving over 80% inhibition of B. cinerea mycelium growth and suppressing conidia germination by 75%. Furthermore, substantial morphological changes in the fungal hyphae were observed upon application of the nano-encapsulated EOs. The observed morphological changes included disrupted cell walls and deformed hyphal structures, which indicated severe damage to the fungal cells. The AgNPs function as carriers, enhancing the stability and dispersion of EOs and facilitating a more uniform and sustained release of the active compounds. The results of this study indicate that nano-encapsulated EOs have the potential to be effective antifungal agents, offering a promising approach for pathogen control in agriculture. The integration of nanotechnology with traditional antimicrobial agents enables the development of advanced formulations that provide enhanced protection against a wide range of plant pathogens. This approach not only enhances the efficacy of existing treatments but also reduces the necessity for synthetic chemicals, thereby aligning with sustainable agricultural practices.

A relation network for plant disease detection based on fewshot learning

<span lang="EN-US">Accurate and timely disease detection remains a critical challenge in plant health management. Conventional methods often struggle to effectively differentiate between healthy and diseased plants, leading to compromised agricultural productivity and food security. In response to this pressing issue, this paper presents an innovative solution in the form of a novel Few-Shot Learning (FSL) classifier, based on Relation Network (RN) specifically designed for precise plant disease detection from limited image samples. Leveraging inherent relationships between samples, the proposed Relation Network for Plant Disease Classification (RN-PDC) enhances the detection performance by capturing intricate patterns within the data. Through comprehensive evaluation on a public image data subset, RN-PDC achieves exceptional detection accuracies of 0.9984 and 0.9967 in binary and multiclass classifications, respectively. This advancement holds great promise for revolutionizing disease diagnosis in the field of plant health, ultimately fostering more productive and sustainable agricultural practices.</span>

Construction of rhodamine-based fluorescent sensor for fast, on-site quantitative detection of hazardous salicylic acid in practical sample analysis

Salicylic acid (SA) is widely used in food storage, preservatives, additives, healthcare, and the pharmaceutical industry. However, various poisoning symptoms are frequently reported upon ingestion of a large amount of SA. Therefore, discovering new tools for sensing SA with fast, simple, and portable performance is imperative. Herein, five rhodamine-based fluorescent sensors were constructed, and investigated their SA detection profiles. Probe 1 was excellent selective with a rapid response, highly sensitive (LOD = 2.5 μM), good interference resistance, and unaided eye recognition. The spray experiment and paper-based test strips indicating that probe 1 enables to the on-site and quantitatively detect SA on actual food surfaces by using a smartphone identifying the RGB values. The sensing performance was validated in soil samples, water, and various agricultural food samples. Overall, the constructed SA sensor can function as a promising, convenient, and affordable tool for point-of-care detection of SA in diversiform environmental samples.

Assessing the Consistency of Five Remote Sensing-Based Land Cover Products for Monitoring Cropland Changes in China

The accuracy assessment of cropland products is a critical prerequisite for agricultural planning and food security evaluations. Current accuracy assessments of remote sensing-based cropland products focused on the consistency of spatial patterns for specific years, yet the reliability of these cropland products in time-series analysis remains unclear. Using cropland area data from the second and third national land surveys of China (referred to as NLSCD) as a benchmark, we evaluate the area-based and spatial-based consistency of cropland changes in five 30 m time-series land cover products covering 2010 and 2020, including the annual cropland dataset of China (CACD), the annual China Land Cover Dataset (CLCD), China’s Land-use/cover dataset (CLUD), the Global Land-Cover product with Fine Classification System (GLC_FCS30), and GlobeLand30. We also employed the GeoDetector model to explore the relationships between the consistency in cropland change and the environmental factors (e.g., cropland fragmentation, topographic features, frequency of cloud cover, and management practices). The area-based consistency analysis showed that all five cropland products indicate a declining trend in cropland areas in China over the past decade, while the amount of cropland loss ranges from 5.59% to 57.85% of that reported by the NLSCD. At the prefecture-level city scale, the correlation coefficients between the cropland area changes detected by five cropland products and the NLSCD are low, with GlobeLand30 having the highest coefficient at 0.67. The proportion of prefecture-level cities where the change direction of cropland area in each cropland product is inconsistent with the NLSCD ranges from 13.27% to 39.23%, with CLCD showing the highest proportion and CLUD the lowest. At the pixel scale, the spatial-based consistency analysis reveals that 79.51% of cropland expansion pixels and 77.79% of cropland loss pixels are completely inconsistent across five cropland products, with the southern part of China exhibiting greater inconsistency compared to Northwest China. Besides, the frequency of cloud cover and management practices (e.g., irrigation) are the primary environmental factors influencing consistency in cropland expansion and loss, respectively. These results suggest low consistency in cropland change across five cropland products, emphasizing the need to address these inconsistencies when generating time-series cropland datasets via remote sensing.

Recent progress of black phosphorene from preparation to diversified bio-/chemo-nanosensors and their challenges and opportunities for comprehensive health.

The introduction of comprehensive health, related to human living environment and mental state, helps people to improve human health literacy and accept scientific health guidance. The unique structure and properties of black phosphorene (BP) provide potential opportunities for rapid development and versatile applications of high-performance sensors serving comprehensive health. The review begins with the preparation from bulk black phosphorous crystals via transforming requirements of phosphorous allotropes and BP nanosheets via preparative strategies using both "top-down" and "bottom-up" methods. Then the diversified modification of BP and versatile fabrication of diversified bio-/chemo-nanosensors for sensitive detection of analytes are discussed. Besides, the challenges including the preparation of BP, diversified modification, devices for improving performance defects and chemo-/bio-nanosensors for enhancing performance are outlined together with potential opportunities for the BP preparation and applications in comprehensive health from agricultural environments, food safety, personal life, physical and mental life, and finally to medical care.

Development of Food Products Export from the Regions of the Far Eastern Federal District as Part of the Implementation of the Principles of Food Security

The article presents the rationale for solving certain issues of developing food exports from the Far Eastern Federal District regions in the context of ensuring food security in Russia. Based on the analysis of current scientifi c, methodological and analytical literature, as well as statistical and regulatory information, the paper examines the concepts of agricultural exports and food security in relation to the development of agriculture and rural areas in the Far East. The article outlines the need to change the entire range of indicators of self-sufficiency in agricultural products to solve food security problems in Russia at the systemic level. It is noted that import ahead and self-sufficiency of the Far Eastern Federal District regions in basic food products are of significant importance. The paper also substantiates the proposal to take into account as an indicator of the population’s need for food products, based on the standard diet based on the necessary human consumption of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and drinking water based on the principles of regular, suffi cient and balanced nutrition. The paper analyzes measures to support the agro-industrial complex and agricultural exports in terms of developing preferential regimes in the Far Eastern Federal District, in particular, creating international territories of advanced development (TOR). The article presents a number of recommendations for the transformation of the food security system in relation to the development of export sectors of the agroindustrial complex and food industry in the Far Eastern Federal District. In particular, the ideological principles of the existence and development of international priority development areas in the Far Eastern Federal District are substantiated, based on the priority of supporting enterprises of the agro-industrial complex and food industry that use technologies for deep processing of raw materials and production of high-processed food products for export to friendly countries of the world.

Influence of Food Desert Residence on Breastfeeding Initiation.

Introduction: Breastfeeding is associated with improved health outcomes. Several social drivers of health impact breastfeeding initiation (BFI). Prior research using ecological data demonstrated that food desert residence (FDR) is associated with lower rates of BFI. The primary objective was to assess the relationship between FDR and BFI using individual-level data. The secondary objective was to assess the relationship between FDR and BFI at the county level. Methods: Individual-level birth data from the Florida Department of Health were linked to food access data from the United States Department of Agriculture Food Access Research Atlas in 2010, 2015, and 2019. Food deserts were identified per the United States Department of Agriculture definition. Adjusted risk ratios (aRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using modified Poisson regression models in 573,368 births. Models were adjusted for confounders and stratified by race/ethnicity. We assessed the association between the percent of the population in low-income and low-access census tracts aggregated to the county level and the percent of mothers initiating breastfeeding per county in Florida (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) using Pearson's correlation and a bivariate map. Results: FDR was associated with BFI (aRR: 1.23, CI: 1.20-1.27). The adjusted risk of not-initiating breastfeeding for those living in a food desert was greatest among non-Hispanic Black women (aRR: 1.29, CI: 1.24-1.35) and Hispanic women (aRR: 1.29, CI: 1.21-1.37). Maternal education was the most significant predictor of BFI. Women who had 9th through 12th-grade education but without a diploma were five times (aRR: 4.96, CI: 4.72-5.20) less likely to initiate breastfeeding relative to college graduates. There was no association between FDR and BFI at the county level, though regional trends were noted. Conclusions: FDR is an important risk factor for not-initiating breastfeeding. Among Floridians, education was the most significant risk factor. Understanding how FDR influences breastfeeding can help target interventions to improve breastfeeding outcomes.

Deployment of power-to-protein technology in Ethiopia to provide drought-related emergency relief and mitigate food insecurity

Food insecurity in Ethiopia is an immediate humanitarian crisis that is expected to worsen due to population growth and climate change. This study applied GIS-based approaches to evaluate the feasibility of deploying an emergent type of single-cell protein (SCP) technology to supplement the nutritional needs of Ethiopian citizens who are most vulnerable to drought. The technology—power-to-protein (PtP)—uses H2 and O2 from water electrolysis and CO2 from woody biomass combustion in a two-stage bioprocess to produce nutrient-rich protein powder for human consumption. Population density, land use, and other geographical data were used to identify optimal site locations for these PtP systems based on two deployment strategies: large centralized plants vs. small decentralized units. The model also accounted for biomass availability, collection, and distribution logistics. The analysis revealed three sites that are both (highly) vulnerable/food-insecure and accessible within walking distance. The identified sites are proximate to the urban areas of Mekele in northern Ethiopia, Addis Ababa in central Ethiopia, and Hawasa south of Addis Ababa. If centralized PtP were deployed, the protein requirements of these populations could be sustained for several months, assuming a modest biomass collection radius of 35 km. Decentralized PtP deployment was similarly effective, requiring a distribution density of 5.4–11.0 PtP units per km2 under conservative estimates and 0.76–1.1 units per km2 under optimistic estimates. Lastly, a theoretical comparison showed that PtP is more efficient than conventional agricultural food production regarding biomass-to-protein conversion yields. Overall, our study suggests that PtP technology would be a feasible approach to supplement the nutritional needs of Ethiopian people in times of drought-related emergencies. However, given logistical limitations and considering social preference factors, it would be more practical to implement PtP in conjunction with standard emergency food aid measures.

From Terrain Vague to Vague Farm: Cultivating Urban Vacant Land through Practices of Commoning

Different strands of scientific literature use various terminologies to refer to types of urban spaces without productive function, abandoned and legally uncontrolled. These include at least the following three: “Terrain Vague”, “vacant lot”, and “urban voids”. Although different, they all similarly evoke spaces where emptiness prevails over fullness and is in a perpetual state of suspension. These spaces, because of their characteristics and their temporary complete availability, are used daily by different communities, spontaneously and informally, through different appropriations and uses, and by nature, where species not allowed elsewhere and in the absence of human control find refuge, unusual encounters can occur. Over the last twenty years, a series of projects, activities and practices have begun to emerge in these spaces, such as especially recent park and garden projects in Europe, that retain or incorporate spontaneous vegetation, undefined functions, and a wild aesthetic, reflecting a growing interest in and new appreciation of these spaces, particularly among landscape architects. Among these types of projects and initiatives, those that we will define here as Vague Farm, undoubtedly stand out. By this term, we refer to projects and initiatives that, while mainly based on the creation and management of urban garden and activities related to agriculture and local food production, also aim to preserve some of the informal and spontaneous characteristics of the previous Terrain Vague. This paper proposes a first attempt at defining Vague Farms, through the analysis of five case studies intentionally chosen from different European cities, to show the simultaneous emergence of these practices. To achieve this, it proposes: i) a brief theoretical introduction to Terrain Vague and its relationship with agriculture and communing (theoretical background); ii) a reading of these community urban gardens projects through the lenses of Urban Commons (observed experiences and results); iii) a proposal of a definition of vague farms projects and their characteristics (discussion).

Autophagy Regulates Plant Tolerance to Submergence by Modulating Photosynthesis.

The increase in global climate variability has increased the frequency and severity of floods, profoundly affecting agricultural production and food security worldwide. Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic pathway that is dispensable for plant responses to submergence. However, the physiological role of autophagy in plant response to submergence remains unclear. In this study, a multi-omics approach was applied by combining transcriptomics, proteomics, and lipidomics to characterize molecular changes in the Arabidopsis autophagy-defective mutant (atg5-1) responding to submergence. Our results revealed that submergence resulted in remarkable changes in the transcriptome, proteome, and lipidome of Arabidopsis. Under submerged conditions, the levels of chloroplastidic lipids, including monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), were lower in atg5-1 than in wild-type, suggesting that autophagy may affect photosynthesis by regulating lipid metabolism. Consistently, photosynthesis-related proteins and photosynthetic efficiency decreased in atg5-1 under submergence conditions. Phenotypic analysis revealed that inhibition of photosynthesis resulted in a decreased tolerance to submergence. Compared to wild-type plants, atg5-1 plants showed a significant decrease in starch content after submergence. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel role for autophagy in plant response to submergence via the regulation of underwater photosynthesis and starch content.

Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad for not Fulfilling Incentives for the Protection of Sustainable Food Agriculture Land

The regulation of sustainable food agricultural land, especially regarding incentives as an effort to prevent high conversion of functions, the government has the authority to provide incentives as a form of determination from government officials regarding restrictions on agricultural land owned by the community. In practice, the provision of incentives by the government is often not fulfilled, resulting in injustice for the community, even though the regulations explicitly regulate the provision of incentives. this article aims to, How is legal protection for the community regarding incentives for the protection of Sustainable Food Agriculture Land? what is the model of lawsuit against government officials if compensation is not fulfilled in the protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land? The type of research used is legal research with statute approach, conceptual approach. This research is prescriptive in nature which aims to provide arguments for the results of the research that has been conducted. The results of this study indicate that legal protection for farmers if their incentives are not fulfilled has not been concretely regulated in Law Number 41 of 2009 concerning the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land, besides that farmers in accessing justice experience difficulties due to the unregulated and also complicated arrangements regarding the provision of incentives. Also, when farmers experience losses from the non-fulfillment of incentives, they file a lawsuit for compensation, due to provisions that are not fulfilled by government officials as a result of the LP2B policy. Therefore, in law enforcement it is important to reconceptualize so that access to justice for people whose incentives are not fulfilled by the government can make claims against actions taken by the government. Keywords : Law Enforcement, Justice, Incentives