Levels Of Aggression Research Articles

Antibody-drug Conjugates in Cancer Treatment: An Overview

The development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has significantly impacted cancer therapy, progressing from foundational discoveries in the late 19th century to contemporary clinical applications. With the approval of the first ADC in 2000 and subsequent advancements, including over 30 ADCs in advanced clinical development, the therapeutic landscape for cancer patients has undergone a notable transformation. From initial cleavable linker technologies to the latest third-generation ADCs, continuous innovation in ADC design has been evident. Novel conjugation and linker technologies, alongside the identification of specific target antigens in solid cancers, have reinvigorated prospects for treating challenging malignancies. However, challenges such as off-target toxicity and heterogeneous antigen expression persist. The prevailing empirical approach to systemic cancer therapy administration presents challenges, including potential under-treatment of aggressive disease and over-treatment of indolent conditions, along with frequent adverse effects. Robust prognostic markers are essential to differentiate disease aggressiveness levels, guide treatment decisions, and anticipate adverse effects. Companion diagnostics for targeted therapies, such as HER-2 status for trastuzumab in breast cancer and BCR–ABL mutations for imatinib resistance in CML, enable personalized treatment strategies. Similarly, BRCA mutations predict response to PARP inhibitors in breast and ovarian cancers, while BRAF mutations guide treatment with BRAF inhibitors in melanoma. Patient selection strategies for clinical trials involving ADCs rely on prospective selection or retrospective analysis, each with its merits and challenges.

Exploring the Differences in Self-esteem and Aggression among Students Attending Convent and Non-convent Schools'

In this cross-sectional study, the differences in self-esteem and aggression among students attending convent and non-convent school among individual aged 13-17 years were investigated (552) utilizing t test and Manova, the null hypothesis was rejected there is no significant difference between convent and non-convent school student’s level of aggression and self-esteem. The results revealed that there is a statistical difference between convent and non-convent school student’s level of aggression and self-esteem. However, the t test revealed that there is no significant difference between schools when it comes to aggression. Future studies could explore the underlying factors of self-esteem among students from these school types as a small difference was found.

ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES AND THEIR RELATIVITY TO AGGRESSION OF YOUNG ADULTS IN MALITA, DAVAO OCCIDENTAL PHILIPPINES

Using a descriptive-correlational approach, this study aimed to quantify the prevalence of ACEs (adverse childhood experiences) and aggression among young adults in Malita. It specifically determines the level of ACEs and aggression, the significant relationship between ACEs and aggression, and the area of the independent variable that was most strongly associated with the aggression of young adults. 98 respondents were randomly selected to take part in the study. The independent variable was measured using two adapted questionnaires, namely, the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Questionnaire [47] and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [26], while Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (1992) [22] for the dependent variable. The researchers made used of a variety of statistical methods, including the mean, Spearman's rho, and step-wise multiple regression. Among the five types of abuse, results showed that emotional abuse was a commonly reported form of adversity in childhood. Meanwhile, at the level of aggression, verbal aggression was shown to have the highest responses out of the three different types of aggression. The findings of the study showed no statistical significance between varia-bles. While emotional neglect, among other forms of adversity in childhood, was the lone predictor of aggression in young adults.

A hypothalamic-amygdala circuit underlying sexually dimorphic aggression

Male animals often display higher levels of aggression than females. However, the neural circuitry mechanisms underlying this sexually dimorphic aggression remain elusive. Here, we identify a hypothalamic-amygdala circuit that mediates male-biased aggression in mice. Specifically, the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl), a sexually dimorphic region associated with eliciting male-biased aggression, projects densely to the posterior substantia innominata (pSI), an area that promotes similar levels of attack in both sexes of mice. Although the VMHvl innervates the pSI unidirectionally through both excitatory and inhibitory connections, it is the excitatory VMHvl-pSI projections that are strengthened in males to promote aggression, whereas the inhibitory connections that reduce aggressive behavior are strengthened in females. Consequently, the convergent hypothalamic input onto the pSI leads to heightened pSI activity in males, resulting in male-biased aggression. Our findings reveal a sexually distinct excitation-inhibition balance of a hypothalamic-amygdala circuit that underlies sexually dimorphic aggression.

Clustering of methamphetamine users based on personality characteristics and self-efficacy in the west of Iran

With the substantial increase in the use of stimulants, especially methamphetamine, in recent years, the present study aimed to cluster methamphetamine users based on personality traits and self-efficacy, and compare their mental health, sleep quality, and the risk of relapse in the identified clusters. This cross-sectional study was conducted through convenience sampling on 501 methamphetamine users in addiction treatment centers in Kermanshah, western Iran. The data were collected using the Schwarzer General Self-Efficacy Scale, Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire, Goldberg and Hiller General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire, and Stimulant Relapse Risk Scale (SRRS). A total of 501 methamphetamine users were distinguished into three clusters with frequencies of 111 (22.2%), 298 (59.5%), and 92 (18.4%) members through hierarchical cluster analysis. The participants in the first cluster were characterized by low self-efficacy, high neuroticism, sensation seeking, and aggressiveness, along with low extroversion and activity, low positive health, high negative health, low sleep quality, and high risk of drug relapse. The participants in the second cluster reported moderate levels of self-efficacy, neuroticism, sensation seeking, activity, and aggressiveness, high extroversion, and moderate levels of mental health, sleep quality, and the risk of relapse. Moreover, the participants in the third cluster reported the highest level of self-efficacy, the lowest level of neuroticism, sensation seeking, and aggressiveness, moderate extroversion and high activity, low relapse risk, high sleep quality, as well as high positive and low negative health symptoms. The third cluster was significantly different from the other two clusters in terms of the mentioned factors. The findings of this study suggest that low self-efficacy and the presence of neuroticism, sensation seeking, and high aggressiveness contribute to reduced mental health and sleep quality, as well as an increased risk of relapse in methamphetamine users.

A model for developing the readiness of future teachers to design a psychologically safe environment

During the period of paradigmatic changes in the life of society, there is a growing trend of uncertainty, which determines emotional tension, increased levels of aggression and anxiety. The dynamism and transitivity of social processes determine the choice of strategy for social behavior and human development in situations of unpredictability and complexity. In these conditions, the problem of creating psychologically comfortable conditions for the comprehensive development of an individual, his/her security in the process of interaction between subjects of the educational process, which requires teachers to be prepared to design and create a psychologically safe educational environment, acquires special significance. In this regard, the research problem lies in the scientific substantiation and practical development of a model for developing the readiness of future teachers to design a psychologically safe environment. The goal of the research is to develop a model for developing the readiness of future teachers to design a psychologically safe environment. The methodological basis of the research is represented by a set of methods of analysis, modeling, design, and experiment.The results of the research: various approaches to the content of a future teacher’s readiness to design a psychologically safe educational environment have been analyzed; the structural components of readiness have been identified, the criteria and indicators of its formation have been determined. A model has been designed for developing the readiness of a future teacher to design a psychologically safe educational environment.Key conclusions: the relevance of the problem of developing readiness to design a psychologically safe environment in the process of professional training of future teachers is due to modern social transformations; The model for the formation of readiness is a set of target, content-procedural, technological and evaluative-reflective components, focused on the formation of motivation in teaching activities, improving the design competence of future teachers, and developing personal and professional qualities of future teachers.

Peer-delivered training of criminal offenders for aggression and distress management: a new approach in social treatment in prisons in Serbia

ABSTRACT Peer-delivered training of criminal offenders for aggression control and distress management was implemented for the first time in Correction Facility in Niš, Serbia. The aim of the manuscript is to present the method of the peer-delivered training and to evaluate the change in the levels of aggression and distress reaction of the participants after completing the program. In the first phase, prison administration chose offenders who completed training for the peer-workers, supervised by engaged professionals. In the second phase, those six convicts trained the sample of 106 fellow prisoners, randomly assigned to the program, through 12 workshops in order to learn and recognize their own dysfunctional reactions and to adapt social desirable behaviour. An independent evaluator compared pre to post-training differences in levels of aggression and distress also presence of psychopathic traits, and socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects, using Buss & Perry Aggression Scale, Psychopathic Personality Traits Scale DS-14 Questionnaire and Socio-demographic Questionnaire. Results indicate increased levels of aggression and decreased levels of distress after the training. Prisoners with longer sentences had increased levels of anger, physical, verbal aggression, psychopathic traits and distress compared to subgroup with sentences shorter than 5 years. Program is beneficial for prisoners with sentences less than 5 years and with high education level.

The effect of digital game addiction on aggression and anger levels in adolescents: A cross-sectional study

PurposeIn this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of digital game addiction on aggression and anger levels in adolescents. Design and methodsThe participants of this cross-sectional study were adolescents. Data were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire, Game Addiction Scale, and Buss-Perry Aggression Scale. Descriptive statistics, t-test, Anova, correlation and linear regression analysis were used in the analysis of the data. ResultsIn this study, game addiction and aggression levels of adolescents were determined as moderate. The game type that adolescents played the most was determined as war games with 35 %. The mean score of the Game Addiction Scale for male adolescents, those with medium and high income levels, those who play digital games for >8 h a day and every day, was found to be significantly higher. In this study, a positive and moderately significant correlation was found between Game Addiction Scale and Aggression Total Scale and Anger subscale (p < 0.05). Especially male gender (β = 0.273), high income status (β = −0.089), long time playing digital games (β = 0.173) and playing digital games every day (β = 0.360) were determined as predictors that increase game addiction. ConclusionsDigital game addiction can trigger aggression and anger in adolescents. Nurses play a crucial role in screening and identifying adolescents at risk of game addiction to prevent aggression and anger. Practice implicationsAccording to the findings of this research, it is necessary to provide training and counseling to prevent digital game addiction in schools and to plan strategies by psychiatric nurses.

Diversity of causal agents of Pseudostellaria heterophylla leaf spot from Guizhou Province, China

AbstractPseudostellaria heterophylla, a valuable Chinese herbal medicine, is widely cultivated in China, with a planted area of 5402.7 hm2 in Shibing County, Guizhou Province. The occurrence of leaf spot disease represents a significant challenge in the production area. In this study, 30 samples of P. heterophylla exhibiting symptoms of leaf spot were collected from three primary production areas in Guizhou Province. Following isolation and purification, 51 isolates were classified into two genera based on both cultural and conidial characteristics, along with ITS sequence data. Fourteen representative strains were selected for morphological and multigene molecular identification, which revealed that these representative strains were affiliated with Alternaria arborescens species complex (SC), Alternaria tenuissima, Alternaria gaisen, and Sclerotiophoma versabilis. The isolation rates of Alternaria and Sclerotiophoma were 84.3% and 15.7%, respectively. Pathogenicity tests confirmed the identity of the causal agents and demonstrated varying levels of aggressiveness among the different genera and species of pathogens towards P. heterophylla leaves. This study marks the first identification of A. arborescens SC, A. gaisen, and S. versabilis as pathogens causing leaf spot in P. heterophylla in China.

Effects of Two Early Parenting Programmes on Child Aggression and Risk for Violence in Brazil: a Randomised Controlled Trial

Violence is a major public health problem globally, with the highest rates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in the Americas and southern Africa. Parenting programmes in high-income countries can diminish risk for violence, by reducing risk factors such as child aggression and harsh parenting, and increasing protective factors such as child cognitive development and school readiness. However, there is critical need to identify low-cost programmes with replicable benefits that work in real-world LMICs contexts. A three-arm, randomised, single-blind trial evaluated effects of two low-cost, group-based parenting programmes recommended for LMICs (ACT: Raising Safe Kids; DBS: dialogic book-sharing) on child aggression (primary outcome), child development, parenting, maltreatment, and stress. Participants were 369 children with medium–high levels of aggression (mean age 3.1 years at baseline) in poor households. Interventions were implemented in city health and education services in southern Brazil. Maternal reports, filmed observations, child tasks, and hair cortisol were assessed at baseline, 1-month post-intervention, and 8-month follow-up. Intention-to-treat analyses compared each of ACT and DBS with a control group. Three hundred sixty-eight (99.7%) participants completed follow-up assessments 8 months after the interventions. There was no effect of ACT (standardised mean difference, SMD 0.11, 95% CI − 0.05, 0.27) or DBS (SMD 0.05, 95% CI − 0.11, 0.21) on the primary outcome of child aggression. ACT reduced harsh parenting behaviour post-intervention (SMD − 0.23; 95% CI − 0.46, − 0.01), but not at follow-up. DBS improved book-sharing practices at both time points (e.g., maternal sensitivity at follow-up SMD 0.33; 95% CI 0.08, 0.57). There were no benefits of either programme for other parenting, child development, or stress outcomes. Two parenting programmes in Brazil had small effects on parenting practices but did not reduce child aggression or several other important risk/protective factors for violence. Effective early interventions that reduce violence in real-world LMIC settings are highly desirable but may be challenging to achieve.

Tax Planning And Tax Aggressiveness Before And After The Implementation Of Psak 73 (Study On Service Companies In The Retail Trade And Financing Subsectors For The 2017-2022 Period)

This research will provide knowledge regarding tax planning and tax aggressiveness before and after the implementation of PSAK 73. The population used in this research is service sector companies with retail trade &amp; financing company subsectors that have gone public information and are listed on the Stock Exchange. Indonesian Securities (BEI). This research uses data analysis methods including descriptive statistical analysis, normality testing, and hypothesis testing. This test was tested using the Microsoft Excel application and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 27. The results of the research show that Tax Planning has improved: Implementation of PSAK 73 has had a significant impact on tax planning behavior in retail trade and financing services companies and The research results also show that there is a significant difference in the level of tax aggressiveness before and after the implementation of PSAK 73.

Impact of Alcohol and Opium Use on Aggressive Behavior in Substance Users

The aim of the study is to compare the aggression levels in male drug patients who were taking alcohol and opium. A sample of 54 male drug addicts used in this study to compare verbal and physical aggression, hostility and anger. The Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire was used in this study. The results of the study show the significant difference between alcohol and opium when it comes to physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility. The result shows that physical aggression was higher in alcohol addicts (M= 29.00) as compared to opium addicts (M= 22.70). Similarly, verbal aggression was significantly higher (M= 12.14) in alcohol addicts as compared to opium addicts (M= 11.57). Likewise, anger was also higher in alcohol addicts (M= 16.86) than opium (M= 14.96). Furthermore, hostility was also higher in alcohol addicts (M= 21.28) as compared with opium addicts (M= 20.04). The results are significant in spreading awareness and developing optimal treatment plans for substance users.

Psychological and gender specific correlates of aggressive behaviour in military personnel

Participation in conflicts can have a significant impact on the manifestation of aggression among military personnel, especially those who have had intensive combat experience in war zones. The key aspects of gender psychology and the influence of military factors on aggressive behaviour are considered. The term “gender-based aggression” in military personnel is proposed, which reflects the concept that describes the difference in the manifestations of aggressive behaviour depending on the gender characteristics of a person. It is used to analyse and understand how gender and psychological factors influence the perception and expression of aggression among men and women, particularly in the context of military settings. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyse the psychological and gender factors associated with aggressive behaviour of military personnel. The study was conducted with 89 combatants, including 47 men (first group) and 42 women (second group). To achieve this goal, the Aggression Level Questionnaire by A. Bass and A. Darkey. The mathematical and statistical processing of the results was carried out using Student's t-test for independent samples and Fisher’s angular transformation criterion (φ). It has been empirically found that men have a higher tendency to indirect aggression and a high level of mistrust, while women show less physical and verbal aggression. The aggression index scores of both groups of servicemen are within acceptable norms, which indicates that the overall level of aggression among them is satisfactory. However, the hostility index score was higher than the normative values in both groups, indicating an increased tendency to hostile behaviour and conflict among servicemen. The results emphasise the importance of an individual approach to psychological support for servicemen and women, taking into account their gender identity. The findings of the study can serve as a basis for developing effective strategies for managing stress and conflict in the military environment and are an incentive for further research in the field of gender psychology.

Machine learning-based aggressiveness assessment model construction for crabs: A case study of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

Aggressiveness trait-based selection is crucial for alleviating interspecies cannibalism in economic crab species and enhancing survival rates in aquaculture. However, there is a lack of efficient and simple methods for assessing aggressiveness. In this study, we measured aggressiveness of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus through repeated mirror tests and fighting experiments. Factor analysis and the K-means algorithm were used to assess aggressiveness quantitatively and qualitatively. A combination of multiple linear regression and support vector machine (SVM) analyses was employed to construct an aggressiveness assessment model for swimming crabs and explore the relationship between aggressiveness and fighting ability. The results showed significant correlations among repeated aggressive behaviors (attacking, chela extending, defending, crossing, reverse walking, and freezing). Aggression score was significantly correlated with fighting behaviors, and there were significant differences in fighting abilities among different levels of aggressiveness. This suggested that aggressive behaviors are consistent within individuals and that aggressiveness, as a personal trait, affects the fighting ability of swimming crabs. Aggression score (Y) and clustering results of K-means can serve as assessment indicators of aggressiveness. The predictive variables for the quantitative assessment model were relative movement distance (X1) and freezing duration (X2). The adjusted R-square of the optimized quantitative model was 0.72, it also had the smallest Sigma, AIC, MSE, and RMSE values and the best fitting regression equation, which was Y = 0.023X1 – 0.001X2 – 0.002. The predictor variables for the qualitative assessment model were relative movement distance, freezing frequency, and duration. SVM was used to construct the qualitative model, and the prediction accuracy was 92%, sensitivity was 84%, and specificity was 100%, indicating the model has a good classification and prediction effect. The machine learning-based aggressiveness assessment model constructed in this study provides a behavioral method for the selection and high-throughput measurement of economic crab species with excellent aggressiveness traits, giving it important industrial application value.

Aggression in persons diagnosed with schizophrenia: a psychopathological, personality and social analysis = Agresja u osób z diagnozą schizofrenii – analiza psychopatologiczna, osobowościowa i społeczna

Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the type and intensity of aggressive behavior of patients with schizophrenia and dual diagnosis, as well as to describe their mental state, selected personality traits and sociodemographic variables. Material and methods: 81 patients with mental disorders were included in the study. A comparative analysis was carried out in 3 groups of patients: (group 1) with schizophrenia and addiction, who had committed a prohibited act, undergoing therapy in isolation as a protective measure (n = 27), and (group 2) a group of people with a dual diagnosis (n = 27) and (group 3) a group of patients only with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (n = 27). The following tools were used: 1) PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) – to assess psychopathological symptoms; 2) BPAQ (Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire) – to measure the intensity and indicators of aggression; 3) EPQ-R questionnaire – to assess personality variables; 4) IVE scale – to assess impulsivity, risk-taking and empathy; 5) Author’s sociodemographic survey. Main results: The obtained results indicate that forensic patients with dual are characterized by a greater intensity of general psychopathology, a predominance of positive symptoms and a greater intensity of negative symptoms than general psychiatric patients. Both groups with dual diagnosis reveal a higher level of general aggression and a greater tendency to physical aggression compared to patients diagnosed with schizophrenia only. Forensic patients demonstrate greater anger than the group of patients with schizophrenia only. Practical implications for forensic science: Analysis of the type and intensity of aggressive behavior, as well as personality, sociodemographic and clinical variables may have prognostic significance in estimating the risk of recidivism of forensic patients. It can also provide tips for the correct selection of therapy dedicated to a specific patient in order to correct his or her behavior. Knowing of the nature of patients’ aggressive behavior can also facilitate the development of special preventive and protective programs for both staff and families of aggressive patients.

The role of psychological resilience and aggression in injury prevention among martial arts athletes.

For martial artists, the ability to manage reactions in the face of adversity and bounce back after a stressful event can have major impact on performance. The scope of the research is to investigate martial artists' level of resilience and aggression (Go-ahead, Foul play, and Assertiveness factors), what is specific to athletes and who have suffered from moderate and/or severe injuries (in terms of resilience and three factors of aggression examined), and test the possibility that a psychological variable under investigation can predict athletes' injury severity. A total sample of 154 athletes from striking combat sports-SC (karate, taekwondo, kickboxing, and boxing), grappling combat sports-GC (judo and BJJ), and mixed martial artists (MMA) participated in the research. For assessing resilience, the Romanian adaptation of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) was used, and for aggression, the Romanian adaptation of Makarowski's Sports Aggression Questionnaire was used. An injury report form was also created and applied to athletes. The post-hoc tests (after running a single-factor multivariate analysis of variance) revealed significant differences for resilience and Foul (violent) play between the sports disciplines analyzed. A significant positive correlation was found between athletes' injury severity and assertiveness in SC and between injury severity and resilience in GC. Through the t-test for independent samples, it was highlighted that the average value for Foul (violent) play is significantly higher in athletes who have suffered mild, moderate, and/or severe injuries compared with martial arts athletes who have suffered from only mild/minor injuries. A binomial logistic regression was also performed to verify to what extent Foul play predicts athletes' injury severity. A low level of Foul (violent) play is linked with a decreased likelihood of moderate and/or severe injuries in martial arts athletes. The study findings suggest that resilience, foul play, and assertiveness have an important role in injury prevention among martial artists.

Standardized Extract from the Gotu Kola Leaves Improves Suicidal Behavior in Stressed Rats Subjected to Social Isolation

The leaves of Centella asiatica L. Urban (C. asiatica) and their bioactive compounds, triterpenoids asiaticoside (AS) and madecassoside (MA), are effective in reducing psychological stress and associated behavioral disorders in the conducted in vivo research. The present study evaluated AS+MA-based standardized C. asiatica leaves extract (INDCA) on SIS-induced suicidal behavior-related traits in laboratory rats. Male rats (n=6) were randomized, grouped, and individually caged for seven days for stress induction. For the next seven days (D7 to D14), rats were orally administered vehicle (stress control), positive control (fluoxetine, 30 mg/kg), and or INDCA (3, 10, 30 mg/kg) once a day. A separate group of rats without isolation stress (normal rats) was maintained. The scores for suicidal behavior-related traits, such as aggression, impulsivity, irritability, learned helplessness, and plasma cortisol, were measured after 14-day treatment. The stress control group showed a significant increase in aggression, irritability (total score), learned helplessness (escape latency, escape failure, and recovery attempts), and plasma cortisol levels, which confirmed suicidal behavior-related traits. The INDCA-treated rats showed a dose-dependent reduction in stress-induced behavioral traits and elevated plasma cortisol levels. In conclusion, subacute administration of INDCA showed amelioration of suicidal behavior in social-isolation-induced stress in laboratory rats and suggested a promising natural and safe option for the management of stress-induced behavioral disorders, including suicidal behavior.

Early Socialization Triggered ROS-Mediated Activation of Canonical NF-κB Pathway Leading to Inflammation of Spleen in Suckling Piglets

Early socialization during lactation is advocated as a feeding strategy to reduce the weaning stress of piglets. However, early socialization has often been accompanied by more frequent aggression between individuals, and its effect on the immune system of piglets has yet to be evaluated. In this study, 89 piglets were raised separately under conventional feeding and early socialization environments. Based on differences in the aggressive behavior of the piglets in different environments during lactation, we further investigated the effects of early socialization on oxidative stress in the spleen of the piglets and the inflammatory responses involved in the canonical nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. The results revealed that early socialization led to a higher aggression level between individuals (p &lt; 0.01), increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 levels and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, and inhibited glutathione (GSH) levels and the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the piglet spleens (p &lt; 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of the protein kinase A (PKA), inhibitor of kappa B kinase-α (IKK-α), inhibitor of kappa B kinase-β (IKK-β), inhibitor of NF-κB-α (IκB-α), NF-κB(p65), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), iNOS, and heat shock protein (HSP) genes were significantly up-regulated, as well as the protein levels of P-p65, IKK-β, P-IkB-α, pro-IL-1β, and TNF-α. In summary, early socialization caused oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the spleen of the piglets by inducing ROS production and the activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway. Our study revealed that early socialization significantly increased the ROS level in the piglet spleens and activated the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway, which induced a high expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and COX2) and HSP genes regulated by NF-κB signaling, leading to oxidative stress and the inflammatory response.

The impact of gastrointestinal parasitism on the behaviour and welfare of weaned housed lambs

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism is a health and production concern in sheep, yet its impact on animal welfare remains unclear. The impact of subclinical infections is especially ambiguous as GI parasitism often remains undiagnosed until clinical signs such as diarrhoea are evident. This study applied quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the effects of subclinical Teladorsagia circumcincta infection on the behaviour and welfare of 96 Suffolk-cross lambs (24 pens of 4 lambs) weaned at 10 weeks old. The hypothesis that parasitism causes negative affective states was tested. Lambs were divided into three groups at the pen level: ad-lib fed control (AC), restricted-fed control (RC), and ad-lib fed parasitised (AP). Parasitised lambs (AP) were dosed three times weekly with 7000 third stage T. circumcincta larvae (L3) from 16 weeks of age. Lambs in the RC group were pair fed to match AP feed intake to separate the effects of infection-induced anorexia from the potential direct impacts of infection. From 7 days pre-infection to 23 days post-infection, scan and behaviour samples were taken from video recordings to quantitatively monitor behaviour, and animal-based measures such as faecal soiling score (FSS) were recorded as welfare indicators. Lying, standing, eating, play and social behaviour were monitored. Qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA) was conducted weekly using the AWIN (2015) protocol to gain insight into the lambs’ affective states over the onset of infection. Parasitised lambs were more likely to stand inactive than AC lambs as the infection progressed (P=0.006). They were also less likely to display eating behaviour in the third daily scan sample than RC lambs (P<0.001). Principal Component Analysis of the QBA data revealed that the first dimension (PC1) described arousal levels, the second (PC2) described the valence of the animals’ affective states, and the third (PC3) described fearfulness and aggression levels. Parasitised lambs (est=10.64,SE=0.33) scored higher than RC lambs (est=9.42, SE=0.33) on PC3, the fearfulness dimension (P=0.030). There were no differences between fearfulness scores of AC and AP lambs or RC lambs and treatment group had no significant impact on the distribution of scores on PC1 or PC2. These findings demonstrate that subclinical GI parasitism negatively impacts lamb welfare not only in the health domain but in the behaviour and mental domains as well. This has implications for welfare assessments and early disease detection in lambs. Future research could explore remote monitoring of the indicators of parasitism identified in this study.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДІТЕЙ, ПОСТРАЖДАЛИХ ВІД СІМЕЙНОГО НАСИЛЬСТВА

Purpose. The article reveals the problem of family violence in psychology and the study of socio-psychological characteristics of children affected by family violence. Methods. In order to achieve the goal, the following methods were used in the study: Lazarus coping test, personality orientation method" V. Smekala, M. Kuchera; personal questionnaire FPI (modified form B), method of diagnosis of indicators and forms of aggression by A. Bass and A. Darka; methods of mathematical statistics, in particular (determination of average values, percentage and correlation analysis, Fisher's φ-angle transformation). Results. According to the results of the interviewed teenagers using the selected methods, it was established that teenagers who have experienced family violence or witnessed it: are task- and self-oriented, in difficult life circumstances they are more likely to demonstrate coping behavior: distancing, seeking social support, and escape-avoidance; they are characterized by a high level of: neuroticism, depression, irritability, shyness, openness and emotional lability, verbal aggression, suspiciousness, offensiveness, indirect and physical aggressiveness. On the other hand, adolescents who were not subjected to illegal actions by their parents/guardians and generally did not experience any violent actions (bullying) in social groups were found to be: focused on themselves and on building interpersonal relationships; in difficult situations, they resort to confrontational coping, social support and positive reassessment of the situation; on the one hand, they are more balanced, on the other hand, they demonstrate irritability, emotional lability, negativism, irritation, suspicion, and verbal aggression. Also, a certain level of spontaneous aggressiveness, sociability, reactive aggressiveness, ambiversion and androgynous gender identity was determined in both groups of teenagers. Conclusions. Socio-psychological features of children affected by family violence are characterized by a certain connection among the interviewed teenagers. Namely, in adolescents who have experienced violence, a connection was determined: distancing with depression, escape-avoidance with neuroticism and reactive aggressiveness; self-directedness with coping seeking social support and negative association with shyness. In adolescents who did not experience violence in the family, connections were established: coping, problem solving planning with a focus on interaction, positive reevaluation with sociability; a negative relationship between the search for social support and neuroticism and depression.