Young Adults Ages Research Articles

Demographic Trends in Stroke-related Mortality in Young Adults (Age: 15–55 years) with Opioid Use Disorder in the United States from 1999–2020 (S34.008)

Demographic Trends in Stroke-related Mortality in Young Adults (Age: 15–55 years) with Opioid Use Disorder in the United States from 1999–2020 (S34.008)

Psychological flexibility and cognitive-affective processes in young adults' daily lives.

Psychological flexibility plays a crucial role in how young adults adapt to their evolving cognitive and emotional landscapes. Our study investigated a core aspect of psychological flexibility in young adults: adaptive variability and maladaptive rigidity in the capacity for behavior change. We examined the interplay of these elements with cognitive-affective processes within a dynamic network, uncovering their manifestation in everyday life. Through an Ecological Momentary Assessment design, we collected intensive longitudinal data over 3weeks from 114 young adults ages 19 to 32. Using a dynamic network approach, we assessed the temporal dynamics and individual variability in flexibility in relation to cognitive-affective processes in this sample.Rigidity exhibited the strongest directed association with other variables in the temporal network as well as highest strength centrality, demonstrating particularly strong associations to other variables in the contemporaneous network. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that rigidity in young adults is associated with negative affect and cognitions at the same time point and the immediate future.

Why do Middle-Aged Adults Report Worse Mental Health and Wellbeing than Younger Adults? An Exploratory Network Analysis of the Swiss Household Panel Data

Despite the growing consensus that midlife appears to be a particularly vulnerable life phase for lower mental health and wellbeing, little is known about the potential reasons for this phenomenon or who the individuals at higher risk are. Our study used six waves (2013–2018) of the Swiss Household Panel (n = 5,315), to compare the distribution of mental health and wellbeing, as well as their key correlates, between midlife (40–55 years) and younger adults (25–39 years) in Switzerland. Moreover, using network analysis to investigate interrelationships across life domains, we describe the complex interrelations between multiple domain-specific correlates and indicators of both mental health and wellbeing across the two age groups. Middle-aged (age 40–55) individuals reported lower life satisfaction and joy, as well as higher anger, sadness, and worry than young adults (age 25–39), with the effect sizes reaching up to 0.20 Cohen’s d. They also reported lower social support, relationships satisfaction, health satisfaction, and higher job demands and job insecurity. Relationships satisfaction and social support were the most consistent correlates across all three indicators of wellbeing in both age groups. Health satisfaction was more strongly, and directly, interrelated with energy and optimism in midlife compared with young adulthood (0.21 vs 0.12, p = 0.007). Job demands were more strongly linked with anger and sadness in midlife. The network model helped us to identify correlates or their clusters with direct and strong links to mental health and wellbeing. We hypothesised that health satisfaction, relationships satisfaction, social support, and job demands may help to explain worse mental health and wellbeing in midlife.

Scotopic and Photopic Conventional Visual Acuity and Hyperacuity - Binocular Summation.

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare binocular summation (BiS) of conventional visual acuity (cVA) versus hyperacuity (hVA) for photopic and scotopic luminance conditions as a potential biomarker to assess the outcome of interventions on binocular function. Sixteen young adults (age range [years] = 21-31; 8 women; cVA logMAR < 0.0) participated in this study. The Freiburg Visual Acuity Test (FrACT) was used for VA testing and retested on another day. Both cVA and hVA were determined for dark grey optotypes on light grey background. Participants underwent 40minutes of dark adaptation prior to scotopic VA testing. Binocular and monocular VA testing was performed. The eye with better VA over the 2 days of testing was selected, the BiS was quantified (binocular VA - better monocular VA) and repeated measures ANOVAs were performed. Binocular VA exceeded monocular VA for all luminance conditions, VA-types, and sessions. We report BiS estimates for photopic and scotopic cVA and hVA, (logMAR BiS ± SEM [decimal BiS]): photopic = -0.01 ± 0.01 [1.03] and -0.06 ± 0.03 [1.15]; and scotopic = -0.05 ± 0.01 [1.12] and -0.11 ± 0.04 [1.28], respectively). Improvement for binocular vision estimates ranged from 0.01 to 0.11 logMAR. A repeated-measures ANOVA (RM ANOVA) did not reveal significant effects of LUMINANCE or VA TYPE on BiS, albeit a trend for strongest BiS for scotopic hVA (15% vs. 28%, photopic versus scotopic, respectively) and weakest for photopic cVA (3% vs. 12%, photopic versus scotopic conditions, respectively). Our results indicate that BiS of VA is relevant to scotopic and photopic hVA and cVA. It appears therefore a plausible candidate biomarker to assess the outcome of retinal therapies restoring rod or cone function on binocular vision. Binocular summation of visual acuity might serve as a clinical biomarker to monitor therapy outcome on binocular rod and cone-mediated vision.

54 Identifying Geographic Clusters of H. pylori Associated Metastatic Early-Onset Gastric Cancer: A case-control study in Los Angeles

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: More young adults (age &lt;50 years) are diagnosed with metastatic gastric cancer (mGC) every year. We will evaluate the association between environmental risk factors (including historical racial residential segregation) clinical, pathologic, molecular features and H.pylori associated early-onset mGC (mE-GC). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This retrospective matched case-control study of patients (1:2 by diagnosis year) with mGC (early-onset [E-GC; &lt;50 years]; vs older-onset [O-GC; &gt;50 years]) from 2000-2022 from the Los Angeles Cancer Surveillance Program (LA-CSP) will be enriched by a chart-abstracted cohort from USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer (NCCC). This annotated database captures sociodemographic, medical, and pathologic features of patients treated for mGC at NCCC. It will link to LA-CSP data exploring neighborhood features (obesity rate, poverty, insurance, access to care, ethnic enclave, historical segregation, etc.) of cases and controls to identify, characterize, and compare geographic “hotspot” neighborhoods of mE-GC. We hypothesize younger Hispanic and Asian patients are at higher risk of H.pylori associated mGC. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: From 2000-2022, 339 patients (mE-GC n = 113; mO-GC n=226) were treated at NCCC. We will have characterized clinical and pathological features of mE-GC vs mO-GC. We determined the proportion of H. pylori associated mE-GC vs mO-GC. We will have established the geographical distribution of patients with mE-GC vs mO-GC to identify high-risk neighborhoods. We will link neighborhood risk factors such as food scarcity, poverty, health care access, ethnic enclaves, to the distinct clinical and pathological features of mE-GC, including H. pylori status. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, t-tests, and multivariable regression will be used to compare mE-GC to mO-GC. After controlling for underlying demographics and tumor features, we anticipate clusters of mE-GC and mO-GC in areas of historical racial segregation. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Linking neighborhood and individual risk factors for mE-GC will inform early detection and prevention efforts for vulnerable individuals in high-risk neighborhoods. Building community partnerships within these neighborhoods is essential for developing interventions targeting H. pylori treatment to reduce health disparities in mE-GC.

One-year outcomes of traumatic injuries among survivors in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study on the employment outcomes and functioning state

BackgroundTraumatic injury is one of the top public health challenges globally. Injury survivors often experience poor health and functioning and restricted participation in employment. In Ethiopia, there is a paucity...

The Use of Mobility-Focused Outcome Measures for Young Adults With Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy

Background: Young adults living with cancer face many unique challenges during treatment and throughout survivorship. Chemotherapy is a standard anticancer treatment that has been known to lead to negative side effects on health including loss of muscle mass, strength, and physical function (ie, physical mobility). This scoping review aimed to explore what, how, and when mobility-focused outcome measures are being used during chemotherapy treatments for young adults living with cancer to examine changes in physical mobility. Methods: Five databases were searched. To be included in this review, studies must have included young adults (age 18-40) living with cancer, who were receiving chemotherapy treatment and used any form of physical mobility measurement during treatment. Duplicates were removed, and all screening and data extraction were performed by 2 or more independent reviewers. Results: A total of 1734 studies were screened, and four studies were included in this review. Three studies included a self-reported activity log. All studies assessed physical mobility using types of performance-based outcome measures such as accelerometers, muscle strength tests, cycle ergometer testing, or the 6- minute walk test. Assessments were conducted in person by study personnel in 2 studies. Outcomes were assessed throughout the chemotherapy cycle, including preadministration, over the first 7 days, weekly, and months into treatment. Conclusion: Although a scarcity of available literature exists, this review highlights the potential for screening and monitoring changes in mobility for young adults with cancer. Clinical application of the measures highlighted in this review shows promise in guiding appropriate interventions and informing changes in treatment dosage. Future research should build upon existing work to address the limited availability of mobility measures validated in this population.

Covid-19 pandemic and mental health among adolescents and young adults: results from two studies conducted in North of Italy

IntroductionThe northern region of Italy had been the epicenter of the first wave of Covid-19. The youth population residing in this area experienced an extended period of restrictive measures implemented to curb the spread of the virus. Given the adverse effects of social distancing and lockdown measures, there is a concern regarding the mental health of young individuals in this region. However, there remains a notable scarcity of studies exploring the long-term impact of the pandemic on the mental health of this vulnerable population.ObjectivesTo assess psychopathological symptoms among adolescents and young adults in order to evaluate the extent of their impact in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. To explore potential risk factors and resilience factors in youth who have experienced the effects of the pandemic.MethodsTwo studies are performed. Study n1 has observational design and includes 7,146 adolescents and young adults (age range 14–25) evaluated during the fourth wave of the COVID-19 through standardized measures for depression, anxiety, anger, somatic symptoms, resilience, loneliness and post-traumatic growth. Study n2 has prospective design and includes 153 students (mean age 16.1±0.49), evaluated before the Covid-19 pandemic (November 2019–January 2020) and 1 year later (April–May 2021) to measure anxiety, depression, stress, emotional dysregulation, maladaptive behaviours.ResultsStudy 1. Clustering methods identifed two groups of students with different psychological features, that we further defined as “poor mental health” and “good mental health”. Those with poor mental health were characterized by higher scores of loneliness and self-harm, followed by being of female gender, presenting binge eating behaviors and, finally, having unsatisfying family relationships.Study 2. Over the course of one year, significant changes in various psychological parameters were observed: an increase in anxiety, stress for future uncertainty, and higher frequency of maladaptive behaviours.Stress related to social domains (i.e., school attendance, romantic relationships, peer pressure) decreased over the year. Cluster analysis identified three distinct groups of youths based on their changes in psychopathological symptoms over time: those who worsened (N=23; 15%), improved (N=55; 34%), or remained stable (N=75; 46%). Furthermore, adolescents who reported an increase in self-harm (OR=2.61; p&lt;0.001), binge-drinking (OR=3.0; p=0.007), aggressiveness (OR 1.92; p=0.004), and binge-eating (OR 2.55; p=0.003) were more likely to be associated with a worsened mental health condition.ConclusionsThe findings from these studies substantiated the significant psychological distress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, they yielded valuable further insights regarding into the factors linked to distinct patterns of mental health outcomes.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Young Adults and Parents’ Coping With Duchenne/Becker Muscular Dystrophy: A Focus Group Study

Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DBMD) are genetic disorders that are characterized by progressive muscle weakness. As such, individuals with DBMD may need constant assistance with medical and physical care, which is oftenE provided by their family members. An essential part of patients’ medical management and their parents’ care is to develop appropriate coping strategies. This study focuses on young adults in the developmental period of emerging adulthood and parents, aiming to obtain an in-depth understanding of their coping strategies with DBMD. Qualitative methodology was employed and implemented within three focus groups: one group of young adults (ages 18–23) and two groups of parents. The findings of themes related to young adults and parents coping with DBMD included negative emotions alongside positive perceptions, hope, coping with loneliness in the context of being different, and familial adjustments. Our findings revealed similarities and differences in relation to both young adults’ and parents’ coping strategies, referred to in this study as “adjustments”. It may be advantageous to have an interdisciplinary professional team (i.e., physicians, nurses, and psychologists/social workers) intervene with young adults and parents to get a comprehensive understanding of the impact DBMD has on the multidimensional aspects of their daily functioning and the “adjustments” they employ to cope with DBMD.

Age-Related Differences in Neutralizing Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variants in 151 SARS-CoV-2-Naïve Metropolitan Residents Boosted with BNT162b2.

Although age negatively correlates with vaccine-induced immune responses, whether the vaccine-induced neutralizing effect against variants of concern (VOCs) substantially differs across age remains relatively poorly explored. In addition, the utility of commercial binding assays developed with the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 for predicting the neutralizing effect against VOCs should be revalidated. We analyzed 151 triple-vaccinated SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals boosted with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech). The study population was divided into young adults (age < 30), middle-aged adults (30 ≤ age < 60), and older adults (age ≥ 60). The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) titers against Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants were compared across age. Antibody titers measured with commercial binding assays were compared with PRNT titers. Age-related decline in neutralizing titers was observed for both Delta and Omicron variants. Neutralizing titers for Omicron were lower than those against Delta in all ages. The multiple linear regression model demonstrated that duration from third dose to sample collection and vaccine types were also significant factors affecting vaccine-induced immunity along with age. The correlation between commercial binding assays and PRNT was acceptable for all age groups with the Delta variant, but relatively poor for middle-aged and older adults with the Omicron variant due to low titers. This study provides insights into the age-related dynamics of vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, corroborating the need for age-specific vaccination strategies in the endemic era where new variants continue to evolve. Moreover, commercial binding assays should be used cautiously when estimating neutralizing titers against VOCs, particularly Omicron.

Poverty and birth cohort effects of experiencing the 2007-2009 Great Recession during adolescence on major depressive episodes and mental health treatment of young adults in the United States.

Household economic adversity during adolescence is hypothesized to be a risk factor for poor mental health later in life. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a quasi-experimental analysis of an economic shock, the Great Recession of 2007-2009. We tested if going through adolescence during the Great Recession was associated with increased risk of major depressive episodes (MDE) and mental health treatment in young adulthood with potential moderation by household poverty to explore differences by economic adversity. We analyzed data on young adults age 18-29years from the 2005-2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 145,394). We compared participants who were adolescents during the recession to those followed-up prior to the recession. Regression analysis tested effect modification by household poverty status. Adolescent exposure to the Great Recession was associated with higher likelihood of MDE during young adulthood (aOR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.23, 1.37); there was no relationship with mental health treatment. Effects on MDE were stronger among those in households with higher incomes compared to those living in poverty. Findings support the hypothesis that exposure to the Great Recession during adolescence may have increased risk for MDE, but raise questions about whether the mechanism of this association is economic distress.

Codeine and promethazine: Exploratory study on "lean" or "sizzurp"using national survey data and an online forum.

The concoction known as "lean" containing codeine and promethazine, holds a prominent cultural presence and is often referenced in mass media platforms (e.g., music and social media). Surprisingly, there's a scarcity of national data characterizing the use of lean. Therefore, the current study investigated the use of lean using national survey data and online forum participant input, and focused on identifying concurrent substance use, exploring co-administration with other substances (e.g., alcohol, cannabis), and determining lean-related experiences. We analyzed data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) spanning 2007-2019, identifying persons who used lean (weighted N = 42,275). Additionally, we conducted a Reddit-based study to gather insights about lean consumtion (N = 192). The NSDUH data indicated that lean use was most prevalent among teenagers and young adults (ages 13-21), accounting for 66% of the sample. This trend was more pronounced in male respondents (75%) compared to females. Additionally, the use was predominantly observed among Black/African American (29%), Hispanic (28%), and White (33%) populations, with these groups also reporting higher levels of concurrent alcohol and cannabis use. Similarly, findings from Reddit showed that individuals who used lean were predominantly male (67%) and exhibited elevated concurrent rates of alcohol (83%) and cannabis (46%) use in the past 30 days. Moreover, approximately 66% of respondents met criteria for severe lean use disorder, and 37% acknowledged driving under its influence. The NSDUH data found that mostly young adult males reported consuming lean in the past twelve months, though the racial/ethnic breakdown of persons who used lean was diverse. The Reddit data found that most individuals in the sample met the criteria for a substance use disorder pertaining to their lean consumption. These findings underscore the clinical significance and necessity for further controlled research on lean.

Patient and provider medication preferences affect treatment outcomes among adolescents and young adults with opioid use disorder

BackgroundThe opioid epidemic in the United States has not spared youth or young adults, as evidenced by a six-fold increase in opioid use disorder (OUD) diagnoses in the last two decades. Given this dramatic rise, a call for greater uptake and accessibility of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUDs) among youth and young adults has ensued, resulting in an increasing number of MOUD treatment pathways for this vulnerable population. MethodsThis secondary data analysis seeks to characterize patient and provider preferences for MOUD treatment pathways, and test for associations between baseline MOUD treatment preferences and opioid use and treatment adherence outcomes. Participants included 288 youth and young adults (age 15–21 years), recruited from a residential treatment program in Maryland. The study assessed patient preferences at baseline (n = 253) and provider preferences at patient treatment discharge (n = 224). Mixed-effects negative binomial regression models were conducted for opioid use outcomes, and logistic regressions were conducted for treatment adherence outcomes. ResultsResults indicate that congruence of treatment with patients' (Incidence Rate Ratio [IRR] = 0.65) and providers' (IRR = 0.66) preferences was significantly associated with reduced self-reported days of opioid use in the past 90 days, but only for patients receiving extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX). Results also indicated that patients were less likely to switch medication treatment pathways (e.g., from XR-NTX to buprenorphine, or vice versa) during follow-up if they received their preferred treatment at baseline, a finding which held true for both XR-NTX (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.32) and buprenorphine (OR = 0.22). ConclusionsReceipt of MOUD congruent with patient and provider preferences was associated with reduced opioid use and greater treatment adherence in this sample of youth and young adults with OUD.

Abstract P533: Association Between Cardiovascular Health and Carotid Arterial Ultrasound Markers Among Young Adults Using AHA’s “Life’s Essential 8” Metrics

Background: In 2022, the American Heart Association (AHA) published a new set of cardiovascular health (CVH) guidelines, named Life's Essential 8 (LE8), as an update to the AHA’s previous definition of ideal CVH, Life’s Simple 7 (LS7). This study used both LE8 and LS7 scores to investigate associations between CVH and carotid markers among young adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 240 young adults (age 24.2±1.6) who underwent a carotid ultrasound between 2018 to 2022. LE8 score was calculated from 8 metrics including four health factors (body mass index (BMI), non-high density lipid (non-HDL) levels, fasting glucose, and blood pressure), and four health behaviors (physical activity, dietary pattern, tobacco use, and sleep). LS7 was calculated from 7 metrics (all LE8 metrics, except for sleep) with a simpler algorithm. Higher LE8 and LS7 scores both indicate better adherence to CVH guidelines. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), arterial stiffness (CAS), and lipid deposition (determined by gray scale median, GSM) were evaluated by carotid ultrasound. Linear regression analyses were conducted to assess the association of LE8 and LS7 with carotid markers, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and parents’ highest degree. Results: After adjusting for covariates, a one standard deviation (SD) increase in LE8 score was associated with 11.11μm lower CIMT (95% confidence interval[ CI] , -19.91 -2.30; p , 0.014), 1.20 (10 -6 xm 2 /N) greater distensibility (95% CI , 0.12 2.29; p 0.030), and 2.62 greater GSM (95% CI , 0.51 4.73; p 0.015). Analyses using LS7 score demonstrated consistent findings. Individual health factor metrics demonstrated stronger association with carotid markers, as compared to individual behavior metrics. One-SD increase in LE8 BMI score was associated with 19.37μm lower CIMT (95% CI , -27.66 -11.07; p &lt;0.001), 2.33 greater distensibility (95% CI , 1.31 3.35; p 0.001), and 6.10 greater GSM (95% CI, 4.18 8.03; p &lt;0.001). Similar trends were observed for LE8 scores for lipids and blood pressure with carotid measures. Conclusion: Greater adherence to CVH guidelines is associated with better carotid arterial health in young adults, evidenced by lower CIMT, less arterial stiffness, and less lipid deposition. LE8 and LS7 demonstrated comparable associations with carotid markers, with LE8 displaying a slightly stronger association with CIMT.

Contextualizing Lives and Historical Time: Examining Changes in the Transition to Adulthood and Age-Arrest Trajectories from the 1960s to 2018

Objectives: The changing nature and timing of adult role acquisition during the transition to adulthood over the past several decades may hold implications for criminal offending as adult roles are fundamental to theories of desistance. This research explores whether changes in adult role attainment during young adulthood are associated with the changes in the level and slope of the age-arrest trajectory over the past half-century. Methods: Combining US Census and Uniform Crime Report data, we map the average rate of adult role attainment (e.g., marriage, parenthood, labor force, independent living) and aggregate age-arrest trajectories among young adults (ages 18-24) biennially from 1960 to 2018. We fit a multilevel growth curve model where ages are nested within years to examine whether variation in the aggregate age-arrest trajectory is associated with variation in the attainment of adulthood. Results: At the macro level, periods with higher levels of adult role attainment are associated with a swifter decline in the young adult arrest rate but not the level. Conclusions: This research positions sociohistorical context at the center of life course criminological inquiry and highlights how historical shifts in the attainment and timing of adult social roles can alter behavioral patterns during the transition to adulthood.

Mental Health–Related Outpatient Visits Among Adolescents and Young Adults, 2006-2019

Concerns over the mental health of young people have been increasing over the past decade, especially with the rise in mental health burden seen during the COVID-19 pandemic. Examining trends in mental health-related outpatient visits provides critical information to elucidate contributing factors, identify vulnerable populations, and inform strategies to address the mental health crisis. To examine characteristics and trends in mental health-related outpatient visits and psychotropic medication use among US adolescents and young adults. A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, an annual probability sample survey, was conducted from January 2006 to December 2019. Participants included adolescents (age 12-17 years) and young adults (age 18-24 years) with office-based outpatient visits in the US. Data were analyzed from March 1, 2023, to September 15, 2023. Mental health-related outpatient visits were identified based on established sets of diagnostic codes for psychiatric disorders. Temporal trends in the annual proportion of mental health-related outpatient visits were assessed, including visits associated with use of psychotropic medications. Analyses were stratified by age and sex. From 2006 to 2019, there were an estimated 1.1 billion outpatient visits by adolescents and young adults, of which 145.0 million (13.1%) were associated with a mental health condition (mean [SD] age, 18.4 [3.5] years; 74.0 million females [51.0%]). Mental health-related diagnoses were more prevalent among visits by male (16.8%) compared with female (10.9%) patients (P < .001). This difference was most pronounced among young adults, with 20.1% of visits associated with a psychiatric diagnosis among males vs 10.1% among females (P < .001). The proportion of mental health-related visits nearly doubled, from 8.9% in 2006 to 16.9% in 2019 (P < .001). Among all outpatient visits, 17.2% were associated with the prescription of at least 1 psychotropic medication, with significant increases from 12.8% to 22.4% by 2019 (P < .001). In this cross-sectional study, there were substantial increases in mental health-related outpatient visits and use of psychotropic medications, with greater overall burden among male patients. These findings provide a baseline for understanding post-pandemic shifts and suggest that current treatment and prevention strategies will need to address preexisting psychiatric needs in addition to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Recent tobacco smoking, restaurant and in-car secondhand smoke exposure are associated with depressive symptoms among young adults: a population-based cross-sectional analysis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between recent tobacco smoking, household secondhand smoke exposure, confined space secondhand smoke exposure and depressive symptoms in young adults after adjustments for each other. Data from NHANES 2013–2018 were extracted. A total of 4129 young adults age 18–35 years (mean age 26.11 ± 5.39 years, 2021 males and 2108 females) were included. Depressive symptoms were screened by PHQ-9. Recent tobacco smoking was assessed through question “smoked tobacco in the last 5 days?”. Household secondhand smoke exposure was assessed through question “living with a smoker who smoked inside the house?”. Confined space secondhand smoke exposure was assessed by SSEQ. Binary logistic regression models were performed to analyze the associations. Significant association were observed in recent tobacco smoking (OR = 1.593, 95% CI 1.318–1.926) and confined space secondhand smoke exposure (OR = 1.399, 95% CI 1.185–1.651), but not in household secondhand smoke exposure (P = 0.108). Among the different settings of confined space secondhand smoke exposure, restaurant (OR = 1.732, 95% CI 1.120–2.678) and in-car (OR = 1.350, 95% CI 1.102–1.652) exposure were significantly associated with depressive symptom after after fully adjustments.

Under the Gun: Percussive Massage Therapy and Physical and Perceptual Recovery in Active Adults.

Handheld percussive massage devices (ie, massage guns) are a relatively new and under-researched recovery tool. These tools are intended to increase range of motion and reduce muscle soreness by delivering targeted vibration to soft tissues. Empirical knowledge about the potential influence of these devices on perceptual recovery and the recovery of performance characteristics after exercise is scarce. To investigate the effect of a 5-minute massage gun application, using a commercially available device, on physical and perceptual recovery after a strenuous bout of lower body exercise. Controlled laboratory study. Physiology laboratory. A total of 65 active young adults (age = 21.3 ± 1.4 years; age range = 18-30 years; 34 women: height = 165.8 ± 6.1 cm, mass = 66.0 ± 7.4 kg; 31 men: height = 181.1 ± 6.0 cm, mass = 81.5 ± 11.8 kg). Participants applied a massage gun on the calf muscles of 1 leg after strenuous exercise (massage gun recovery group) for 5 minutes and used no recovery intervention on the other leg (control group). Ankle range of motion, calf circumference, isometric strength, calf endurance, and perceived muscle soreness measures were collected at baseline and at various points after lower body exercise. No significant group × time interactions were recorded for any of the performance or perceptual measures (P values > .05). Effect sizes were mostly unclear, except for a small increase in perceived muscle soreness in the massage gun recovery group compared with the control group immediately (d = -0.35) and 4 hours (d = -0.48) postrecovery. Massage guns appeared to have little effect on physical measures when applied for 5 minutes immediately after strenuous calf exercise. Given the small increase in muscle soreness up to 4 hours after their use, caution is recommended when using massage guns immediately after strenuous lower body exercise.

Consistency of spatial ability performance in children, adolescents, and young adults.

Spatial abilities are essential cognitive skills for many aspects of our everyday life that develop substantially throughout childhood and adolescence. While there are numerous measurement tools to evaluate these abilities, many of them have been designed for specific age groups hampering comparability throughout development. Thus, we determined test-retest-reliability and minimal detectable change for a set of tests that evaluate spatial ability performance in their variety in youth and compared them to young adults. Children (age: 11.4 ± 0.5 years, n = 26), adolescents (age: 12.5 ± 0.7 years, n = 22), and young adults (age: 26.1 ± 4.0 years, n = 26) performed a set of five spatial ability tests twice, 20 min apart: Paper Folding Test (PFT), Mental Rotation Test (MRT), Water Level Task (WLT), Corsi Block Test (CBT), and Numbered Cones Run (NCR). Relative and absolute test-retest reliability was determined by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3,1) and the standard error of measurement (SEM), respectively. Further, the minimal detectable change (MDC95%) was calculated to identify clinically relevant changes between repeated measurements. Irrespective of test, reliability was "excellent" (i.e., ICC3,1 ≥ 0.75) in all age cohorts and the SEM values were rather small. The MDC95% values needed to identify relevant changes in repeated measurements of spatial ability performance ranged between 0.8 and 13.9% in children, 1.1 and 24.5% in adolescents, and 0.7 and 20.8% in young adults. The determined values indicate that the investigated set of tests is reliable to detect spatial ability performance in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults.

Family Relationships and Young Italian Adults’ Well-Being: The Mediation Role of Mattering

The perception of mattering, worthiness, and being meaningful for others is a fundamental condition for the human being. During young adulthood, mattering is particularly significant for the identity consolidation and well-being. This study aims to investigate the effect of relationships with parents on multidimensional well-being of young adults, mediated by mattering. A total of 1249 young Italian adults (age range 18–35) were involved, filling an online questionnaire. Data were analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results showed that maternal support has a significant direct relationship just with interpersonal well-being, while paternal support with community well-being. Only through the mediation of mattering, both maternal and parental supports have a positive effect on all the well-being dimensions. The results suggest the importance of promoting a sense of mattering in significant interpersonal contexts for young adults to guarantee their well-being when they are involved in facing demanding challenges that the transition to adulthood requires.