Aggressive Periodontitis Group Research Articles

Evaluation of the effects of different forms of periodontal diseases on quality of life with OHIP-14 and SF-36 questionnaires: A cross-sectional study.

To investigate the effect of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP), generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP) and gingivitis (G) on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) with Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaires. One hundred GAP patients, 114 GCP and 109 G patients were included in the study. Age, gender, number of missing teeth, probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI) and clinical attachment level (CAL) of patients were recorded. The Turkish versions of OHIP-14 and SF-36 questionnaires were filled before any medication and dental treatment were approved. The one-way ANOVA test was used to compare three groups. Generalized aggressive periodontitis and GCP groups were similar to each other (P>0.05) in most subscales except functional limitation and social disability of the OHIP-14 questionnaire (P=0.034 and P=0.018, respectively); conversely, there was no statistically difference between GAP and G groups in functional limitation and social disability subscales (P=0.856 and P=0.242, respectively). GAP group gave higher scores than GCP group in all subscales of SF-36 (P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between OHIP-14 and SF-36 subscale scores in all groups. Study findings indicate that different forms of periodontal disease have different effects on quality of life of patients when measured by OHIP-14 and SF-36. Patients with GCP and GAP had poorer OHRQoL than G patients.

Evaluation of the Effects of Periodontal Disease Severity on Social Anxiety Level

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the level of social anxiety in patients with periodontal disease, and to examine its relationship with the clinical characteristics of periodontal disease.Materials and Methods: This study investigated 200 patients in a cross-sectional design. Sociodemographic data, clinical periodontal parameters and patient complaints were recorded. Patients were divided into four groups according to their clinical periodontal index values: chronic periodontitis (CP), aggressive periodontitis (AP), gingivitis (G), and periodontally healthy (PH). Social anxiety levels of the patients were assessed based on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS).Results: A negative relationship was observed between LSAS scores and age, a positive relationship was observed with education level (p0.05). The Liebowitz total score and total anxiety, socially related anxiety and total avoidance levels of patients with halitosis complaints were found significantly higher (p0.05). LSAS scores for patients with complaints of aesthetics and mobility were significantly higher for all seven sub-items (p0.05). Total avoidance and performance avoidance values were significantly higher in patients with complaints of gingival bleeding (p0.05). All of the LSAS scores were higher in the AP and CP groups compared to the PH group and higher in the AP group than in the CP and G groups (p&amp;lt;0.05). In the G group, the performance-related avoidance level was significantly higher than in the PH group (p&amp;lt;0.05).

Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on stress and salivary Chromogranin-A levels: A clinico-biochemical study.

The aim of the study was to compare chromogranin A (CgA) and stress levels before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). A sample of 40 patients in the age range 25-60 years were included in the study and were divided into gingivitis (10 subjects), chronic periodontitis (CP) (15 patients) and aggressive periodontitis (AgP) (15 patients). The patients were asked to complete two sets of stress questionnaires, plaque index, gingival index, probing depth and clinical attachment levels (CAL) were recorded. Salivary samples were taken at baseline and were repeated three months post NSPT. CgA was detected in saliva samples of all the groups. A statistically significant correlation was established between levels of CgA and stress parameters, which was shown to be the highest in AgP (P < 0.001), followed by CP group (P < 0.005) at baseline. Following NSPT, an overall reduction was observed in the levels of CgA, which was correlated with the overall reduction in stress levels for AgP group (P < 0.005) followed by CP group (P < 0.037). Amongst the clinical parameters, CAL showed the strongest correlation with CgA both at baseline and after NSPT (P < 0.001). Stress was directly correlated to the levels of salivary CgA levels, which was the highest for aggressive periodontitis at baseline. NSPT showed a marked improvement in all the parameters. Levels of CgA and CAL showed a significant correlation in both the CP and AgP groups.

Dermatoglyphics–An Indicator for Periodontal Disease? A Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND: Dermatoglyphics is the dermal ridge configuration of digits, palms and soles. These patterns are genetically determined and are unique for each individual. It can be considered as a window of congenital and intrauterine abnormalities. In dentistry, it has been studied to predict disorders such as dental caries, malocclusions, congenital abnormalities such as gingival fibromatosis and periodontitis. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the dermatoglyphic patterns and correlate it with healthy individuals, aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis patients. AIM: To evaluate the dermatoglyphic patterns and correlate it with healthy individuals, aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 3 groups. Group 1 consisted of healthy individuals (n=15), group 2 consisted of patients with chronic periodontitis (n=15) and group 3 consisted of patients with aggressive periodontitis (n=15). Finger prints were obtained and analysed. SPSS v20 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: On comparing the pattern of individual fingers, the present study shows that there are increased whorls seen in the middle finger of chronic periodontitis patients and increased loops in aggressive periodontitis patients when compared to healthy subjects, however it was not statistically significant(p=0.897). Overall comparison of the dermatoglyphic patterns does not reveal any difference among the 3 groups. No significant difference was seen comparing chronic periodontitis with aggressive periodontitis group.

DNA laddering to evaluate cytogenetic damage in patients with periodontitis

Background:Inflammatory conditions show cytogenetic damage in peripheral blood leukocytes and this can be assessed using various tests. Cytogenetic damage as observed in the peripheral blood cells, is a marker of periodontal disease. DNA laddering is a sensitive assay which evaluates the cytogenetic damage. DNA laddering is a feature that can be observed when DNA fragments, resulting from apoptotic DNA fragmentation, are visualised after separation by gel electrophoresis which results in a characteristic “ladder” pattern.Aim:The aim of the present study is to investigate the cytogenetic damage in different forms of periodontitis in comparison with healthy controls.Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 15 systemically healthy subjects with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis (CGP), 15 systemically healthy subjects with generalised aggressive periodontitis(GAP) and 15 systemically healthy control subjects were recruited. Blood samples of the patients were drawn and evaluated for the cytogenetic damage by DNA laddering.Results:Apoptotic DNA fragmentation was observed as a “ladder” pattern at 180-200 BP intervals in both CGP and GAP groups indicating the DNA damage, in contrast with the healthy group where the ladder pattern was not observed suggesting of the healthy DNA.Conclusion:The results indicated that there are cytogenetic damages in both the chronic and aggressive periodontitis groups incontrast to the healthy controls.

Kronik ve Agresif Periodontitisli Hastalarda H.pylori Açısından Subgingival Plak Analizi

Objectives: Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) is a Gram (-), microaerophilic bacteria and the etiological factor of chronic active gastritis and peptic ulcer. Some studies indicated that this bacterium found at oral cavity which is a potential reservoir for stomach. Several studies showed that H. pylori may found in saliva and subgingival plaque of chronic periodontitis patients. However, there is no data related to aggressive periodontitis patients. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of H. pylori in subgingival plaque samples of chronic, aggressive periodontitis and gingivitis patients and to increase the awareness of the patients for gastric problems. Materials and Methods: This study included 155 patients (61 with gingivitis, 60 with chronic periodontitis, and 34 with aggressive periodontitis) who did not have gastric disease symptom and did not use antibiotics in the last 3 months. The subgingival plaque samples were taken using sterile paper points. The existence of H. pylori, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and P. gingivalis was detected by RT-PCR. Results: H. pylori was not detected in any groups at the end of microbiological analysis. However, a high occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans (97.1%) and P. gingivalis (100%) was observed in the aggressive periodontitis group. However, A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were found in 30% and 21.7% of patients, respectively, with chronic periodontitis. A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were found in 24.6% of patients in the gingivitis group. Conclusions: H. pylori were not detected in samples, indicating that subgingival plaque may not be a primary reservoir for this bacterium.

IL-13 -1112 polymorphism and periodontitis susceptibility: a meta-analysis

BackgroundSeveral studies have examined the association between the IL-13 -1112C/T polymorphism and the risk of periodontitis. However, these studies have reached different conclusions. The aim of the current study was to investigate the link between this IL-13 -1112 polymorphism and susceptibility to periodontitis.MethodsWe utilized electronic databases, including the CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), Wanfang, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases, to manually search for relevant research published through November 30, 2016. The Chinese and English terms used to search the literature included “periodontitis”, “periodontal disease”, “IL 13”, “IL-13”, and “interleukin-13”. In accordance with our inclusion criteria, we selected studies that involved case-control trials. All of these case-control trials described their objectives, design and specific statistical methods. For all included studies, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were provided or could be calculated from the study data. The quality of the included literature was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). STATA 12.0 was used to calculate the sizes of the combined effects and conduct a sensitivity analysis of the results.ResultsOur meta-analysis included 4 articles representing 5 case-control studies with a total of 710 cases and 671 control subjects. The meta-analysis results indicated that the CC vs TT model, CT vs TT model and TT vs CT + CC model (CC VS TT: OR = 0.615, 95% CI = 0.395–0.957; CT vs TT: OR = 0.518, 95% CI = 0.323–0.830; and TT vs CT + CC: OR = 1.739, 95% CI = 1.130–2.676) were significant in five IL-13 -1112 gene polymorphism and periodontitis susceptibility models. Subgroup analysis indicated that the CC vs TT, CT vs TT and TT vs CT + CC models were significant in the chronic periodontitis (CP) group, whereas no significant differences were found in the five aggressive periodontitis (AgP) group models. The sensitivity analysis showed that dropping any single study did not affect the pooled analysis results.ConclusionThe IL-13 -1112 polymorphism may be associated with susceptibility to periodontitis. The IL-13 -1112 gene polymorphism may be associated with susceptibility to CP but not to AgP. Thus, large-scale, multi-ethnic case-control trials are still warranted.

Interleukin-17 and interleukin-23 levels in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis.

IntroductionInterleukin-17 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with a wide range of protective and destructive effects in periodontitis. The role of IL-23 is stabilisation and expansion of Th-17. The aim of this study was to assess whether patients with aggressive and chronic periodontitis exhibit different gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) concentrations of IL-17 and IL-23 compared with clinically healthy subjects.Material and methodsGCF samples were obtained from 32 patients: 10 with chronic periodontitis (CP), 12 with aggressive periodontitis (AgP), and 10 healthy controls (HC). IL-23 and IL-17 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Comparison of study groups was performed with ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to assess correlations between the variables.ResultsIL-17 concentration was significantly higher in the healthy group compared to the AgP and CP groups (p < 0.001), but there were no significant differences between the CP and AgP groups. IL-23 levels in the healthy group were significantly higher than that in the AgP group (p < 0.001). Cytokine concentrations did not correlate significantly with probing depths and clinical attachment levels.ConclusionsGingival crevicular fluid concentrations of IL-17 and IL-23 were significantly higher in the healthy group compared to periodontitis groups.

Visfatin expression in gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis patients: An immunohistochemical analysis

Visfatin, also known as nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, has been suggested as a pro-inflammatory and immunomodulating marker for periodontitis. The aim of this study was an immunohistochemical analysis of visfatin in gingival tissues of patients with chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis. In this cross-sectional study based on clinical evaluation and inclusion and exclusion criteria. Twenty patients with generalized chronic periodontitis, 13 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis, and 20 periodontally healthy individuals enrolled. Gingival tissue samples were obtained during periodontal flap surgery and crown lengthening surgery in periodontal patients and healthy group, respectively. Tissue samples were transferred to a pathology laboratory to determine the degree of inflammatory infiltration by hematoxylin and eosin staining and the level of visfatin expression by immunohistochemistry. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical software and paired t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman rank correlation coefficient. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Inflammation grading and visfatin expression were significantly higher in periodontally diseased gingiva compared to the control group (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between two diseased groups. The relationship between inflammation grading and visfatin expression in aggressive periodontitis group was statistically significant, positive and relatively strong (P = 0.025, r = 0.617). However, no significant relationship has been found between visfatin expression and inflammation grading in the chronic periodontitits and control groups (P > 0.05). Visfatin expression was increased in gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis patients. Hence, visfatin may have a role in the etiopathogenesis of chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis.

Comparison of gingival crevicular fluid periostin levels in healthy, chronic periodontitis, and aggressive periodontitis.

Background:In both states of health and disease, the integrity of connective tissue along with regulation in formation of bones are well maintained by periostin (POSTN) which is a matricellular protein secreted by fibroblasts. The present study aimed to assess the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) POSTN levels in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and aggressive periodontitis and to compare them with that of healthy controls.Materials and Methods:A total of 39 individuals were recruited and allocated into the healthy group, and two periodontitis groups (the chronic and the aggressive types) (13 in each group). The samples of GCF fluid were collected using microcapillary pipette. The POSTN levels were estimated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:The mean levels of total POSTN in GCF fluid (in pg/μl) were 182.41, 79.87, and 49.28 for the healthy, CP, aggressive periodontitis groups, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups with P < 0.05. Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences when compared among the groups with P < 0.05. When all three groups were examined together, there were negative correlations between GCF POSTN levels and clinical parameters.Conclusion:The GCF POSTN levels reduced with an increase in the severity of the periodontitis. With the present study results, we could conclude that the GCF POSTN level can be considered as a dependable marker in periodontal disease diagnosis, disease activity, and healing.

Analysis of IL-6, IL-10 and NF-κB Gene Polymorphisms in Aggressive and Chronic Periodontitis.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), demonstrated to be suppressed by interleukin-10 (IL-10) are known to be regulated by the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB). The aim of this study was to ascertain the association between genetic polymorphism of these genes (IL-6(-174), IL-10(-597) and NF-κB1-94ins/del)) and chronic/aggressive periodontitis. Forty-five patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 58 patients with aggressive periodontitis (AP) and 38 periodontally healthy subjects were included in this study. Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood samples. The NF-κB, IL-6, and IL-10 polymorphisms were determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Among subjects for the ins/ins genotypes of NF-κB1 gene, the AA genotypes of IL-10 presented a higher frequency in chronic periodontitis group than in healthy controls (p=0.023). A statistically significant difference in genotyping frequencies between AP group and healthy controls was observed for the IL-6 gene. The AA genotype of IL-10 was overrepresented in CP and AP groups compared to healthy controls (OR=9.93, 95% CI: 2.11-46.7, OR=5.7, 95% CI: 1.22-26.89, respectively). Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that the IL-10 (-597) AA genotype is associated with susceptibility to chronic/aggressive periodontitis and IL-6 (-174) GG genotypes and G allele seems to be associated with aggressive periodontitis. Clinical relevance: The results of the current study indicate that IL-6 and IL-10 genotypes seem to be associated with aggressive periodontitis. Also, the AA genotypes of IL-10 presented a higher frequency in chronic periodontitis subjects with carrying NF-κB1 ins/ins genotypes.

Alliance of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) promoter gene polymorphism with chronic and aggressive periodontitis in Indian population

BackgroundMatrix metallo proteinases (MMPs) are associated with tissue destruction and remodeling occurrence in chronic periodontitis. In this literature we performed a case-control study to investigate a possible association of single nucleotide polymorphism of MMP-9 with aggressive and chronic periodontitis in Indian population. MethodsA total of 269 DNA samples from venous blood have been isolated, 110 identified chronic periodontitis (CP) patients, 38 Aggressive periodontitis (AgP) patients and 121 healthy individuals. The MMP-9 gene (rs3918242) has a functional single nucleotide polymorphism −1562C/T in the promoter region. RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis was performed followed by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) by using SphI restriction enzyme. Allele frequency and epidemiological effects were calculated and analyzed by chi square test and logistic regression. ResultsThe distribution of MMP9 −1562C/T genotypes and alleles were significantly different between disease groups and control group. T allele carriage is higher in both AgP and CP group compared to control group. Regression analysis showed significant association of T allele carriage in AgP (OR=3.762, 95% CI=1.47–9.66, p=0.006) however in CP group this T allele carriage did not show any association. ConclusionThe findings suggest that the genetic polymorphism of MMP-9 gene is associated with the increased susceptibility to aggressive periodontitis as well as to chronic periodontitis among Indian population.

Comparison of Cone Beam Computed Tomography-Derived Alveolar Bone Density Between Subjects with and without Aggressive Periodontitis.

Understanding the changes in bone density of patients affected by aggressive periodontitis could be useful in early disease detection and proper treatment planning. The aim of this study was to compare alveolar bone density in patients affected with aggressive periodontitis and periodontally healthy individuals using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). This cross-sectional study was conducted on 20 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis. Twenty periodontally healthy patients attending the dental clinics for implant placement or extraction of impacted third molars served as controls. Alveolar bone density was measured using CBCT scanning. Comparisons between aggressive periodontitis group and controls for age and alveolar bone density of the anterior and posterior regions were performed using an independent sample t-test. Multivariable linear regression models were also performed. The differences between groups in regard to age, anterior and posterior alveolar bone density was not statistically significant (p<0.05). In the posterior region, the multivariable regression model showed that bone density was not associated with age, gender or the study groups. Whereas, in the anterior region, patient's age was found to be significantly associated with bone density, p=0.014. Alveolar bone density as measured by CBCT in aggressive periodontitis patients was not different from periodontally healthy individuals. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Immature, but Not Mature, Dendritic Cells Are More Often Present in Aggressive Periodontitis Than Chronic Periodontitis: An Immunohistochemical Study

Dendritic cells (DCs) form a key link between innate and adaptive immune responses. The aim of this study is to analyze presence and distribution of immature (im) and mature (m) DCs in gingival tissue samples obtained from patients diagnosed with aggressive periodontitis (AgP), chronic periodontitis (CP), and clinically healthy periodontium (control group). Gingival tissue samples obtained from patients with: 1) AgP (aged <35 years); 2) CP (aged ≥35 years); and 3) control group (aged >18 years) (n = 10 per group) were collected. Two-way analysis of variance and posterior Fisher least significant difference test were used to observe differences between the means of cells positively marked for imDC (S100, CD1a, and CD207) and mDC (CD208) immunomarkers. imDCs were more numerous in AgP than CP and control groups, being statistically significant only for S100+ cells. Conversely, mDCs were visualized in higher numbers in CP than AgP and control groups (both P <0.05). Considering frequency of immunostained cells, the number of S100+ cells was greater than CD207+ and CD1a+ cells, followed by a lesser number of CD208+ cells, in all groups. Considering that the ability of DCs to regulate immunity is dependent on DC maturation, results suggest that predominance of imDCs appears to be involved in AgP pathogenesis, probably due to lack of ability to induce immune cell activation. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the role of DC maturation in regulating immune responses in periodontal disease.

Differentiation of Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis by FTIR Spectroscopy

Without longitudinal clinical data, it is difficult to differentiate some cases of chronic periodontitis (CP) and aggressive periodontitis (AgP). Furthermore, both forms of disease are exacerbated by tobacco use. Therefore, this cross-sectional study was planned, primarily, to determine the ability of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to distinguish CP and AgP patients by analysis of human saliva samples and, secondarily, to assess the potential confounding influence of smoking on discriminating disease-specific spectral signatures. FTIR spectra were collected from patients with a clinical diagnosis of CP (n = 18; 7 smokers) or AgP (n = 23; 9 smokers). Self-reported smoking status, which may be unreliable, was confirmed by salivary cotinine analysis. Spectral band area analysis and hierarchical cluster analyses were performed to clarify if the 2 periodontitis groups as well as smoker and nonsmoker patients could be differentiated from each other. Significant variations in lipid, amino acid, lactic acid, and nucleic acid content were found between nonsmoker CP and AgP groups. Although significantly lower lipid, phospholipid, protein, amino acid, lactic acid, and nucleic acid content was noted in the smoker AgP group compared with the nonsmoker AgP group, in the CP group, phospholipid, protein, amino acid, and lactic acid content was significantly lower for smokers compared with the nonsmokers. Based on these variations, nonsmoker CP and AgP patients were discriminated from each other with high sensitivity and specificity. Successful differentiation was also obtained for the smoker CP and AgP groups. Thiocyanate levels successfully differentiated smokers from nonsmokers, irrespective of periodontal status, with 100% accuracy. Differentiation of AgP and CP forms, concomitant with determination of smoking status, may allow the dental health professional to tailor treatment accordingly.

Biomarker levels in gingival crevicular fluid of subjects with different periodontal conditions: A cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo compare five biomarker levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in different tooth-sites of subjects with healthy periodontium, aggressive periodontitis and severe chronic periodontitis, and to evaluate the value of these biomarker levels for diagnosis of the type and activity of periodontitis. Materials and methodsPrior to therapy, GCF samples were collected using filter paper strip at different tooth-sites of 10 subjects with healthy periodontium (H), 15 with severe chronic periodontitis (CP) and 15 with aggressive periodontitis (AgP). The strips were weighed and the periodontal clinical parameters were recorded. Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in GCF were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ResultsThe volumes of the GCF samples obtained in CP and AgP subjects were significantly higher than those from subjects with healthy periodontium (P<0.05). Levels of IL-6, TNF-α, CRP and ALP were significantly higher in the untreated disease sites in the CP and AgP groups compared to those in control sites in the H group, while IL-10 levels were lower in the CP and AgP groups than those in the control sites in the H group. However, the levels of all five biomarker levels showed significant correlation with the clinical parameters. ConclusionThe measurement of five biomarker levels in GCF may facilitate overall screening of periodontitis patients in epidemiological studies and allow estimation of periodontitis activity.

Matrix metalloproteinase-2, -9, and tissue inhibitor of MMP-2 gene polymorphisms in Taiwanese periodontitis patients

Background/purposeMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMPs) have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of tissue destruction in periodontitis. The associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter regions of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-2 genes and the risk of aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and chronic periodontitis (CP) were investigated in a Taiwanese population. Materials and methodsMMP-2 C-1306T, C-735T, T-790G, and MMP-9 C-1562T and TIMP-2 G-418C SNPs were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in 69 patients and 129 patients with AgP and CP, respectively, and 117 periodontal healthy individuals who served as healthy controls (HC). Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the possible association of genotypes with periodontitis. ResultsNo significant differences in the distributions of the C-1306T and C-735T variants between periodontitis and HC were detected. Patients with genotype of MMP-2 -790 TT or T allele of MMP-2-790T/G as compared to genotypes of GT + GG genotypes or G allele, were less susceptible to CP [odds ratio (OR) = 0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.25–1.00 and OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.28–0.96, respectively]. The frequencies of TIMP-2 G-418C gene polymorphisms in nonsmokers were statistically significantly different among AgP, CP, and HC groups (P = 0.024). The nonalcohol drinking participants with C allele of MMP-9 C-1562T as compared to T allele, were less susceptible to AgP (adjusted OR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.18–0.90). ConclusionIt is suggested that MMP-2 T-790G, MMP-9 C-1562T, and TIMP-2 G-418C gene polymorphisms might be associated with periodontitis in the Taiwanese Han population.

Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Salivary Periostin Levels in Non-Smoker Subjects With Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis : Periostin Levels in Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis.

Periostin, an extracellular matrix protein functioning as an important structural mediator and adhesion molecule, has been shown to be an important regulator of connective tissue integrity. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of periostin in chronic periodontitis (CP) and aggressive periodontitis (AgP) compared to non-periodontitis (NP). Individuals were submitted to gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva sampling. Periodontal examination consisted of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and clinical attachment level (CAL) measurements. Assays for periostin were performed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Periodontitis patients presented more severe clinical indices compared to the NP group (p < 0.001). The mean GCF level of periostin was lowest in the AgP group as compared to the other groups and was lower in the CP group as compared to the NP group (p < 0.001). Increased levels of periostin were observed in the saliva of patients with AgP as compared to the CP and NP groups (p < 0.05). There was a negative relationship between GCF periostin levels and clinical parameters (p < 0.01), whereas a positive correlation was observed between salivary periostin levels and full-mouth GI and CAL scores (p < 0.01). To our knowledge, this is the first report investigating periostin levels in GCF and saliva in aggressive periodontitis. The results suggest that subjects with CP and AgP exhibit a different periostin profile. Periostin in GCF may have a protective role against periodontal disease. Furthermore, salivary periostin concentrations may have a promising diagnostic potential for the aggressive forms of periodontal disease.

Herpes Simplex Virus 1, Cytomegalovirus and Epstein Barr Virus Detection in Patients with Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis

Recent investigations suggest that the viruses of the family Herpesviridae are associated with periodontal disease, demonstrating a possible association with the presence of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) and Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) in periodontal tissues. Aim: To analyze the association between the presence of HSV-1, HCMV and EBV in patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis. Methods: Crevicular fluid samples were collected from 11 patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP), 11 with chronic periodontitis (CP) and 11 healthy control subjects (CG). The following clinical parameters were measured: plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depths (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Viral detection was performed by PCR for HSV-1, HCMV and EBV. Results: HCMV was detected in 27.3% of AgP patients but not detected in CP and healthy subjects; HSV-1 in 27.3% of AgP and CP group and in 9.1% of CG. EBV-1 was detected in 18.2% of CP patients and 9.1% of the CG. HCMV and HSV-1 coinfection was detected in 18.8% of AgP patients and 9.09% of viral coinfection between HSV-1 and VEB, within the CP group. The AgP group exhibited the higher values for all clinical parameters evaluated, respect to the CP and control group. Conclusion: The presence of HCMV may be related to periodontal disease, specifically in cases of AgP, and it may play a synergistic role with other infectious agents from the oral cavity associated with the development of periodontitis.

Analysis of tumor necrosis factor-α−308 and lymphotoxin-α+252 gene polymorphisms in Taiwanese patients with periodontitis

Background/purposePolymorphisms in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and lymphotoxin (LT)-α have been associated with an increased severity of periodontitis. Our aims were to evaluate the association between TNF-α−308 and LT-α+252 gene polymorphisms and periodontitis. Materials and methodsSix hundred and twenty patients were selected, including 90 with aggressive periodontitis (AgP), 369 with chronic periodontitis (CP), and 161 healthy controls (HCs). Gene polymorphisms were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. ResultsOur results indicated: (1) the distribution of TNF-α−308 genotype was not significantly different among the three groups (CP, AgP, and HC); (2) the distribution of the frequency of LT-α+252 genotype was significantly different between the CP and HC groups (P = 0.039), and between the AgP and CP groups (P = 0.002), but did not differ between the AgP and HC groups (P = 0.376); and (3) no significant association between polymorphisms in TNF-α−308 or LT+252genes and CP or AgP was found using multivariate logistic regression analysis. ConclusionNo association was observed between periodontitis (CP or AgP) and TNF-α−308 and LT-α+252 gene polymorphisms in Taiwanese patients.