Agricultural Access Research Articles

Gender gap in land rights and access to agricultural production in Okigwe Agricultural Zone, Imo state, Nigeria

Land is a vital resource for agricultural productivity and economic growth. Inequalities in access and rights to land by male and female farmers could hamper agricultural productivity. The study assessed the gender gap in land rights and access to agricultural production in Okigwe Agricultural Zone of Imo state, Nigeria. The study identified the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers in the study area; determined the farmer's access to land; ascertained the land rights of the farmers; determined the socio-economic factors influencing access to land in the study area. It was hypothesized that there were no significant differences in the access to land by male and female farmers. Ninety-six (96) male and female farmers were sampled, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using frequency, percentages, Ordinary Least Square Regression and t-test. Results showed that the mean farm size of male and female farmers was 0.2842 hectares and 0.1842 hectares. All male farmers had the right to land, while a few female farmers had the right to land. The result showed that age, income and education significantly affect male and female farmers’ access to land and that there were significant gender gaps in access to land. The study recommended the provision of agricultural credits to enable farmers to acquire land for agricultural production.

Financial performance of soybean farmers in Vandeikya Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria

Soybeans is versatile in usage but the yield is low. To sustain and improve its production, its financial performance, given the resource-poor status of rural farmers, is greatly important. Credit access is sine qua non in this direction. Hence, the study assessed credit access and financial performance of soybeans farmers in Vandeikya Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. Stratified sampling technique was used to select 119 farmers who either had or did not have credit access. This reflects a quasi-experimental design where the treatment and control groups comprised farmers with and without credit access, respectively. Primary data were obtained with structured questionnaire and analysed with frequency distribution and financial ratios such as gross margin, operating ratio and return on investment. Independent samples ttest was used to ensure that any observed difference was due to error of randomization. Findings show that majority of the farmers lacked credit access (60.50%). The mean gross margin per hectare was significantly (p < 0.01) higher for the treatment group (N264,753.90 ± 12,597.15) than the control group (N152,412.60 ± 4,773.53). The mean return on investment per hectare was also significantly (p < 0.01) higher for the treatment group (3.06 ± 0.29) than the control group (2.13 ± 0.10). Therefore, soybean production was adjudged to be profitable and significantly influenced by credit access. It was recommended that financial institutions and the export promotion council should make credit available to soybeans farmers.

Adoption of Improved Cassava Varieties in Uganda: What Does Agricultural Extension Do?

Agricultural production, especially by smallholder farmers, is often hampered byinsufficient knowledge about better farm inputs or farming practices, low adoption toimproved agricultural technologies, or low diffusion of agricultural innovations by theinventing institutions. This paper examines the role of agricultural extension to theadoption of improved cassava varieties in Uganda. We indicate for agricultural extensionusing the farmers’ reported accessibility to agricultural extension from extension workersabout such improved varieties. We use probit with selection equation on data collectedfrom eight (8) districts in Northern Uganda. Our main results indicate a higherprobability of adopting improved cassava varieties when farmers access agriculturalextension services; and also document farmers’ distrust to improved cassava varieties asa crop enterprise that can guarantee their households with food security. From a policyperspective, our results suggest that the design and content of agricultural extensionservices are important to leverage the extent of the adoption of modern agriculturaltechnologies. Specifically, improving the performance of the cassava crop enterpriserequires enhanced investment in diffusing innovations in the enterprise.JEL Classification: O12, O13, O33, Q16

SISTEM PAKAR DIAGNOSA PENYAKIT PADA DOMBA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE FUZZY MAMDANI

Abstract—The decreasing sheep population has raised serious concerns regarding its impact on both the livestock industry and export opportunities. One of the main factors contributing to this decline is the prevalence of diseases among sheep. These illnesses present a significant problem as they can lead to reduced meat production, animal fatalities, and economic losses. The limited knowledge among farmers regarding these diseases and sheep care makes it challenging to diagnose and treat the conditions effectively. To address this issue and aid farmers in easily diagnosing diseases, a web-based expert system utilizing the fuzzy Mamdani method was developed. The selection of the fuzzy Mamdani method was based on its ability to handle uncertainty in disease diagnosis, providing reasonably accurate results by evaluating symptoms, determining disease severity, and recommending appropriate treatments. Through the fuzzy Mamdani method and the web-based platform, this system offers convenient access for farmers to diagnose diseases in their sheep online. According to the analysis results, reproductive health disorders are the primary cause of the decline in the sheep population. Consequently, the expert system for diagnosing sheep diseases serves as an alternative for early prevention and suitable treatment. System testing indicates an accuracy rate of 80%, signifying the system's capability to provide reasonably accurate diagnoses. The main goal of this research is to support the livestock and fisheries department in Purwakarta in diagnosing sheep diseases, preventing epidemic outbreaks, and implementing proper measures to mitigate the negative impacts on the livestock industry while promoting sustainable growth of the sheep population

The cost of inadequate postharvest management of pulse grain: Farmer losses due to handling and storage practices in Uganda

BackgroundInvesting in postharvest technologies is one way of reducing food losses with the aim of achieving food security, but it is often overlooked. In this study, we assessed the losses and costs associated with the harvest and postharvest practices used by smallholder bean farmers in Uganda. We also estimated the grain Moisture Content (MC) associated with traditional storage practices.ResultsHarvest and postharvest handling practices result in a loss of about 22% of the crop harvest. The cost associated with this loss is 17% of the output value. In addition, the common storage practices used by farmers are unable to maintain the required grain MC of ≤ 13%. As even a slight change in grain MC can significantly impact storage duration, we found that 74% of farmers fail to meet the required MC, resulting in a loss of anticipated price premiums over an average storage duration of 80 days. Our econometric estimates suggest that storing grain in bags placed above the floor surface could reduce MC by an additional 1.5%.ConclusionsOur predictions indicate that farmers who use traditional practices should store bean grains for less than 60 days, or they should adopt better storage practices to increase shelf life and ensure food safety. If more farmers had placed their grain above the floor surface, 48% rather than 26% would have met the required MC at 90 days. It is worth noting that poor postharvest handling has significant economic implications and can lead to food safety concerns due to quality failures in the grain. To address these issues, there is a need to scale up interventions that increase farmer access to postharvest technologies.

Multi Dimensional Hydrophonic Farming

Using hydroponics, plants or the crops can be grown without any need of soil at all. Instead, producers employ water to provide the dissolved nutrients and minerals that plants need. The society applauds this strategy since it addresses the issue of a lack of productive land. In this work, we create a prototype using the Internet of Things (IoTs) named Hydrostorms. The IoT sensors use the Cloud to send environmental data from the farm's smartphone app over the network. The Hydrostorms app gives farmers access to a wealth of information about their hydroponics, including the GPS coordinates of the farmer's present location, a detailed profile of each hydroponic, including information about its nutritional requirements, fertilization schedule, ambient conditions (such as temperature, humidity, etc.), historical information from earlier data collection, and warnings of any adjustments or unusual values. The prototype's initial evaluation findings indicate a high degree of farmer acceptability (80.5%), this might convince more of them to use this ground-breaking agricultural technique.

Too little, too imbalanced: Nutrient supply in smallholder oil palm fields in Indonesia

CONTEXTSmallholders account for ca. 40% of oil palm area in Indonesia but average yield remains low. Despite higher overall fertilizer use in Indonesia compared with other Southeast Asian countries, poor plant nutrition has been identified as a major factor explaining yield gaps in smallholder oil palm fields and little is known about the underlying management drivers. OBJECTIVETo assess nutrient management in smallholder fields and identify entry points to narrow the existing yield gap via improved plant nutrition. METHODSWe assessed nutrient balances and gaps for nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) and inter-relationships between fertilizer use, leaf nutrient concentration, and yield, using data collected from 977 smallholder fields in Indonesia over two years. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThere was a positive relationship between yield and nutrient rates, especially for potassium (K). Only half of the fields received fertilizer and average nutrient rates in fertilized fields represented 45% (N), 83% (P), 28% (K), and 25% (Mg) of the associated removal with harvested yield. Applied fertilizer was generally rich in N and P, but poor in K and Mg, leading to nutrient imbalances. Additionally, farmers did not follow appropriate practices on fertilizer placement and splits. Improving current fertilizer supply and management is needed to increase smallholder yields and profit. SIGNIFICANCECurrent agricultural and research programs will benefit from re-orienting efforts to improve nutrient management in oil palm as a pathway to narrow yield gaps in smallholder fields, which, in turn, requires strengthening extension services to fill in knowledge gaps and tune subsidy programs to facilitate farmer access to fertilizer sources more suited to the crop.

Strategi CSR PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy dalam meningkatkan kualitas kopi geothermal area kamojang

This study aims to determine the CSR Strategy of PT. Pertamina Geothermal Energy in Improving the Quality of Kamojang Geothermal Area Coffee, regarding (1) PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy's CSR Strategy Process in improving the quality of Kamojang Geothermal Area Coffee (2) Developing an organic waste management program in the Kamojang area to support sustainable agricultural practices, so as to improve soil fertility and yield quality of Kamojang Geothermal Coffee (3) Increasing market access for coffee farmers in the Kamojang area by helping them market their coffee products to a wider market, both domestically and abroad. The method used in this research is a qualitative research method with a case study approach. Data collection in this study was carried out by interviews, non-participant observation. This program covers the cultivation and processing of coffee. The scope of cultivation in question is PT. Pertamina Geothermal Energy Area Kamojang participates in increasing capacity and providing assistance in optimizing the Kamojang Area Geothermal Coffee cultivation process in farmer groups. The scope of coffee processing includes capacity building as well as providing assistance with coffee processing facilities and infrastructure for the Mount Kamojang farmer groups. Through this program, it is hoped that the company can participate in increasing the capacity of residents around Kamojang while optimizing agricultural commodities in the Kamojang area. The theory of supporting communication methods in this study is Stakeholder Theory, and CSR. Based on the research results, it was found that PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy's CSR Strategy process in improving the quality of Geothermal Coffee in the Kamojang Area was carried out by Social Mapping, Surveys, Compilation. Program, Implementation, Evaluation / Monitoring As for Developing an organic waste management program in the Kamojang area to support sustainable agricultural practices, so as to increase soil fertility and yield quality for Geothermal Coffee in the Kamojang Area As well as finding several Improve market access for coffee farmers in the Kamojang area by helping they market their coffee products to a wider market, both domestically and abroad, winning awards, for the community getting development, knowledge and skills, improving the economy and for employees getting new experiences, as a learning method. Keywords: PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy Area Kamojang CSR Strategy, Geothermal Coffee Processing Cultivation and Community Empowerment

Factors determining cassava farmers’ accessibility to loan sources: Evidence from Lampung, Indonesia

Abstract Credit accessibility is crucial for sustainable agricultural development. However, the difficulty in accessing credit has caused farmers to take many considerations when taking a loan. This research aims to determine the factors determining access and credit sources for cassava farmers in Lampung Province, Indonesia. Central Lampung was chosen as the research location because it had a total cassava production share of 36%. This study used Isaac’s and Michael’s formulae to determine the total samples. The data were collected by interviewing 263 respondents. Of 263 farmers, only 109 (41.4%) had access to loans. Data were analysed using the Multinomial Logit Regression Model to examine the factors determining access and credit sources for cassava farmers. Marginal effect analysis was also used to determine the probability of changes in independent variables. Regression results showed that the type of credit sources chosen by the farmers was determined by age, income, agribusiness experience, land size, education, organisation membership, and credit experience (R 2 = 89.1%). Partially, age, income, land size, education, credit experience, and business experience significantly influence the funding source. The results indicate that age, agribusiness experience, and land size are the main factors in choosing the types of credit. Land size has the biggest positive influence on farmers’ access to formal banks (11.49%).

Socio-Economic Determinants of Yam Production in Ohaukwu Local Government Area, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

The study examined the socio-economic determinants of yam production in Ohaukwu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. This study employed multistage sampling technique in selection of respondents for the study. Primary data were collected from 160 respondents in the study area using a structured questionnaire that was administered as interview schedule. Analytical techniques such as descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the specific objectives. Majority (70%) of the yam farmers were males, with mean age of 46 years. Majority (62%) of the yam farmers were married; and had an average household size of 8 persons. Most (39.4%) of the farmers engaged in civil service in addition to farming occupation and operated on an average farm size of 1.45 hectares. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the coefficient of multiple determination (R2) of the regression model was 0.945. The co-efficient of sex (7873.994) had a positive sign and was statistically significant at 1% level of significance. Marital status (4426.857) of the respondents bore positive relationship with quantity of yam produced and statistically significant at 1% level of probability. The coefficient of household size (6012.118) of the farmers had a positive relationship with the output of yam in the area. The coefficient of farm size (36532.842) was found to be positive and statistically significant at 1% level of probability. The result had shown that the annual income of the respondents bore positive relationship with the output of yam in the area and statistically significant at 1% level of probability. The F-ratio of 255.209 which was significant at 1% probability level showed that the coefficient of the explanatory variables included in the model were statistically different from zero, thus the goodness-of-fit of the model and its explanatory power. Constraint to the yam production were of infrastructural, institutional and economic factors as bad roads, lack of Storage facilities, lack of improved varieties, lack of government assistance and lack of extension agents’ visit among others. The null hypothesis (Ho) which stated that the socio-economic characteristics of the yam producers have no significant influence on the quantity of yam produced in the area was tested using F-test at 5% level of significance, rejected and the alternative accepted. This study concludes that yam production is profitable although the farmers were hindered by infrastructural, institutional and economic factors. Agricultural extension agents who are saddled with the responsibility of disseminating timely, complete actionable information should be repositioned and strengthened to ensure farmers access to information, through appropriate channels. This will shift the balance between success and failure of the farmers.

ASSESSMENT ON ADOPTION OF IMPROVED MAIZE VARIETY AND MAIZE PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN BAITADI, NEPAL

The main objective of this study is to assess the status of adoption of improved maize varieties and cultivation practices of maize in Baitadi district. This study aims to identify the determinants of adoption of improved maize variety (IMV) among farmers and their cultivation practices in Baitadi district and subsequently ascertain the factors influencing the intensity of IMV adoption. The study areas; Dashrathchand-2, Dashrathchand-9, Patan-4 and Pancheshor-6 were selected purposively as these were under the command area of maize zone. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, independent samples t-test, probit model and index score ranking method were used for the data analysis. The productivity of local variety was found 2mt/ha and improved variety was 3.51mt/ha. Majority of farmer preferred to cultivate local and improved variety with Manakamana being the most adopted improved variety. Membership of agricultural groups and training related to maize cultivation were the major determinants of improved variety adoption. Unavailability of seed in vicinity followed by higher cost of seed were the major constraints faced by the farmers in adopting improved maize variety. Distant market and gap between fragment and retail price are the major marketing problem faced by the farmers. Thus, the study concluded that improving farmers’ education, expanding coverage and depth of extension services and firming up farmer associations are suitable policy actions for promoting adoption of improved maize varieties. It is also important to address availability, accessibility and affordability issues constraining adoption of improved varieties and technologies, enhance credit access for farmers and mitigate risk perceptions.

Customer Value Proposition for Precision Farming

A company's value proposition is established by the distinctive benefits and values it offers to its clients. Site-specific crop management (SSCM) and precision agriculture (PA) are farming management techniques that use technology to monitor and evaluate certain areas and crops. Between 2023 and 2030, the market for precision agriculture is anticipated to increase at a CAGR of 12.6%, reaching $15.6 billion. Precision farm planning, field maps, crop scouting, yield maps, and the estimation of input quantities are driving factors in this growth, along with the Internet of Things and advanced analytics. A company's commitment to influencing the attitudes, beliefs, and behavior of its target market is stated in its value proposition. The goal of the study was to address agricultural issues and increase productivity and profitability for banana farmers in the Anand and Umreth Talukas. Educate stakeholders, decision-makers, and service providers on how to support precision farming techniques. The study, conducted in Anand and Umreth Taluka, Gujarat, involved 50 banana growers with over 2 ha of land, using a descriptive design and semi-structured survey. Formulating a customer value proposition for identifying the problems faced by banana growers will help in understanding the current issues and areas of improvement within the agricultural sector. The findings of this research were contributing to the knowledge and understanding of precision farming in Anand and Umreth Talukas. Customers place a premium on product quality, the accessibility of the sales staff, and price, while farmers must deal with issues including disease, weather, nutrition, insect pests, and irrigation. Irrigation was viewed as less significant than weather and illness, which were found the major problems in the study area. Decision-making in agriculture depends heavily on weather forecasts and practices. A substantial effort was needed to improve agricultural practices because of the influence of climate change, input market accessibility, and remote farm access.

Socio-Economic Determinants of Yam Production in Ohaukwu Local Government Area, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

The study examined the socio-economic determinants of yam production in Ohaukwu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. This study employed multistage sampling technique in selection of respondents for the study. Primary data were collected from 160 respondents in the study area using a structured questionnaire that was administered as interview schedule. Analytical techniques such as descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the specific objectives. Majority (70%) of the yam farmers were males, with mean age of 46 years. Majority (62%) of the yam farmers were married; and had an average household size of 8 persons. Most (39.4%) of the farmers engaged in civil service in addition to farming occupation and operated on an average farm size of 1.45 hectares. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the coefficient of multiple determination (R2) of the regression model was 0.945. The co-efficient of sex (7873.994) had a positive sign and was statistically significant at 1% level of significance. Marital status (4426.857) of the respondents bore positive relationship with quantity of yam produced and statistically significant at 1% level of probability. The coefficient of household size (6012.118) of the farmers had a positive relationship with the output of yam in the area. The coefficient of farm size (36532.842) was found to be positive and statistically significant at 1% level of probability. The result had shown that the annual income of the respondents bore positive relationship with the output of yam in the area and statistically significant at 1% level of probability. The F-ratio of 255.209 which was significant at 1% probability level showed that the coefficient of the explanatory variables included in the model were statistically different from zero, thus the goodness-of-fit of the model and its explanatory power. Constraint to the yam production were of infrastructural, institutional and economic factors as bad roads, lack of Storage facilities, lack of improved varieties, lack of government assistance and lack of extension agents’ visit among others. The null hypothesis (Ho) which stated that the socio-economic characteristics of the yam producers have no significant influence on the quantity of yam produced in the area was tested using F-test at 5% level of significance, rejected and the alternative accepted. This study concludes that yam production is profitable although the farmers were hindered by infrastructural, institutional and economic factors. Agricultural extension agents who are saddled with the responsibility of disseminating timely, complete actionable information should be repositioned and strengthened to ensure farmers access to information, through appropriate channels. This will shift the balance between success and failure of the farmers.

Robust damping control for VSC-MTDC system in offshore applications considering disturbance uncertainty

Multi-terminal direct current transmission based on voltage source converter (VSC-MTDC) has become an ideal solution for long distance offshore wind farm access systems. However, the integration of VSC-MTDC with offshore wind farms is vulnerable to various disturbances, which can lead to instability. To address this issue, this paper presents a robust damping control for VSC-MTDC in offshore applications that accounts for disturbance uncertainty. First, a small-signal VSC-MTDC model is developed considering the coupling characteristics of the cable, and the DC cable model is suitable for both unipolar and bipolar structures. Secondly, the key parameters affecting the oscillation mode are analyzed. On this basis, the paper proposes a robust damping strategy that adapts to the changing operating conditions of the system without impairing steady-state performance, while enhancing transient performance. Finally, the paper builds a VSC-MTDC with offshore wind farms on MATLAB/Simulink to validate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy exhibits better robustness and suppression ability under multiple types of disturbances compared to traditional additional damping control.

A digital divide in direct market farmers’ online sales and marketing: Early pandemic evidence from California

The use of the internet for sales and marketing has been on an upward trend in the past decade. The early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic prompted an increase in direct market farmers' use of online sales and marketing. This paper analyzes California direct market farmers' use of online sales and marketing technologies during the first ten months of the pandemic to understand (1) how their use interacted with farmers' sales and profitability and (2) which direct market farmers were more likely to use them. Research on farmers' access to online sales and marketing technologies is important since consumers increasingly use the internet to buy or find information about products. The findings are based on 364 responses to an online survey administered in January–April 2021 and 13 follow-up interviews conducted in September 2021–August 2022. We used quantitative and qualitative analyses to answer the following questions: (1) How did the use of online sales and marketing technologies interact with direct market farmers’ gross income and profitability between March–December 2020? (2) What barriers did direct market farmers face in accessing online sales and marketing technologies? And (3) What farm and farmer characteristics were most associated with using online sales and marketing technologies in 2020? Our findings show that, between March–December 2020, direct market farmers who had an online presence or added online sales after March 2020 were more likely to increase their sales and profitability than farmers who did not use online sales and marketing at all. However, farmers who used online sales at the start of 2020 and continued using it as a market channel were likely to increase their sales but not profitability. We argue that (1) using online sales and marketing technologies likely helped direct market farmers access markets during the pandemic, (2) there are barriers to accessing these technologies, and online sales may not be the right fit for all direct market farms, (3) many farmers need training and reliable internet to be able to navigate online technologies, and (4) more research is needed to understand how direct market farmers experience and navigate the trend toward market digitalization, and how this is related to already-existing inequalities among direct market farmers.

The role of the social forestry programs in increasing farmers' income and conserving forests in the Upstream Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia

This paper examines the implementation of Social Forestry programs in the Upstream Citarum – West Java, Indonesia. The paper utilizes the data set of the Farm Household Survey undertaken in the Bandung and West Bandung districts. A critical review was carried out on farmers who participated or did not participate in the forest management program by examining variables such as: access to land, ratio of farm incomes, conservation practices, and perceptions toward the program. Data were collected from individual interviews of 499 farm-households within two districts. Using descriptive statistical analysis, the results show that social forestry programs have provided economic, social, and environmental benefits for farmers in the area. The programs have improved community and farmers's access to forestry land and increased household's incomes from the farm sector. Strengthening and empowering farmers, supported by government and other stakeholders are key for sustainability of the program.

Production technology adoption and electronic market participation intensity of chilli (dry) farmers in India: Application of triple-hurdle model

Agricultural and food system transformation helps increase farm productivity and encourages farmers to participate in updated value chains, adopt newer technologies, thereby helping farmers transform their livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Relatedly, value chain innovations depend on multiple decisions farmers make at various stages of the value chain, adequate participation being a primary factor. In this paper, we integrate farmers’ adoption decision of a new variety of chilli crop (“Teja”) along with their electronic market participation decision and e-market participation intensity, based on data from the chilli farming sector in India, where agricultural markets have been modernized through digitization (Kalgudi e-Market). Thus, the employed Triple-Hurdle Model (THM) integrates adoption decision of “Teja” variety of chilli, e-Market Participation Decision and e-market participation intensity thereby, allowing us to make inferences relating to chilli farmers in Andhra Pradesh, India. Our results, showed that the drivers of “Teja” variety adoption, e-market participation, and e-participation intensity include education, reliable extension services, access to seeds of high yielding varieties, market information, and membership in farmer-producer organizations. Added to these, personnel training visits, prompt deliveries of inputs, and prompt payment of sales proceeds are also important in influencing participation and intensities. Results show that the three stochastic decisions of THM are strongly correlated implying that the adoption decision of “Teja” variety of chilli by the farmers influences the e-market participation decision and consequently, e-market participation intensity and these three decisions are sequential. On the contrary, the decisions viz., e-market participation decision and e-market participation intensity as input buyers and consequent adoption of “Teja” variety of chilli are simultaneous. So, the policy measures that promote production technology interventions (say, “Teja” variety of chilli) will definitely enhance better e-market access of chilli farmers. Accordingly, the breeding programs of the agricultural research stations should enhance the uptake of improved varieties in tune with modern marketing (e-market) technologies. Future farm policy and agricultural-research and innovations must recognize the potential that the digital marketing systems have to offer. Such considerations coupled with the provision of market infrastructure including assaying, grading, storage, and market information will promote digital transformation in agricultural value chains in developing countries like India.

Tingkat Pengetahuan Petani Kelapa Sawit Dalam Penerapan Good Agricultural Practices (GAP): Sebuah Analisis Rating Scale

Palm oil is a strategic commodity in the plantation sector in Indonesia. The government's recommendation in agricultural development, especially oil palm commodities, is to apply the principles of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in its cultivation. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge of farmers in the application of GAP in oil palm cultivation activities. The research sample was determined purposively with a total of 30 farmers. Data was collected by means of observation, questionnaires, and interviews. Data analysis was carried out using a qualitative descriptive method. The results showed that the level of farmers' knowledge of the application of GAP in oil palm cultivation was in the moderate category with a score of 1.83. Meanwhile, farmers in oil palm cultivation activities starting from land clearing, nursery, planting, maintenance, harvesting to marketing have not fully implemented the GAP principles. This is because there is no access for farmers to receive information about the GAP principle in oil palm cultivation

Simulation and Analysis of Harmonic High Voltage Filters for Wind Farm

With the rapid development of the wind power industry, the total installed capacity of wind power has increased dramatically worldwide, and a large number of wind power installations need to be connected to the grid. In wind turbines, voltage flicker due to output power fluctuations caused by wind speed changes, and the application of a Voltage Source Converter (VSC) cause harmonic richness and other power quality problems to become more and more prominent. In this regard, the research is focused on the harmonic and reactive current distribution, impedance frequency characteristics, and voltage distortion rate of several offshore wind farm access systems, including the establishment of a harmonic current simulation model of the offshore wind farm delivery system, simulation analysis of network impedance frequency characteristics, simulation analysis of harmonic currents, and proposed a preferred filtering scheme. Taking into full consideration the characteristic harmonics of the wind farm, the system resonance generated by the submarine cable and the background harmonic level of the power grid, combined with the simulation results of the harmonic voltage, harmonic current, and network impedance frequency characteristics of each node, the technical solution of adding a direct-mounted high-voltage filtering device to the 220 kV bus at the metering station is proposed, which can destroy the system resonance conditions of the 3rd to 6th times of the submarine cable. Various wind farms and system operating conditions are able to form a stable harmonic absorption point to avoid the problem of harmonic amplification.

Analysis of Fault of Wind Turbine in Offshore Wind Farm

Accelerating advancement of a late-model electrical power system with new energy resources as the principal part is one of main measures to attain double-carbon goal. The international situation and policies have further promoted the rapid development of wind power. Because of massive reserves of wind energy resources in the sea area with its huge potential, development plan for wind power is gradually inclined to offshore wind power. In the article, offshore wind power’s advancement process and the typical topological structure of offshore wind farm access systems are described, the offshore wind farms’ problems existing in operation are classified and summarized, and the causes of the problems are analyzed from the perspective of wind turbine components or systems. And the directions worthy of further study are prospected, which can give support to the maintenance and overhaul for offshore wind turbines.