Agra City Research Articles

Status of Household Petha Industry in Agra City of Uttar Pradesh: A Spatio temporal Analysis

Status of Household Petha Industry in Agra City of Uttar Pradesh: A Spatio temporal Analysis

Impact of construction activities on the air quality of Agra city, Uttar Pradesh, India

The current research work was carried out to comprehensively assessed the impact of construction activities on the air quality. Seven sites were chosen along the metro line construction in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, to meet the study's goals. The monitoring was performed for 24 hours at each site using the respirable dust sampler (RDS) with a gaseous sampling attachment. The raw data was processed to calculate the Air Quality Index (AQI). The data obtained indicate that all the examined sites had PM10 (particulate matter having the diameter less than or equal to 10 micron) values above the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQ) values of 100 µg/m3, while SS-05 and SS-06 had PM2.5 (particulate matter having the diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micron) values above the NAAQ values of 60 µg/m3. Values of CO, SO2, and NO2 were discovered to be lower than the NAAQ standard limits. Because PM10's sub index (Si) was found to be the greatest across all locations, it was determined to be the criterion pollutant among all the metrics. Based on the AQI value, the research area's overall air quality was determined to be moderately polluted. At every location, a variety of management techniques, including mist guns, water spraying, and planting, are regularly used to reduce air pollution. Effective implementation of applied air pollution control measures is required to make the air clean and safe for breathing.

Advocating ‘eco-village’ for sustainable development: The dayalbagh way of life

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 120%; layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 6.0pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 120%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: JA;">India as a country has its identity deeply rooted in its rural culture. Whether we talk about agriculture, tradition, food, art, or music, the rural society of India has always proven itself a representation towards the national front. The Dayalbagh society in Agra city of Uttar Pradesh (India) is engaged to strengthen the nation’s roots through education, technology, sustainability, management, innovation, research, and most importantly, selfless service. The major potential for economic growth in India lies in the development of its rural areas. This article is an attempt to spot the outlook of a society that has its inception for the past 100 years and is continuously making efforts to glorify the message of sustainable development, environmental protection, and rural development through its effective plans in designing an eco-village-based society. Based on the narrative description approach, this article highlights the efforts and strategies employed by the Dayalbagh society to promote sustainable development, environmental protection, and rural development. The focus is on how society integrates education, technology, sustainability, management, innovation, research, and selfless service to achieve these goals. The Dayalbagh society’s initiatives have taken into consideration economic, social, environmental, and human aspects, demonstrating significant contributions towards sustainable development and rural empowerment. The philosophy and successful practices of the Dayalbagh society can inspire and guide others in developing action plans for effective environmental protection and sustainable rural development. By adopting such approaches, other organizations, decision-makers, and individuals can contribute to the overall growth and well-being of rural areas in India.</span></p>

Economic Implications and Public Readiness for Urban Green Space Development in Agra: A Strategic Evaluation in the City of Taj

Urban green spaces (UGSs) improve the environmental value of the city as well as the quality of life for citizens. Unfortunately, many cities in India are lagging behind the minimum standard of UGS required in the city. For example, Agra city in India, one of the most famous tourist destinations in the world, represents two distinct realities of UGS in the same city. One is the focus of tourism, and the rest is the place of common people with very limited public green spaces, leading to multiple social issues (like spatial polarization, etc.). The secondary data concludes that the PPGC of Agra is lower than the standards, and the ongoing schemes are approached through quantitative methods. Despite having many UGS development schemes, Agra's UGS shows stalled growth. This research examines the policies and programs of UGS development (AMRUT, SCM, etc.) and reviews them to understand the unique gaps and possible regulatory interventions. The study includes an assessment of stakeholders' readiness to accept plausible UGS strategies using an analytical analysis approach. The primary data shows that PPP is the requirement for the integrated development of UGSs. The planners can make policies highlighting citizen's rights and responsibilities to enhance UGSs in Agra.

IJCM_202A: Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) due to diabetes mellitus among urban slum population of Agra city- An Observational study

Background: People with diabetes need extensive self-management support, medications, regular screening for and treatment of possible complications and comorbidities, all of which can increase out-of-pocket (OOP) costs in patients and their families. There is a very strong correlation between the level of OOPs and an indicator that is used to monitor how well a health system is performing in terms of financial protection namely, incidence of catastrophic health expenditure. Objectives: 1. To assess the catastrophic health expenditure on treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications in the study population. 2. To find out the association of CHE with sociodemographic profile, diabetic profile, and treatment compliance among the study population. Methodology: After applying the inclusion criteria 360 known diabetics were included from the four randomly selected slum areas of Agra city. A cross- sectional study through face-to-face interview using predesigned, pretested, and semi-structured questionnaire was conducted from September 2020 to March 2022. Data was entered on MS excel and appropriate statistical analysis was done. Results: Males and females were 59% and 41% respectively. Nearly 66% participants were of age group 35-60 years, 28% were illiterates, 54% were unemployed & 44% belong to upper lower socioeconomic class. Almost 96% were having type 2 diabetes, 74% were on oral hypoglycaemic agents and 70% were compliant to treatment. Monthly median direct out-of-pocket expenses were INR 1500 and indirect expenses were INR 505. Type of diabetes, and treatment regimen were the factors found to be associated with Catastrophic health expenditure. Conclusion: A significant proportion of 39.4% of the study participants were found to have catastrophic health expenditure.

Predictive modelling of nitrogen dioxide using soft computing techniques in the Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of the air pollutants which aggravates the human health as well as causes environmental issues. It is more causes respiratory problems due to acid rains. Agra is a major tourist destination spot in India also similarly air pollution also increased growing urbanization and traffic reflux. The current study aims to predicted the NO2 episodes in the Agra city using soft computing models namely, M5P, Random Forest (RF), Group method of data handling (GMDH), Multivariate adaptive regression (MARS), Reduced error pruning tree (REP Tree) and Random tree (RT). The models were generated using 1116 observations, from 2015 to 2020 with input parameters such as Particulate matter (PM2.5), Nitrogen monoxide (NO), Oxides of nitrogen (NOX), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Ozone (O), Benzene (Be), Toluene, Relative humidity (RH), Wind speed (WS), Wind direction (WD), Solar radiation (SR), Barometric pressure (BP) and Xylene. The performance of each model was evaluated based on the six statistical indices, namely correlation coefficient (CC), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), normalized root of mean squared relative error (NRMSE), Willmott's Index (WI), and Legates and McCabe's Index (LMI). The performance evaluation models results of study area, Box plot and Taylor's diagram indicated that M5P is the outperforming model among others with testing CC = 0.9543, RMSE = 5.8006, MAE = 3,9204, NRMSE = 0.1512, WI = 0.9744, and LMI = 0.7549. Based on the sensitivity analysis indicated that NOx is the most influential parameter followed by WD and CO. These results of study area can be helpful to understanding the air pollution causes, health issues, and future NO2 levels around the study area with useful results for air pollution monitoring policy and development.

Metagenomics analysis of water samples collected from the Yamuna River of Agra city, India.

Yamuna River water in Agra city of India is contaminated with toxic pollutants, including heavy metals that cause damage to the environment and human health. At present, the direct use of river water for drinking purposes and household activities lead to the direct exposure of society to the contaminants. In this study, Yamuna River water samples were collected from three different sites in Agra city during the monsoon, summer, and winter seasons. The physico-chemical parameters were estimated along with heavy metals. In physico-chemical parameter, the values found were mostly above the permissible limits. The results water samples contain high levels of cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel above the desirable levels in most cases. The metagenomic analysis revealed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, and Planctobacteria were the most abundant phyla with a relative abundance of 61%, 9.34%, 5.23%, 4.64%, and 4.3%, respectively. The Comamonadaceae, the most abundant family consists of the genera involved in hydrogen oxidation, iron reduction, degraders of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and fermentation. The presence of Pseudomonas, Nitrosomonas sp., Thauera humireducens and Dechloromonas denitrificans (decomposition of sewage and organic matter) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa indicates the presence of heavy metal degrading bacteria in water sample. Functional prediction showed the presence of genes responsible for different metabolic pathways that could help developing new bioremediation strategies. The study concludes the status of water contamination, the presence of complex microbial community and suggests the futuristic use and their role in bioremediation.

Effect of Amla Powder and Turmeric Powder Consumption on Geriatric Subjects Suffering from Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is the most challenging public health problem of 21st century. International Diabetes Federation, (2015) reported 69.1 million cases of diabetes in India. Worldwide 2011 estimation of prevalence of diabetes in the elderly population (60 years & above) is between 15% to 20% (IDF Diabetes Atlas, 2012). The present study titled “Effect of amla powder and turmeric powder consumption on geriatric subjects (60 years & above) suffering from non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus” involved multistage random sampling technique. The study was conducted on 18 geriatric subjects residing in Kala Mahal & Pipal Mandi area of Agra city, randomly divided into 2 groups- experimental group (N1=8) and control group (N2=9). 2.5g each of amla powder and turmeric powder was consumed by experimental geriatric non-insulin dependent subjects for 45 continuous days and its effect on fasting and post prandial blood glucose level was recorded and compared with the control group. Demographic, anthropometric and dietary patterns of both groups was also recorded. Statistical tests were applied and it was found that consumption of amla powder and turmeric powder was significantly effective on geriatric subjects (60 years & above) and there was a significant drop in the fasting & post prandial blood glucose level of experimental group on 45th day of feeding trial. In the 24-hour diet recall average consumption of thiamine (mg) was significant at 95% confidence interval (p<0.05)nwhen t-test was applied while energy (kcal), protein (g), carbohydrates(g), fat(g), phosphorus (mg), iron (mg), vitamin A (mcg), riboflavin (mg), niacin (mg) and vitamin C (mg) intake were not significant (p>0.05).

Advancements and Challenges in Electric Vehicle Adoption in India

The paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the factors influencing electric vehicle (EV) adoption in India, with a particular focus on barriers related to usability, infrastructure, safety, economics, and performance. The study employs various statistical methods to analyze and discuss the findings, offering valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities for EV adoption in Agra City. Agra city has a very low level of uptake of electric cars (ECs), despite significant efforts put in place by policy makers to stimulate their use. This paper investigates the barriers to wider EC adoption via a survey in May, 2023 to a representative sample (N = 165) of the population of Agra City. We discuss and rank the barriers, we discuss and rank the barriers on the basis of mean, tested H0: All types of barriers have an equal effect on buying decision, through Chi-Square test. Also we discuss and rank the barriers aggregate them via principal component analysis (PCA) on the basis of the Varimax Rotated factor analysis to study the socio-economic determinants of the respondents. The findings of this paper suggest a series of improvements that could be made by various key players. To overcome the Barriers related to usability (BU), Barrier of infrastructure (BI), Barriers related to safety and technology (BST), Barriers related to economic uncertainty (BEU) and Barriers related to performance (BRP), the policy makers should recommend car manufacturers to bring cars to the market with solutions to these factors for the wider adoption of electric cars.

Urban growth, changing relationship between biophysical factors and surface thermal characteristics: A geospatial analysis of Agra city, India

The kind of urbanization occurred in the last few decades has caused a massive reduction of urban green space raising the land surface temperature, drastic land use and land cover changes, and hampering environmental sustainability in Agra city. Examining urban growth trends and its significant impacts on surface and vegetation cover of Agra helps in assessing nature of spatial development process. The present study examines urban growth, bio-physical factors and surface thermal characteristics in the city. Study uses multiple geospatial techniques to analyse changes. To obtain spatio-temporal landscape dynamics multi-temporal Landsat TM/OLI satellite images were used for years 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021 to classify LULC classes using maximum likelihood supervised classification algorithm. Based on the spatial drivers and LULC of 2001 and 2011; multi perception based artificial neural network model is applied to predict the urban areas in 2031. Study reports that the greatest loss was found for vegetation cover (VC); a total of 17.89 sq. km. (13.06%) green space lost during the study periods (1991–2021). A remarkable increased in urban area was noticed at a rate of 11.20% during 1991–2001 and 7.97% during 2001–2011. The study has much to offer to urban and environmental planning and sustainable urbanization.

Aggression as a Consequences of Prejudicm

Aggression is a forceful action, whose intent is to harm another individual. It is characterize by type severity and frequency, more or less it is found in all members of society. Many factors affect the frequency of aggression. Prejudice is one of the factor, whose affect aggression, which is studied in this research. The present study intends that prejudice enhance the level of aggression among college going students. For accomplishment of above objective 100 college students (50 Male & 50 Female) has been taken from different colleges of Agra City. The Prejudice has been measured by prejudice scale developed by Bharadwaj, R.L and Aggression Scale developed by Pal, R., and Naqvi,T., were used for this study. The obtained score was analyzed with the help of Mean, SD and ANOVA. The findings of the present research revealed that racism prejudice is a huge cause of aggressions as well as male and female treated it differently. Many studies evident by their results that prejudice is root cause of aggression in Indian perspective.

Assessment of Physico-Chemical Parameters of ground water Quality in Agra City

The minimum to maximum temperature value was observed 22ºC to 25.2ºC while pH value ranged between 7.2 (P-9) to 7.9 (P-1) . The minimum to maximum Turbidity value was observed 5 (P-7) to 17.9 (P-11) NTU. The minimum to maximum TDS value was observed 1540 (P-10) to 4950 (mg/l (P-4). The minimum and maximum Total Hardness value was observed 240 (P-3) to 1250 mg/l (P-7) . The minimum to maximum Calcium Hardness value was observed 75(P-3) to 436 mg/l (P-9). The minimum to maximum Magnesium Hardness value was observed 25.6 (P-6) to 139 mg/l (P-9). The highly positive correlated value were found between total hardness and Magnesium (0.944) , TDS and Chloride (0.913). Highly negatively correlated value were, pH and (-0.640).The result comes out of study shows that the ground water in some area are unfit for drinking purposes .

Assessment of Drinking Water Quality and the Efficiency of the Two Water Treatment Plants in UP, India

This study presents the analysis of the water quality and efficiency of two water treatment plants (370 MLD Palra Reservoir and 310 MLD Conventional Water Treatment Plant). These facilities are catering the water demand of Agra city, having a population of about 2.5 million people. Results have shown that the canal water in Pahansu at Bulandshahr District from the Ganga River has mainly two physical concerns; turbidity and total suspended solids. Other parameters like TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), Hardness, Alkalinity, ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential) and E.C (Electrical Conductivity) were also measured, but their concentration met the BIS recommended values for mentioned water quality parameters. During the study, it was found that the average TSS concentration at Palra reservoir is 468 mg/l, and the same is removed by about 50% with the help of the sedimentation process. The initial turbidity level is about 10.55 NTU, whereas, after sedimentation, it is 9.12 NTU. After primary treatment, the raw water is conveyed to the 310 MLD Conventional Water Treatment Plant at Sikandara Agra through an under-gravity pipeline traversing 134kms. The Conventional Water Treatment Plant involves Coagulation, Flocculation, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection Processes. Raw water at the inlet has turbidity and TSS around 16.9 NTU and 187 mg/l, respectively. About 50% turbidity removal and 70% TSS removal occur in the clari-flocculator, and the remaining get removed during the rapid sand filtration process, thus, giving final water free from turbidity and TSS. Other parameters of the treated water, like pH, Alkalinity, Hardness, TDS etc., are well within the prescribed limits.

A study on physico-chemical and microbial attributes of Rabri marketed in Agra city

A study on physico-chemical and microbial attributes of Rabri marketed in Agra city

Screening and characterization of bacterial isolates for degradation of recalcitrant pollutants from River water

The restoration of river ecosystems depends on the utilization of the most effective river water treatment techniques. Yamuna river water of Agra city is heavily contaminated with toxic pollutants including heavy metals and pesticides that causes severe damage to ecological and social aspects. At present, the direct use of river water for the purpose of drinking causes severe hazards due to anthropogenic activities causing environmental pollution in rivers. The four bacterial isolates (Rhodopseudomonas palustris Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus fusiformis, and Rhodobacter sphaeroides) were used in the form of monocultures and consortium for the bioremediation purposes. According to the results obtained, a significant reduction were observed in the physico chemical parameters including heavy metals. Hence, bioremediation is considered to be an attractive option for minimizing the pollution load from contaminated river water due to its high efficiency and economical impact than chemical remediation. Thus the current study clearly states that, application of bacterial consortia and monocultures can be used for the treatment of toxic effluents from Yamuna river water.

SUGGESTIONS TO REDUCE RISK FACTORS AMONG THE HEALTH WORKERS IN AGRA CITY OF UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA

This study was carried out among the HCWs (both males and females) of 30 hospitals of Agra city, Uttar Pradesh, India. There were a variety of HCWs in the study group, including senior residents, junior residents, interns, undergraduate medical students, staff and student nurses, and staff and student laboratory technicians. The study was carried out with participation from 600 HCWs. In Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, a city tertiary hospital conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Data were collected using a predesigned schedule from 600 respondents (Doctors, nurses, laboratory technicians and staff). Therefore, this study was undertaken to study the awareness of standard occupational safety measures such as universal precautions and compliance in daily practice among paramedical workers. Healthcare professionals (HCP) face risks while providing preventive, curative, and rehabilitation services. Medical science advancements have increased safety to some extent, but contemporary technology has also made healthcare very complex and dangerous. This study was therefore conducted to find out how well-informed paramedical workers were about common workplace safety precautions like general safety measures and how often they followed them. There are numerous risks associated with medical care, including radiation exposure, violence, psychiatric disorders, patient stalking, and suicide. Due to patient handling and the rising number of obese patients, HCP are at a high risk for musculoskeletal disorders. Human immunodeficiency virus-related workload growth has resulted in greater difficulties. Many HCP are unaware of prevention strategies despite the possibility of exposure to hazards. Additionally, the system is not supportive, the prevention policies are unclear or difficult to access, or there is a problem with attitudes. So, HCP still experience problems, especially in developing nations. Health managers must make sure that healthcare is focused on assessing the risks faced by HCP, their causes, and doing everything they can to prevent them.

College Students’ Perspective on Online Teaching and Learning Methods During Covid-19 Pandemic: A Study

The present study was conducted in Agra city of Uttar Pradesh to understand the college students’ perspective on online teaching and learning methods. Multistage stratifi ed random sampling was used to make a sample size of 120 college students who were involved in online classes. The study revealed that the quizzes were more eff ective activity during Covid-19 than pre-COVID-19 and this diff erence was found to be signifi cant (2 = 12.79). Signifi cant diff erence regarding the use of email ( 2 = 35.62), personal contact (2 = 92.91) and telephonic contact ( 2 = 14.02) for communication before and during Covid-19 was observed. Also, signifi cant diff erences were observed in variables demonstration (2 = 4.82), photographs ( 2 = 7.18), slides ( 2 = 22.95), recordings (2 = 16.56) and other ICT tools ( 2 = 17.14) along with signifi cant association was found regarding preference to e-library ( 2 = 7.18), e-pdf ( 2 = 43.43) and hand notes ( 2 = 45.00). S ignifi cant association was found regarding the preference for group discussion with detailed instructions by the teacher ( 2 = 25.21). The results also found some methods which made classroom more interesting during Covid-19 were photographs, recordings, slides, ICT tools. Teachinglearning material like e-pdf, e-textbooks, online quizzes etc were found adequate for students for online classes. Students responded enthusiasm, demonstration method, explaining through AV Aids, virtual availability and encouragement for discussion were very important methods for online classes. Thus, it becomes very important for teachers to identify the methods by which students can interact in class eff ectively and they can feel more opportunistic after getting interesting productive material which is available online.

Profile of Nutritional Status of the School Aged Children Residing in Urban Slums of Agra City: A Community based Cross Sectional Study

Profile of Nutritional Status of the School Aged Children Residing in Urban Slums of Agra City: A Community based Cross Sectional Study

Detriments and Utilisation of Maternal Health Care Services in Urban slums of Agra City

Access of slum population to basic services is a key indicator of the quality of life in slums in particular and the city in general. Basic infrastructure includes roads, sewer lines, storm water drains, community latrines, street lights, drinking water supply, school, electricity; health centers etc. In this paper research was a cross-sectional and descriptive survey conducted in the slums of Agra from March 2017 to March 2018.The study participants were women who had delivered babies 03 years prior to the survey along with the head of the families. The calculated size was 400 hundred households across the four zones of Agra city. The data collected was entered and analyzed using SPSS. The health of the slum communities is considerably worse off than the non- poor in urban area and is comparable to the rural figure. There are 48.47% women in India out which 22.2 % are in reproductive age. Due to the risk linked with child birth and child care women and children form the “vulnerable” group in need of health services. It is found that utilization of Maternal and Child Health services among the migratory and slum dwellers living in the Municipality area of Agra is not satisfactory. 44.1% reported that there were children born in the family during the last three years preceding the survey 35.5% of mothers delivered at home. The reasons given for not availing the ANC were, 34.4 % thought it was not necessary, 61.2% had financial problems. It is urgent requirement to establish sub centers of primary health in slum areas, where timing of these sub centers should be in such manner so that slum dwellers can avail health services.

Investigation of Heavy Metals Including Arsenic (As) Concentration in Underground Water of Agra City using Arsenic Hydride System by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer and also Application of Geo Spatial Technology

Water Plays a significant role in our life. It serves the purpose of various Human activities such as irrigation, electricity, generation, industrial production etc. Water requirement in Uttar Pradesh is continually on the rise. In India ground water is being used as raw or untreated water for 85% of the public Supply of water varies widely from region to region and country to country. The prime requirement for sustainable development of a region is its water quality especially underground water. To check groundwater and sort out the contaminated region is economically very significant for the development of the area...Currently the potable water woes are global problem. This paper focuses on the ground water contamination of Agra city. It was selected for its importance as a popular tourist destination worldwide. The large number of tourists coming here use its water, therefore it is imperative that its water quality be monitored regularly. The present study is of mid-monsoon season 2018. For these 15 samples were collected using handheld GPS from randomly selected stations from different wards having easy access for regular sampling. The drinking water in Agra city is assessed for the following 8 parameters namely, pH, conductance, total dissolved solids (TDS) and heavy metals like Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb and As. and it is found that the concentration of various parameters is not within the permissible limit of water quality prescribed by WHO and CPCB. A GIS database of the measured spatial and water quality data is developed using QGIS3.2 and ground water quality maps are also prepared which will be helpful in monitoring the ground water quality of the status of the study area.