Agrarian Resources Research Articles

ECONOMIC SECURITY CHALLENGES TO PAKISTAN DURING POST PANDEMIC ERA

Pakistan’s economy has faced many challenges since the inception of Pakistan as an independent state. The economy of country was largely dependent on agrarian resources during the initial decades and then industrial bases afterwards. During the past three decades it the economy of Pakistan depends on loans and financial aids from international financial institutions such as, IMF along the industrial growth. The world economy slowed down after the pandemic and it also had consequences on Pakistan economy. Covid-19 caused major disruption in Pakistan economy. As, Before pandemic the GDP growth rate was 2.50% in 2019 and it fell in negative point -1.27% during the fiscal year 2020. The economic challenges to Pakistan raised during pandemic era such as its GDP growth rate decreased in negative points, its fiscal debt increased to 12.74% in 2020 as compare to 2019. Unemployment, shut down of small businesses, increase in job displacement, fiscal deficit, decline in foreign direct investment are the few challenges to name. Therefore, the economic security of Pakistan had faced many challenges during the post pandemic era. The drastic impact of covid-19 forced government to take immediate steps to counter economic challenges. The first national security policy of Pakistan in this regard made economic indicators as a challenge and made economic security a part of national policy

ECONOMIC SECURITY CHALLENGES TO PAKISTAN DURING POST PANDEMIC ERA

Pakistan’s economy has faced many challenges since the inception of Pakistan as an independent state. The economy of country was largely dependent on agrarian resources during the initial decades and then industrial bases afterwards. During the past three decades it the economy of Pakistan depends on loans and financial aids from international financial institutions such as, IMF along the industrial growth. The world economy slowed down after the pandemic and it also had consequences on Pakistan economy. Covid-19 caused major disruption in Pakistan economy. As, Before pandemic the GDP growth rate was 2.50% in 2019 and it fell in negative point -1.27% during the fiscal year 2020. The economic challenges to Pakistan raised during pandemic era such as its GDP growth rate decreased in negative points, its fiscal debt increased to 12.74% in 2020 as compare to 2019. Unemployment, shut down of small businesses, increase in job displacement, fiscal deficit, decline in foreign direct investment are the few challenges to name. Therefore, the economic security of Pakistan had faced many challenges during the post pandemic era. The drastic impact of covid-19 forced government to take immediate steps to counter economic challenges. The first national security policy of Pakistan in this regard made economic indicators as a challenge and made economic security a part of national policy.

Environmental Constraints and Human Agency in Early Medieval Village Formation: A Geoarchaeological Approach in the Western Pyrenees (Navarre, Spain)

ABSTRACT The interaction between human agency and environmental factors is a key topic in the archaeological study of early medieval village formation. Such interactions are particularly visible in the construction and maintenance of agrarian landscapes, which often become central to the local socio-economic development. This article explores these processes in a local context of the western Pyrenees (Navarre, Spain) through a combined analysis of documentary sources, toponymy, field survey, and core sampling for geochemical analysis. The foundations of the local landscape were laid down in the Early Middle Ages, closely related to the establishment of a village settlement and the collective appropriation of agrarian resources. The local geological and soil features, marked by the presence of thick and soft, mineral nutrient-rich soils derived from the weathered volcanic rock substrate, permitted the construction and maintenance of a terraced field system. This fact has been key for later landscape evolution at the local and regional scales, including the formation of a supra-local valley community during the Late Middle Ages, or the deep agrarian and demographic transformations that followed the introduction of New World crops during the Early Modern period.

Modern trends in the development of plant production under agrarian crises

Modern trends in the development of plant production under agrarian crises

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ДЕРЖАВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИМ РОЗВИТКОМ АГРОПРОДОВОЛЬЧОЇ СФЕРИ В УМОВАХ АКТИВІЗАЦІЇ ЗЕД ТА ПОСИЛЕННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ БІЗНЕСУ

The improvement of state regulation by the development of the agri-food sector in the conditions of the activation of economic activity and the strengthening of social responsibility of business should be carried out in the context of the ties "state authorities - professional associations of agrarian business entities" at the state and regional levels. The construction of an effective system of coordination of the interests of agrarian subjects is defined as the first priority of the state agrarian policy. After all, the role of the state is to create such a mechanism that allows to ensure the maximum level of self-organization of the agro-food sector within the national economy as a set of interconnected components. The construction of a balanced system of regulation of the development of the agro-food sector allows to ensure its activation through the conclusion of institutional agreements within the proposed structure, which defines the criteria for state intervention, the mutual responsibility of organizations managing socio-economic development and the limits of interdependence of the state's actions with social mechanisms and entities. The conclusion of the proposed institutional agreement should be preceded by a number of measures aimed at the formation of self-sufficient organizations - participants of the proposed structure: activation of the development of selforganization of economic entities; formation of the organizational structure of management of agrarian development, which also includes associations of agrarians; improvement of legislative acts in the direction of liberalization of the activities of self-governing organizations, associations of agrarian subjects in particular. The formation of a clear system of mutual relations is an important step on the way to improving the mechanism of socio-economic development of the agro-food sector, which will maximally take into account the interests of all subjects of agrarian relations. Such an institutional compromise will contribute to: increasing the social and economic responsibility of the state and agrarian business entities; the formation of institutional ties in the system of state regulation of the development of the agro-food sector; avoiding institutional traps caused by the opportunistic behavior of subjects of agrarian management; consolidation of efforts in the direction of achieving priorities for the development of the agro-food sector. Improvement at the "state-region" level of management vertical connections is expedient to ensure the granting of greater autonomy to the regional management of agro-industrial development, in particular in terms of the distribution of agrarian resources and the application of management approaches to the formation of an environment for the development of the agro-food sector. In this regard, it is worth turning to foreign experience of regional development and creating agencies for regional development of the agro-food sector under the executive authorities. To ensure a high level of transparency, it is advisable to entrust these powers to public organizations created at the initiative of state and local authorities.

ПОБУДОВА МЕХАНІЗМУ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ СУМСЬКОГО РЕГІОНУ В ПІСЛЯВОЄННИЙ ПЕРІОД

Considered modern issues of innovative development as a factor in the process of world integration and the negative effect of military actions on innovative activity in Ukraine; the following issues are highlighted, which do not lose their relevance at the moment: innovative development of the regions of Ukraine, in particular Sumy Oblast; innovative policy of the state in the conditions of conducting military operations; the importance of innovative infusions in the revival of economic structures of Ukraine in the post-war period; innovative aspects in the field of agro-industrial policy; management of innovative agricultural projects; initiative of the state in solving the problems of preservation of agrarian resources. It is substantiated that the prospect of revitalizing the priority areas of the economy with a positive outcome of the end of military operations on the territory of Ukraine (including Sumy Oblast) on the basis of innovative and sustainable development is real. In specific regions (in Sumy Oblast in particular) of Ukraine, already acquired knowledge in the creation and development of cluster agricultural systems can be used as practical experience in solving local and global market problems. The significance of the systematic implementation of innovative national policy, which provides for the development and implementation of priority areas of innovative development, scientific research aimed at achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, is emphasized. In the agricultural sector, under conditions of limited production resources, there is a need to prioritize innovative infusions. It was determined that it is unacceptable to continue the process of restoring the Ukrainian economy in the form of an agrarian-raw material model in the post-war period, which could lead to the final "agrarianization" and economic depression of the country. Reconstruction of Ukraine after the end of the war on its territory should be aimed at organizing the industrial and innovative structure of the economy on the basis of Industry 4.0. The regions of Ukraine should develop and come up with the initiative of implementing such a scenario of post-war economic development, which would start the implementation of the concept of a comprehensive plan for the post-war revival of the country on the latest and innovative bases. The course for European integration of Ukraine must be clearly defined.

Gerakan Agraria di Tapanuli Utara Awal Orde Baru (1971–1979)

Under the New Order government, the control of agrarian resources by the state was a way to ensure development programs that increased the country's economic income. This control is legitimized by agrarian political policies, including management through Law no. 5 of 1967 concerning the Basic Provisions of Forestry. In North Tapanuli, expanding the state forest area as mandated by the Forestry Law is a new chapter in the struggle for land rights, and triggers the emergence of community resistance movements. This article will discuss the history of the agrarian movement in North Tapanuli in 1971-1979. People's resistance signifies the inaccuracy of rural communities in the development of the country.

Women and Household Livelihood (Case Study on Villages Around Private Plantation in Seram Island, Maluku Province)

Structural alteration against access to agrarian resources has reduced agricultural coverage area. Farmers feel being urged to seek another work to maintain their income and livelihood. Massive investment on agriculture sector (through plantation enterprises and pearl enterprises) give a quite similar problem to the inhabitants of Seram Island in Maluku Province. The objective of this research is to examine the position of women amidst the alteration of agrarian structure in the villages around plantations and to analyze the income condition of these women. This research used qualitative method. Method of this research used is survey that involves questionnaire. Data collected from women as research sample are tabulated, analyzed and arranged to produce conclusion. The result of research shows that women have strong contribution to household income. Land use conversion becomes a part of massive investment on agriculture sector (plantation and fishery). The contribution of women to household income is 42.2 percents. The biggest contribution comes from job as worker at plantation enterprises and pearl enterprises. Women participation in agrarian structure alteration is done through manners of on-farm, off-farm and non-farm. The strongest contributor to household income is non-farm.

Kontribusi Al-Qur’an Dan Hadis Dalam Mengatasi Krisis Lahan

This paper intends to explore the concepts contained in the guidelines of the Muslims and how to form their contribution in overcoming the land crisis. The results of this search obtained several points of conclusion about the role of Islam in efforts to realize agrarian justice in the Qur'an and Hadith. The contribution is in the form ofideal-concept and praxis. The ideals contained in the Qur'an and hadith include: 1) The Earth and all belong to Allah which is entrusted to man to be managed for the sake of life, 2) forbidding land grabs,3) support the dead land 4) unionize in managing agrarian resources, 5) divide the land to the buds and 6) implement a policy of public property / hima.These concepts are the foundation that carries the vision of Islam that prioritizes the life of 'adl wa al-ihsan. While the praxis form of contributionsthat have been given to the state, manifested into the role of scholars who have participated in formulating the UUPA in 1960.

Legal Regulation On The Implementation Of Electronic Certificates

Land as an economically valuable asset will increase in the future is a strategic option. Based on this, it can be said that land is a very important need for society. To utilize a land or plot of land, a person or community must first have authority over the land or what is known as the right of control over land. With the ownership of the land rights, a person or community can have a basis of authority and obligation and prohibition to do something on the land they own. Based on the background described above, the author is interested in researching the legal arrangements for the implementation of electronic certificates. This study uses theories and possibly hypotheses. This study aims to find a rule of law, legal principles, and legal doctrines to answer legal issues faced. From the results of the study it is known that the provisions of land based on legislation in Indonesia, which is regulated in Law No. 5 of 1960 on basic agrarian principles, which regulates the basics and provisions of the control, ownership, use and utilization of National Agrarian resources in Indonesia, it includes the basics and basic provisions, the rights to the homeland and space as well as land registration. The legal regulation on the implementation of electronic certificates refers to ATR/BPN Ministerial Regulation Number 1 of 2021 concerning electronic certificates. The mechanism for issuing electronic certificates is in accordance with agrarian and Spatial Planning Regulation Number 1 of 2021 concerning electronic certificates in Article 4 paragraph (4) electronic documents issued through electronic systems are authorized using electronic signatures in accordance with statutory provisions and validated by authorized officials or appointed officials and given digital stamps through electronic systems.

THE LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE GOVERNMENT’S POLICY OF ATTRACTING FOREIGN INVESTORS BASED ON THE OMNIBUS LAW

Legal issues arose related to the existence of the article that was quite controversial among law enforcers. It refers to the Employment Copyright Law: Omnibus Law, which was adopted within Management Rights over HGB and HP land granted for a period of 90 years. This policy reduces the authority of the Land Bank. However, this law raises the pros and cons of the issue of supremacist violations against foreign investment business entities that violate the Constitutional Court’s decision. Then, the HGU or Right to Use HPL land can be given an extension as well as the authority to cancel regional regulations which indirectly violated the constitutional obligations of the State and the Government over agrarian resources in the country by presidential regulations. Besides, there is also a violation of motives in the monopoly speculation of the land bank. To accommodate, manage and carry out transactions for buying and selling state lands, the Land Bank (BT) institution was formed. BT manages the lands claimed by the state as a result of the implementation of the domain agreement, which are designated as assets of the Land Bank in the form of HPL. However, the source of funding can come from third parties, including debts from foreign institutions that causes conflicts of interest violating the elements of the provisions of granting management rights.

Observing Indonesia's Agrarian Conflict During The Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 epidemic has caused problems, especially in the economic field, which has an impact on the increasing number of residents at the local, national, and even global levels. It is also a health catastrophe throughout 2020. Long-term social distancing laws and restrictions on human movement and activities have rendered economic centers inoperable. Unusual events such as pandemics and reported weak economic growth cannot slow or even limit the rate at which companies acquire community land. According to the community, PSBB means complying with the government's request for restraint and creating a conducive environment by severely limiting mobility and activities outside the home. Meanwhile, Large-Scale Social Restrictions have become a driving force for the widespread appropriation of agrarian resources for large groups of companies with agrarian roots. Obviously, when the pandemic crisis is most severe and Large-Scale Social Restrictions are applied intensively, agrarian conflicts increase. Therefore, during the COVID-19 outbreak, agrarian disputes in Indonesia are very important to watch out for.

MADURA WOMEN AND AGRICULTURAL CONFLICT (Study on Agricultural Land Area)

Land as a source of life makes farmers struggle to get land rights. Land is a symbol of independence for farmers because from the land they will make their lives better economically, socially and culturally. Responding to various unfair policies, women are more critical and dare to express their opinions. Peasant women are actively involved in the peasant movement from time to time. This paper describes the role of women in land conflicts. The role of women farmers in the struggle for land tenure in agrarian conflicts cannot be underestimated. Gender bias in the throes of reclaiming in agrarian conflicts is relatively not found. Farmers, be they men or women, want to reclaim power over the land. Agricultural land area controlled by the government and white people (read: china) for the use of the aquaculture industry is not in the name of women or men, but farmers' land. The struggle for sovereignty over agrarian resources, the militancy of women exceeds that of men. The women's movement is actively involved in the peasant movement.

The Role of Notaries and PPAT in Protecting Gayo Customary Rights

Ulayat rights are the rights of indigenous peoples over all agrarian resources that exist within the territory of the indigenous peoples concerned. Thus the object of customary rights includes all agrarian resources (earth, water and natural resources contained therein). This writing aims to analyze the legal position of the customary rights of the Gayo people in Gayo Lues Regency and the role of Notaries and PPAT in protecting the customary rights of the Gayo people in Gayo Lues Regency. This writing is analyzed qualitatively by using the analysis knife of Islamic justice theory, legal certainty theory, and inheritance division theory. The results of the study indicate that the position and position of the customary rights of the customary law community in the National Land Law is very important, the hierarchy is higher than the individual/individual rights to land. Customary law communities live and develop in accordance with the order of values and norms that they believe and obey as truth, including in this case customary norms in the concept of land tenure. Article 3 of the UUPA states that the acknowledgment of the existence of Ulayat rights of the customary law community as long as in reality it still exists, meaning that if in fact it does not exist, then the Ulayat rights can no longer be recognized, cannot be revived and new Ulayat rights cannot be created. The regulation of Ulayat rights is left to the Customary Law community. In providing services to the community, a Notary/PPAT has the duty to serve applications to make certain land deeds referred to in the regulations regarding land registration and the PPAT Position regulations.

Menyikapi Era Globalisasi Di Bidang Agraria: Tanah Rakyat di Ambang Resesi

Efforts that can be made in the field of agrarian law in response to globalization include, among other things, improving the rule of law and policies in the agrarian sector so as to be able to face globalization by strengthening the position and access of the people to agrarian resources, particularly land as a factor of production, and restoring the rights of the people. The right of the people to participate in the implementation of populist/neo-populist agrarian law politics and to reformulate rights, legal relations between legal subjects and agrarian rights, and legal relations between legal subjects with agrarian rights as the object, so as to create an equal distribution of ownership/control of agrarian resources, particularly land.

Pattern and type permanence in the Kasongan area: Typo-morphology study towards a sustainable Pottery Tourism Village

The study aims to determine the pattern and type permanence levels of the elements used to build the Kasongan area in the last 60 years. Permanence is an approach used to determine identity in the context of regional change. Kasongan is a rural-urban area with agrarian resources located between Bantul and Yogyakarta and influenced by urban globalization. This historic area is almost two centuries old and has developed into a village of pottery craftsmen. Adaptation to environmental and cultural changes after the 1960s made Kasongan transform from an agrarian village character to an industrial and then to a tourism village-town. Changes in this region can be seen in the building and area typology, which developed into a sustainable tourism area. The locus taken is a part of the Kajen and Beton Hamlet, which are indicated as early stages of growth and development direction for the Kasongan in the last few decades. The is a typo-morphological study carried out using a morphological mapping method and a regional typological process. The results found spatial patterns and types that (1) persisted as the initial identity, (2) changed, and (3) disappeared.

Progressive Agrarian Law as a Concept to Attain Social Justice

The management of Indonesian agrarian law has created discrepancy of resources ownership or injustice. This article offer a new perspective namely progressive agrarian law. This is a normative juridical research with conceptual approach by using primary, secondary and tertiary data. Those data are collected through literature research and analyzed with content analysis. Based on analysis, it can be concluded that there are several characteristic of progressive agrarian law, namely : (1) dynamic and contextual and respect the diversity because this consider social-political-cultural and economical condition of the society; (2) agrarian justice oriented to solve inequality of agrarian resources by doing affirmative action; (3) emphasize the importance of conscience in law making and law enforcement (involve intellectual, emotional and spiritual quotient); (4) give the chance for law enforcement to do rule breaking toward injustice regulation (substantive justice orientation); (5) pay attention disadvantage person (poor people) who lives under poverty and experience injustice.

Perlawanan Harian Perempuan untuk Percepatan Kebijakan Tanah Objek Reforma Agraria (TORA) dan Perhutanan Sosial (PS)

This paper analyzes the women’s everyday forms of resistance, in formal and informal spaces, to the acceleration of the Land Objects of Agrarian Reform (‘Tanah Objek Reforma Agraria’—TORA) and Social Forestry (SF) policies in Sigi Regency in Central Sulawesi. The women’s resistance is a broader manifestation of To-Kaili philosophy regarding the role of women as the center and base in maintaining harmony between God, humans, and nature, including in the management of agrarian resources (‘sumber-sumber agraria’—SSA). Women who are fighting for gender-based agrarian justice still encounter some obstacles, including limited awareness of genderbased agrarian justice and the challenge of the resistance not yet being dominant.

REFORMA AGRARIA ANTARA HARAPAN DAN REALITA

Indonesian Constitutional Law stated in Article 33 paragraph (3) concerning the use of Land, natural resources which controlling by the State in order to achieve the greatest prosperity for the whole citizens. These basic values require the fulfillment of people's rights to be able to access various agrarian resources. In reality, what was expected (das sein) has not been realized. Many problems iii land have not been resolved until now. Control and ownership of extensive land for some people (owner of capital)resulted in the marginalization of community rights, resulting in social conflicts, which in the end, in a matter of time, the impoverishment process occurred. This condition indicates that there is no justice and welfare for the people. The regulation of agrarian resources and ignores the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) tends to side with the owners of capital. Various irregularities with the UUPA, as well as the absence of the concept of the Right to Control the state asdesired by Article 33 Paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution, have prompted the birth of the People's Consultative Assembly Decree. No. IX of 2001 concerning Agrarian Reform and Natural Resource Management, it is unfortunate that Agrarian Reform which is expected to date has not been fullyrealized.

Climate change and early urbanism in Southwest Asia: A review

AbstractDuring the Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age (c. 6500–4000 BP), the Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia saw the earliest development of cities anywhere in the world. Climate and environmental factors are generally considered to be significant in these changes because in pre‐industrial societies they directly relate to food production and security. The emergence of cities also coincides with a decoupling of settlement and climate trends, suggesting urbanism may have enhanced the adaptive capacity of societies to withstand changing climatic conditions. Urban forms followed a variety of different trajectories, with a much more sporadic and episodic history in the dry farming plains of the North and West of the study region compared to the stable build‐up in the irrigated South. Although models dealing with urban growth have emphasized the differential access to agrarian resources as a key driver in promoting hierarchical social systems, climate has rarely been explicitly discussed. In contrast, so‐called “collapse” events brought about by extreme, but short‐lived, climate changes such as droughts have been blamed for declines in urban and rural populations, social complexity, political systems, and entire empires. However, the extent to which these “collapses” are visible in the archeological record, let alone how far they can be attributed to climate changes, is a matter of intense debate. The archeological and historical record, the variegated environmental conditions, and the deep time perspective on complexity available, make the Fertile Crescent an ideal laboratory for assessing causal links between urban formations and climate fluctuations.This article is categorized under: Climate, History, Society, Culture > Major Historical Eras