Agricultural Country Research Articles

Analyzing 'Food Insecurity' Poverty in ASEAN: A Comparative Study of Poverty Alleviation Programs in Indonesia Pre and Post-COVID-19

Countries whose economies depend on or are supported by agriculture are called agricultural countries so agriculture is a country where the majority of the population is engaged in the farming sector. Countries that are successful as agricultural countries and can overcome poverty because they provide many jobs include Japan, the Netherlands, the United States, Australia, and China. These five countries have succeeded in alleviating poverty by maximizing their agricultural potential. This is different from other agricultural countries in ASEAN, including Indonesia, because the poverty rate is still relatively high. This is a dilemma because food-producing agricultural countries experience quite high levels of poverty. This research aims to reveal the facts of poverty in Indonesia and ASEAN as agricultural countries and analyze the relationship between poverty alleviation programs and poverty to obtain their effectiveness. Disclosure of poverty facts in Indonesia and ASEAN as agricultural countries uses secondary data, collected from various sources, such as the ASEAN Report. The relationship between types of aid and poverty in Southeast Sulawesi uses secondary data sourced from various relevant institutions/ministries. The panel data type and time series compare the performance of poverty alleviation assistance programs before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, precisely between 2018 and 2022. The panel data is then analyzed using Path Analysis by carrying out difference tests, classical tests, and linear regression tests. The results of the analysis show that there are significant differences in poverty levels before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. However, no significant differences were found in the variable number of poor people. The BPNT program does not affect poverty alleviation, while PIP and DD can reduce poverty significantly. The research findings for scientific implications are that poverty alleviation assistance with the Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) scheme does not have a significant role in reducing poverty, while education assistance (PIP) and village funds are proven to play a role in reducing poverty. The theoretical implication is the application of these findings so that experts and researchers consider this when including it as an object (variable) in reflecting the correlation relationship with poverty alleviation. The practical implication is that the Government, through TNP2K, will continue the PIP and DD programs and revise the BPNT program. This is because the two poverty alleviation programs are effective in reducing poverty rates, while BPNT is not effective. Furthermore, the government's focus in the future will not only be on how to reduce the poverty rate but also how to reduce the number of poor people.

The Nazi regime in Lithuania: recovery of agricultural obligations imposed

The purpose of this study is to investigate methods and means of recovery of imposed agricultural obligations. The aim of this paper is to analyse the methods and means for recovery of imposed agricultural obligations in Lithuania, occupied by military forces of Nazi Germany. To achieve the aim, the following objectives have been set: 1) to discuss adaptation of production of agricultural products to meet needs of the war in Lithuania under the Nazi regime; 2) to analyse the methods and means used by occupational Nazi authorities for recovery of agricultural obligations imposed on farmers of Lithuania; 3) to discuss other obligations imposed (other than delivery of agricultural products) on Lithuanian farmers, analyse methods and means for their recovery; 4) submit the exhaustive and reliable statistics on recovery of imposed obligations related to delivery of agricultural products. The topic chosen is a relevant and new one, as this problem has not been presented exhaustively in Lithuanian historiography. First of all, we lack a generalized analysis on the entire Lithuania scale, analysis which must be more detailed, based on archive or reliable statistical data related to practical application of the mechanism of recovery of agricultural obligations (primarily aiming at agricultural products) imposed. This article aims at filling these and other gaps in relevant historiography. During the research the following conclusions have been drawn: 1. In the case of Germany victory in the war, the territories of all Baltic states, including Lithuania, were to be included into the Nazi Reich. During the wartime, the economy of these countries had to serve demands of the Vermacht and meet other Reich needs, irrespective of the interests of the local people and local economies. It had not been planned to create a considerable consumer goods industry. These countries had to be cheap labour sources and base for provision of raw materials, as well as a market for realization of German industry products.2. The essence of the Nazi agricultural policy in the occupied Lithuania meant a unilateral demand to increase production of basic food products and raw materials in order to provide the German troops as well as local residents and Germans in Germany with food products. The Nazi imposed on farmers various obligations related to agricultural products and various equipment (mobilization of horses with carts and harnesses, obligations of manual work and transport, etc.)3. Civil occupational Nazi authorities adapted Lithuanian municipal system to meet their agricultural needs during the wartime. The occupational authorities through threatening the officers of Lithuanian municipal system with penalties and negative consequences related to agriculture and farmers, using the help of Lithuanian officers, managed to recover a huge amount of agriculture products from this country agriculture sector. Whereas Lithuanian municipal officers of higher rank were forced to apply constantly the psychological pressure or even coercion on their own subordinates and colleagues of lower rank.4. In order to recover agricultural obligations fulfilment, the occupants applied both repressive and promoting measures. Among repressive ones, farmer removal from his/her farm should be mentioned as well as requisition of agricultural products, cash penalties, farmers suing with the German Special Court, forcible confining in detention facilities, forced-labour camps or even killing by firing squad. Especially famous for farmers killing by firing squad was H. Wulff, the commissar of Vilnius county district. By killing the farmers, the occupants sought to intimidate the villagers so that they would better fulfil the obligations imposed.5. To perform recovery of fulfilment of imposed agricultural obligations, the following promoting measures used to be applied: issue of ownership documents, granting the possibility of acquisition of industrial goods, etc.6. The Nazi failed to convert Lithuanian farmers into obedient executors of alien will. Due to harsh conditions of the wartime and sabotage of Lithuanian farmers in order to protect their farms from the complete deterioration, occupational government of the Nazi each economic year failed to collect from Lithuanian villages planned agricultural products contingencies irrespective of requisition of the large part of agricultural production of this country.

Surfactant Regulated Chemical Modification of Rice Straw Powder for Biomass Composite Polyurethane Synthetic Leather

AbstractFor agricultural countries in Aisa, rice straw is a waste product, but also a valuable bioresource, with its recycling methods often drawing widespread attention. In this study, a novel multicomponent extraction method was proposed to perform comprehensive extraction of holocellulose and lignin from rice straw powder (RSP), resulting in modified rice straw powder (MRSP) with different micro‐morphologyies. The results indicate that the cosolvent tetraethylammonium chloride (TEAC) is more effective for extracting holocellulose and lignin compared to others, and different surfactants have decisive impacts on the extraction of holocellulose and lignin from RSP. Among them, anionic surfactants aid in the extraction of holocellulose, with sodium allylate sulfonate (SAS) being superior due to its greater changes in allyl polarity. Conversely, cationic surfactants facilitate the extraction of lignin, with octadearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (OTAC) being superior due to the length of its alkyl‐carbon chain. And the quantized contribution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups of surfactants to the extraction of holocellulose and lignin, as well as, the different micromorphology of MRSP is obtained. Additionally, compared to the traditional PU (polyurethane) modified by eucalyptus wood powder (EWP/PU), the MRSP was used to prepare a series of biomass composite polyurethane synthetic leather (MRSP/PU), its tensile strength and peel strength of MRSP/PU coatings are greatly enhanced at the feedstock of 18 %.

Adapting to Change: The Impact of Climatic Shifts on Tourism Destinations and Tourist Mobility in Northern Pakistan

Pakistan aims to showcase its authenticity, pristine nature, and unique cultural heritage from its northern valleys. Mountain tourism in Pakistan is popular during the summer, with tourists enjoying pleasant weather and scenic landscapes. The northern valleys of KP, GB, and AJK are favored destinations, as visitors generally have positive impressions of their interactions with the mountains and local people. Pakistan, an agricultural country, has tourism as a growing sector with significant economic potential. However, both agriculture and tourism are heavily affected by climate change. However, in the past decade, climate change has led to increased natural hazards such as floods, rockfalls, debris flows, rockslides, and avalanches specifically in northern areas of Pakistan. These events frequently cause road blockages and trap tourists, especially during the monsoon season. Such extreme conditions not only endanger local communities but also disrupt transportation infrastructure and damage tourist facilities. The resulting communication network disruptions and road blockages increase tourists' anxiety and fear, leading to unpleasant experiences. This study examines how climate change affects tourist mobility and hinders the tourism industry. It explores how increasing natural hazards, such as floods and landslides, disrupt travel, damage infrastructure, and create safety concerns, ultimately impacting tourist experiences and industry operations.

Serum Potassium Level in Acute Organophosphorus Poisoning and its Correlation with Severity in Patients Presenting to Emergency Room in a Tertiary Hospital

Background: Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are common causes of accidental and suicidal poisoning in agricultural countries like Nepal. Serum cholinesterase, used to diagnose organophosphorus poisoning (OP), is not reliable for predicting its severity. This study aimed to assess serum potassium as an alternative prognostic indicator for OP poisoning severity. Methodology: This single-centric cross-sectional study included patients presenting with OP poisoning at a tertiary care center over six months. Total 86 cases met the inclusion criteria. The Peradeniya organophosphorus poisoning (POP) scale categorized patients by severity. The association between OP poisoning severity and serum potassium level at presentation was studied. Results: Of the 86 cases, 47 (55%) were females. The mean age was 26.96 years (SD: 8.73), ranging from 18 to 65 years. Most cases, 53% (n=46), were aged 20-29 years. Chlorpyriphos (50%) + cypermethrin (5%) was the most common OP compound, used in 29% cases. Malathion (50%) was the least used, in 7% (n=6) of cases. At presentation, 36% (n=31) had hypokalemia, among which 6 had mild poisoning (POP score: 0-3), while 25 had moderate to severe case of poisoning (POP score: 4-11). The association between OP poisoning severity and hypokalemia was statistically significant (p-value <0.001, OR: 23.958, 95% CI). Conclusion: Serum potassium levels in patients presenting within 12 hours of OP poisoning significantly correlate with severity, as determined by the POP scale. Hypokalemia is prevalent in moderate to severe OP poisoning cases, with higher POP scores linked to lower serum potassium levels.

The Criminal Liability in the Context of Fertilizer Trade in Indonesia

Indonesia is an agricultural country and its agricultural sector which important in meeting food needs. On its journey, the agricultural sector in Indonesia is developing to improve the quality and production of food needs. Then, the fertilizer process has an important role in increasing the production of agricultural products, and the government needs to implement policies to subsidize the price of fertilizers for fertilizer distributors and arrange the regulations underlying the policy. If the fertilizer trade for fertilizer distributors is based on more than clear regulations, how can Indonesia's agricultural journey run. Thus, this study aims to attempt to describe the criminal liability of fertilizer trade based on court decisions at the first level up to the cassation level (namely, Decision Number. 137/pid.sus/2020/PN.Btg, Court of Appeal (Number. 487/Pid.Sus/2020/PT SMG and Cassation Decision Number. 78/Pid.Sus/2022). This study is normative research with a case approach, requiring secondary data in legal documents and references relevant to the subject matter. Data were collected by identification and inventory and then analyzed using the basic principles of criminal law. The novelty is fulfilling criminal liability is not enough regarding the psychological aspects (adult, healthy mind). However, it must also fulfill the normative measure of the act. The results showed that the defendant in the first instance and appellate level decisions were able to take liabilitybut was not sentenced because the element of the action in the prosecutor's charge, which stated "conducting trading business activities without having a license in the field of trade granted by the Ministry" was not fulfilled/proven, because the defendant had a trading business license (SIUP) issued by the Integrated Investment and Licensing Agency Number: 519/054/2014 dated June 04, 2014, under the name of the Agricultural Facilities and Organic Fertilizer Shop "Tani Jaya." The cassation verdict of the defendant can be held responsible and sentenced to punishment because measures from the psychological aspect are fulfilled. The measurements are from the normative aspect demanded by the public prosecutor, especially the elements that are also fulfilled. It can be consluded that based on the court's decision to measure the perpetrator's liability for a criminal offense, two measures must be met in imposing punishment.

History, Present Status and Prospect of Veterinary Education in Nepal

Nepal is an agricultural country. About 62 % of total population depends on agriculture for their livelihood and employment. Agriculture contributes about 33% of national GDP and 25 % of which is contributed by livestock sector. In order to get maximum benefits from livestock sector, good management practices and health care aspect are the crucial parts which could be achieved by quality veterinary services from veterinary professionals and veterinarian. There are only 4 educational institutions in Nepal which offer veterinary education specially B V Sc and A H course. They enroll 196 students per year. Till March 2024, there is 1982 NVC registered veterinarian in Nepal out of which nearly 25 % are living abroad. NVC is the authorized statutory body of Nepal government which formulates quality standard of veterinary educational establishment, licensing of veterinarians and impose code of conduct of veterinarians for veterinary services. There is increasing scope of veterinary services in Nepal but existing number of veterinarians is very low compared to total livestock heads and pet population. Small number of veterinarians has difficult to provide quality services personally to the farm animals and pets. So, all educational institutions and other stakeholders should think about the production of adequate number of qualified veterinary graduates in order to fulfill the need of the nation.

Komunikasi Pemerintahan Daerah Dalam Pembangunan Daerah Wisata di Kabupaten Magelang

Communication has two different meanings, namely communication in a broad and narrow sense. Communication in a broad sense is the activity of exchanging messages that occurs reciprocally in the development process, especially communication between society and government. Communication in the narrow sense is an effort to convey messages in development to the communities involved. Apart from that, the government makes various efforts to communicate with the public. One of them is by conveying policies that have been set by the government and implementing them to the community. Various strategies are being sought by the government for the community in implementing government policies in implementing regional development in Magelang Regency. In implementing regional development programs there are several inhibiting factors. Apart from that, regional governments have the aim of implementing regional development to improve the economy in the area. This is an effort by the regional government to improve the welfare of the community. Apart from that, the tourism industry is currently one of the largest foreign exchange contributors for Indonesia, apart from the oil and gas industry, Indonesia is an agricultural country with abundant natural resources that can be utilized for tourism.

Mesoplastic and Microplastic Pollution in the Soil of Small-Scale Agricultural Areas in Iligan, Mindanao, Philippines

ABSTRACT The Philippines is primarily an agricultural country in which most Filipinos depend on the health of the soil for livelihood. Plastic pollution adversely affects agriculture by degrading soil quality, fertility, and crop growth. However, the prevalence of plastic particles such as mesoplastics (>5 mm to 25 mm) and microplastics (<5 mm) in agricultural soils in the Philippines remains poorly understood. This study investigated the prevalence of mesoplastics and microplastics in agricultural soils in Iligan City, Philippines. We collected soil samples from the six sampling stations in high-elevation and low-elevation sites. Mesoplastics and microplastics were examined through manual sorting, categorized based on color, shape, and size, and identified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Mesoplastics were found to be more prevalent, averaging 2.22 items/kg compared to microplastics 0.83 items/kg. Mesoplastics were mainly white-colored (42%), mostly fragmented (55%), 5–10 mm in size (55%), and were predominantly polypropylene (85%). Microplastics were mainly transparent (40%), composed of fragments and film shapes(46%), and 3–4 mm (93%) in size. Polyethylene was the abundant microplastic polymer type (47%). It was observed that the low-elevation sites had a higher abundance of plastic particles, stressing the need to address local factors in tackling plastic pollution.

Global trends in the investment policy of countries in agriculture in the context of transition towards renewable energy sources

Relevance. The renewable energy sector is attractive for foreign direct investment, among which projects related to the introduction of wind energy, as well as the reproduction of energy from biomass and biofuels are popular with investors. The proof of the popularity of such projects is the investment of 70% of all investments in renewable energy sources.The purpose The aim is to consider the trends of global investments in agriculture in the context of the transition to renewable energy sources.Objectives: to analyze the inflow of FDI to various regions of the world for the implementation of renewable energy transition projects; to show the reasons for the uneven investment of countries in different regions in modern conditions.Methodology. The structural theory is used to study investment flows, and the method of studying statistical reporting according to UNCTAD and CEPAL data is used for quantitative and qualitative analysis of attracted investments.Results. The statistical data used formed the basis for a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the directions of attracting FDI to various countries, showing the heterogeneity of this process by region. The global climate situation requires accelerating low-carbon innovation by all possible means. Developed countries have the same problems of transition to renewable energy as developing countries, so investment investments are relevant for agriculture in all regions of the world.Conclusions. Western countries prefer to be in the trend of the modern economy and invest in green sectors of the economy and those industries that use carbon-neutral technologies. Global changes in green energy financing related to the transfer of funds to the "hotbeds of conflict" in Ukraine and the Middle East have put some countries (LACs) in need of finding their own resources to continue energy transition projects.

A sophisticated approach to soil productivity detection using a convolutional neural network-based model

India is primarily an agricultural country where the quality of land is crucial for the livelihoods and well-being of its people. The agricultural sector plays a significant role in shaping the current state of the nation's economy. Therefore, it is essential to regularly evaluate our understanding of soil properties, such as its type, texture, color, and moisture content. Many developing countries lack sufficient knowledge and awareness about soil development. Understanding soil behavior helps farmers predict crop performance, monitor nutrient movement, and recognize soil limitations. Traditional methods for classifying soil in laboratories require significant time, staff, and financial resources. In this study, various image features, such as color, particle size, and texture, were randomly extracted and combined to predict soil fertility based on its sand, clay, and silt content using the AlexNet-CNN algorithm. We collected soil images using mobile cameras from regions such as Purulia, Hooghly, Bankura, and Burdwan to build a useful soil image dataset. The research focuses on categorizing productive and unproductive soil using convolutional neural network architectures, such as AlexNet and VGG16. Compared to previous studies, our proposed model showed better performance in terms of precision and recall. This study presents an efficient new convolutional neural network architecture for classifying soil images.

Forecasting Average Rice Prices at Milling Level According to Quality Using Support Vector Regression

Indonesia is an agricultural country where the majority of the population work as farmers and one of the humongous commodities produced is rice. Rice is a very important commodity for the Indonesian people, because it is the main food of them. This is why rice production in Indonesia is the big concern to the government, including of the average rice prices at milling level. The fluctuative of the rice prices will be affect to the purchasing power of the people. One of the efforts that can be made to prepare a policy to increase people's purchasing power of the rice is by forecasting. This study used SVR to modeling the average rice prices using 114 datasets obtained from January 2013 to June 2023, then evaluating its performance using Mean Absoute Percetage Error (MAPE). The best model formed from a linear kernel with parameters ε = 0.078 and C = 3.1. The model produced the smallest MAPE value of 2.32% in testing data and 1.2% in training data which also less than 10% meaning that the performance of the model to forecast the average price of rice is very high.

The Effect of Land Area and Labor on Production of Coffee in Indonesia

Indonesia is an agricultural country where most of the population works in the agricultural sector. Therefore, the agricultural sector contributes significantly to its economic growth. This study aims to determine the effect of land area and labor production of coffee in Indonesia. The study uses secondary data. Data analysis technique in this study is multiple linear regression with data panels in 32 provinces of high production coffee in Indonesia from 2017 until 2021. Dependent variable is coffee production and the independent variables are land and labor. Results show that land area has a positive and significant effect on coffee production. It means that raising the land area significantly increases the coffee production. However, labor has a positive but not significant effect on coffee production. This study is expected to help Indonesian policy-makers for drafting policies to increase coffee production in Indonesia. Keywords: coffee production, land area, labor, panel

Study on Carbon Emission Influencing Factors and carbon emission reduction potential in China's food production industry

Climate warming has become a global issue of close concern, and China, as a significant agricultural country, has an increasing demand for food, which requires China to increase carbon reduction in this industry. This paper accounts for carbon emissions from the food production industry (CEFI) using the input-output method, then screens the influencing factors of CEFI based on Random Forest (RF), analyzes the heterogeneous effects of the influencing factors on CEFI in different clusters through K-means-SHAP, and finally explores the potential of carbon emissions from this industry for the period 2024–2040. The study's findings are as follows: First, there are apparent inequalities in CEFI, especially between provinces, which are gradually increasing. Second, addressing people's consumption awareness and behaviors is not the fundamental solution to alleviate CEFI; instead, it should focus on sustainable agricultural production transformation and “food miles” in the transportation phase. In addition, attention needs to be paid to the impacts of fertilizer application, transport modes, and livestock management on the CEFI of each cluster. Finally, the study suggests that around 2028, 70% of China's provinces will be at the “carbon peak” and that less developed and more developed regions have more significant potential to reduce emissions. In this regard, this paper encourages a series of policies that are key to promoting the sustainable development of CEFI, such as reducing the volume and efficiency of traditional fertilizers, vigorously developing organic fertilizer inputs, strengthening technological innovation and R&D inputs in the transportation sector, and steadily supporting germplasm innovation in the livestock sector.

The Real Objectives and Interests to Continue the War in Ukraine of the Deep Neoliberal Neo-Fascist Mafia and the us and European Leaders -For aFull Production -Industrial Agriculture, Consumer, Military, Economic, Digital Buyout and Takeover of Europe and Other Countries by Deep Mafia Companies, Causing of Crises in Europe, Africa and Part of the Implementation of Plans to Impose aNew

The Real Objectives and Interests to Continue the War in Ukraine of the Deep Neoliberal Neo-Fascist Mafia and the us and European Leaders -For aFull Production -Industrial Agriculture, Consumer, Military, Economic, Digital Buyout and Takeover of Europe and Other Countries by Deep Mafia Companies, Causing of Crises in Europe, Africa and Part of the Implementation of Plans to Impose aNew

Air quality assessment of poultry and swine houses in Chonburi Province

ABSTRACT The increased consumption of animal products has led to a proliferation of animal husbandry operations, particularly in agricultural countries. Animal husbandry facilities or livestock farming directly impact the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the environment, giving rise to various issues such as odors, contamination of water and air sources with pathogens, and potential contamination of meat products originating from these facilities. This research aims to assess the impacts on the physical (temperature, relative humidity and air velocity), chemical (carbon dioxide, total volatile organic compounds and particulate matter), and biological air quality assessment (amount and type of bioaerosols) aspects resulting from pig and poultry farming. The findings will serve as valuable data for managing and addressing these aforementioned issues. It was found that both in poultry and swine houses generated total suspended particles (TSP) and PM10 (Particulate Matter with a diameter of 10 µm or less). Analysis of poultry house exhaust revealed elevated concentrations of TSP and PM10 exceeding established health benchmarks. Chickens tend to produce a higher concentration of VOCs (2.07 ± 0.57 ppm) compared to swine (0.82 ± 0.53 ppm). Staphylococcus epidermidis was predominant bacteria in both swine and poultry houses while Cladosporium sp was the most prevalent fungi in poultry houses. These results in this study are very useful for developing targeted mitigation strategies, products, devices to address specific pollutants produced by each type of livestock, reducing overall environmental impact and improving air quality within and around animal husbandry facilities. Implications: This research highlights how the growing demand for meat is affecting the environment, especially in farming areas. By studying the effects of pig and poultry farming on things like air and water quality, the study shows the challenges these farms pose, like bad smells and pollution. They found that both types of farms release a lot of tiny particles and smelly chemicals into the air, but there are differences between them. Understanding these findings can help us develop ways to reduce the pollution from these farms and make the air cleaner for everyone.

Research on the Impact of Digital Green Finance on Agricultural Green Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from China

Green development has become one of the important concepts leading China’s economic developments, and it is extremely meaningful to boost the continuous growth of agricultural green total factor productivity (AGTFP) to achieve the construction of a powerful agricultural country. Using China’s provincial data from 2011 to 2020, this manuscript calculates AGTFP through the SBM–GML model, and the digital green finance (DGF) through a comprehensive indicator system. The double fixed-effect model, quantile model and spatial Durbin model are used for in-depth study of the benchmark influence, the nonlinear effect and spatial spillover effect of DGF on AGTFP. The main research conclusions of the article are as follows: (1) DGF is significantly conducive to the improvement of AGTFP. Along with the continuous growth of AGTFP, the promoting effect of DGF has gradually increased. (2) In terms of impact path, green finance can properly promote the growth of AGTFP, while the role of the degree of digitization is not very significant. Meanwhile, the main channel for DGF to promote AGTFP is through green technology efficiency. (3) The impact of DGF on AGTFP varies spatially, while the role is more effective in regions with a higher degree of economic development and well-developed modernization. (4) There is a spatial spillover effect of DGF’s impact on AGTFP, which means that DGF can simultaneously promote the growth of AGTFP in local regions and neighboring regions.

Legal Aspects of Land Burning for Agricultural Land Clearing as A Form of Local Wisdom in Certain Areas

Indonesia is an agricultural country where the majority of the population makes their living as farmers. This cannot be separated from Indonesia's geographical conditions, where most of its income comes from natural resources, including forest products, mining, and others. One of the state's goals is to create a just and prosperous society, as stated in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, second paragraph. Article 27, paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution asserts that "Every citizen has the right to work and to a livelihood that is decent for humanity." The largest informal employment sector is agriculture, which heavily depends on the availability of agricultural land. Currently, agricultural land is decreasing due to large-scale plantation enterprises occupying thousands of hectares. Traditional farmers in certain areas, particularly in South Kalimantan, still use the shifting cultivation method for land clearing, which involves cutting down shrubs, burning it after it was dry, clearing the land, and planting it with secondary crops. This method has been passed down from their ancestors. According to Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management, as amended by Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Stipulation of Government Regulations in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2022 on Job Creation, article 69, paragraph (1), letter h, prohibits land clearing by burning. However, paragraph (2) states that the provision referred to in paragraph (1), letter h, is exempted for communities who conduct such activities by seriously considering local wisdom in their respective areas. Meanwhile, Law Number 41 of 1999 on Forestry, Article 50, paragraph (1), letter d, also prohibits land burning, with penalties of up to 15 years imprisonment and fines of up to Rp. 5,000,000,000 (five billion rupiah), as stipulated in Article 78, paragraph (3). Based on this background, the purpose of this research is to reveal how legal protection is for farmers who clear agricultural land in forest areas by burning the land as a form of their local wisdom. To analyze this issue, the researcher employs normative legal research methods with legislative and literature approaches by reviewing and analyzing relevant legislation. The research findings indicate that although the Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management stipulates a prohibition on land burning with consideration for local wisdom, farmers who clear land by burning have not yet received legal protection.

IMPLEMENTATION OF FARMING ROADS AND ITS EFFECT ON INCREASING THE INCOME OF DURIAN FARMERS IN LANGGAR VILLAGE, KEJOBONG SUB-DISTRICT, PURBALINGGA DISTRICT

The agricultural sector plays an important role in national development, especially in agricultural countries such as Indonesia. Langgar Village, Kejobong District, Purbalingga District, is a village with a majority of its inhabitants working as durian farmers. However, they face the challenge of increasing revenue due to high production costs and a lack of infrastructure on the Now Business Road. (JUT). This research aims to understand the implementation of JUT and its impact on the income of durian farmers in Langgar Village. Using a qualitative and quantitative mixing approach (mix method) with purposive sampling, data analysis is carried out through descriptive analysis and paired t-tests. The results show that JUT is well implemented and has a positive impact on the income of durian farmers. The Upland program, which uses a hybrid approach (top-down and bottom-up), is effective in improving communication, resource mobilization, and bureaucratic efficiency. The structured JUT development process and the gotong royong spirit of the community resulted in a solid and beneficial path. The positive impact of JUT development was demonstrated through statistical tests that showed an increase in the income of Montong durian farmers in Langgar Village by 9.11%.

Farmers’ perception on climate change, soil erosion and adaptation strategies in small rural communities of Mali: case study of the rural municipality of Méguétan

The impacts of climate change and soil erosion are significantly affecting agriculture in non-developed countries. In Mali, a country located in Western Africa, there is a drastic reduction in available fertile arable lands and water scarcity, which is damaging rural communities and affecting the development of vital infrastructures, consequently, decreasing people’s incomes. There is a lack of information about the perception of these challenges among the small rural communities and the possible adaptation strategies can be applied. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine local farmer perceptions of climate change, soil erosion, and adaptation strategies conducting a survey among 200 farmers in 10 villages within the rural municipality of Méguétan, serving as a representative study case. Our results showed that farmers are aware of the challenges related to climate change and soil erosion and are willing to adopt some measures but conditioned by a range of traditional techniques. The most common strategies are: changing the sowing calendar, diversifying crops, using resistant varieties, having an alternative income, and following weather forecasts on the radio. Stone rows remain the most widely adopted technique to reduce soil erosion, with a knowledge rate of 88% and an application about 29%. The study also highlighted the increasing vulnerability of farmers to climate change and soil erosion due to insufficient material and financial resources. We conclude policies should pay attention to services and partners that invest more funds in technical assistance to strengthen adaptation strategies and teach the population, considering nature-based solutions.