Aggressive Large B-cell Lymphoma Research Articles

Outcomes of CD19 CAR T in Transformed Indolent Lymphoma Compared to De Novo Aggressive Large B-Cell Lymphoma.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized treatment of aggressive large B-cell lymphoma (aLBCL). Patients with transformed indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (tiNHL) were included in key CAR trials, but outcomes of CAR for this distinct, historically high-risk group are poorly understood. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study of 1182 patients with aLBCL receiving standard-of-care CAR T between 2017 and 2022, including 338 (29%) with tiNHL. Rates of grade ≥ 3 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) were similar between tiNHL and de novo cohorts (7% vs. 8%, p = 0.6), while grade ≥ 3 immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome was lower in tiNHL (21% vs. 27%, p = 0.02). Overall response rate was similar in both cohorts (83% vs. 81%, p = 0.3), while complete response rate was higher in tiNHL (67% vs. 59%, p = 0.017). With a median follow-up of 22.3 months, the progression/relapse-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were similar between the tiNHL and de novo cohorts (24-month PFS 41% [95% CI: 35%-46%] vs. 38% [95% CI: 35%-42%]; 24-month OS 58% [95% CI: 52%-63%] vs. 52% [95% CI: 48%-56%], respectively). After adjusting for key risk factors, there was a trend toward a lower hazard of disease progression, relapse or death post-CAR for tiNHL patients compared to de novo aLBCL patients (HR: 0.84 [95% CI: 0.69-1.0], p = 0.07). Elevated LDH, advanced stage, prior bendamustine within 12 months of CAR, receipt of bridging therapy, CNS involvement, and ≥ 3 prior lines of therapy were each associated with inferior PFS. In conclusion, CAR T therapy is highly effective with an acceptable toxicity profile in patients with tiNHL.

Real-world effectiveness of chemoimmunotherapy and novel therapies for patients with relapsed/refractory aggressive large B-cell lymphoma

Real-world effectiveness of chemoimmunotherapy and novel therapies for patients with relapsed/refractory aggressive large B-cell lymphoma

Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy has less efficacy in Richter transformation than in de novo large B-cell lymphoma and transformed low-grade B-cell lymphoma.

The activity of anti-CD19 chimerci antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with Richter's transformation (RT) to aggressive large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) is largely unknown. In a multicenter retrospective study, we report the safety and efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy in patients with RT (N=30) compared to patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma (N=283) and patients with transformed indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (iNHL) (N=141) between April 2016 and January 2023. Two-thirds of patients received prior therapy for CLL before RT and 89% of them received B-cell receptor and B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors. Toxicities of CAR T-cell therapy in RT were similar to other lymphomas, with no fatalities related to cytokine release syndrome or immune effector-cell associated neurotoxicity synderome. The 100-day overall response rate and complete response rates in patients with RT were 57% and 47%, respectively. With a median follow-up of 19 months, the median overall survival (OS) was 9.9 months in patients with RT compared to 18 months in de novo LBCL and not reached in patients with transformed iNHL. The OS at 12 months was 45% in patients with RT compared with 62% and 75% in patients with de novo LBCL and transformed iNHL, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, worse OS was associated with RT histology, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, and more prior lines of therapy. CAR T-cell therapy can salvage a proportion of patients with CLL and RT exposed to prior targeted agents; however, efficacy in RT is inferior compared to de novo LBCL and transformed iNHL.

Combined immunohistochemical profile CD10/LMO2/MYC is a useful tool to screen MYC rearrangements in aggressive large B-cell lymphomas.

Aggressive large B-cell lymphomas (LBCL) are a heterogeneous group of lymphomas with variable biological characteristics, for which the identification of MYC rearrangements (MYCr) is a defining and prognostic feature. Both the International Consensus Classification and the 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Hematolymphoid Tumors recommend performing cytogenetic studies in all aggressive LBCL to detect MYCr. Since MYCr incidence is low, cost-effective screening tools are necessary. We asked whether the immunohistochemical combined profile of CD10, LMO2, and MYC could be a useful tool to screen for MYCr. For this purpose, we used two strategies: first, a scoring system assigning 0 points each for CD10 - , LMO2 + , and MYC - and 1 point for CD10 + , LMO2 - , and MYC + , adding the results, and second, an algorithm that selected tumors with CD10 + /LMO2 - profile and/or MYC overexpression. All analyses were performed in a training series including 482 cases from a single center and a validation series of 124 patients from two centers. The resulting system classified cases in scores from 0 to 3. Scores 0 and 1 had low MYCr (0/92 and 7/224, 3%, respectively), being higher for scores 2 (40/98, 41%) and 3 (61/68, 90%) (P < 0.001) in the training cohort. The incidence of MYCr in the validation series was as follows: score 0, 0/29 cases; score 1, 3/64 (5%); score 2, 10/23 (43.5%); score 3, 8/8 (P < 0.001). Sensitivity and negative predictive values were respectively 93.5% and 97.8% for the training and 85.7% and 96.8% for the validation cohorts. The algorithm rescued 2 and 1 MYCr cases included in score 1 from both series. In conclusion, we suggest that both approaches combining the interpretation of CD10/LMO2/MYC by immunohistochemistry are useful to screen for MYCr.

68 Ga-DOTATATE and 18 F-FDG PET/CT in a Rapidly Progressing Lymphoma.

68 Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT targeting somatostatin receptors is commonly utilized in the imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. However, other malignancies such as lymphomas (both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin) also have expression of somatostatin receptors, albeit to a lesser degree compared with the neuroendocrine tumors, and thus can be positive on a 68 Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT. We describe an atypical presentation of an aggressive large B-cell lymphoma mimicking a metastatic neuroendocrine tumor at initial presentation with high somatostatin receptor expression demonstrated on the 68 Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT and a rapidly progressing course on the subsequent 18 F-FDG PET/CT.

Characterization of lymphopenia and correlating the risk of cytopenias with dose and BM volume irradiated in aggressive B-cell lymphoma patients bridged with radiation therapy for CAR-T cell therapy

IntroductionThe impact of bridging radiation therapy (bRT) for CAR T-cell therapy on absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) kinetics and treatment outcome is unknown. MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed adults with relapsed/refractory aggressive large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) who received bRT prior to CD-19 CAR-T between 11/2017-4/2023. The change in ALC (ALC Δ RT) was computed by subtracting ALC pre- and post-bRT. Percent bone marrow (%BM) irradiated was calculated by estimating skeletal BM distribution. PFS, DSS, and OS were modeled via Kaplan-Meier. ResultsFifty-one patients received bRT, of which 13 (25.5%) had bulky disease (≥7.5cm). The median bRT dose was 30Gy (range: 4-48Gy); 26 patients (51%) received ≥30Gy. Thirty-one patients (61%) received bRT comprehensively to all disease sites. The median cumulative %BM irradiated was 5.05% (range: 0-50%). At a median follow-up of 10.3 months (95% CI: 7.7-16.4), the 1-year OS, PFS, and DSS rates were 80% (95% CI: 66-99), 78% (64-87), and 82% (68-90), respectively. The incidence of ≥Grade 3 lymphopenia was 33% pre-RT and 68% post-RT, but recovered to 43% at the conditioning chemotherapy (CC) timepoint. There was no correlation between post-RT Grade ≥3 lymphopenia and the receipt of comprehensive bRT, combined modality bridging, ≥30Gy bRT, or bRT to ≥15% of BM (all p>0.2). Among patients with Grade 0-2 lymphopenia pre-RT, increased conversion to Grade ≥3 lymphopenia post-RT correlated with comprehensive or ≥30Gy bRT, but these factors did not impair ALC recovery at CC. There was no association between ALC Δ RT or post-RT ALC with 30 or 90 day response (p>0.25), DSS, PFS, or OS (p>0.3). ConclusionsLymphocyte change during bRT is not associated with CAR-T outcomes. Persistent cytopenia risk following bRT is not associated with bRT to ≥30Gy, ≥15% of BM, or comprehensive coverage. While bRT can be delivered safely, we urge careful treatment planning when incorporating into pre-CAR-T regimens.

Chromogenic LMO2 mRNA ISH Expression Correlates with LMO2 Protein and Gene Expression and Captures Their Survival Impact in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, NOS.

LMO2 is a relevant gene involved in B-cell ontogeny and a survival predictor of aggressive large B-cell lymphomas (aLBCL). Most studies assessing LMO2 mRNA expression have relied on microarray platforms or qRT-PCR methods, overlooking tissue morphology. In this study, we evaluate LMO2 RNA expression by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) in normal tissue and in a series of 82 aLBCL. LMO2 CISH was performed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, scored by three different methods, and correlated with a transcriptome panel. We obtained statistically significant results correlating the methods of evaluation with LMO2 protein expression and gene expression results. Normal tonsil tissue showed high levels of LMO2, particularly within the light zone of the germinal center. Conversely, in aLBCL, a notable reduction in LMO2 expression was noted, remarkably in cases carrying MYC rearrangements. Furthermore, significant results were obtained through overall survival and Cox regression survival analysis, incorporating International Prognostic Index data alongside LMO2 expression levels. We show a reliable method to identify LMO2 mRNA expression by CISH, effectively capturing many of the reported biologic features of LMO2.

Economic evaluation of anti-CD19 CAR T-cell pathway for large B-cell lymphomas in the real-life setting: the experience of an Italian hub center in the first three years of activity

Poor literature report actual and detailed costs of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell pathway in a real-life setting. We retrospectively collect data for all patients with relapsed/refractory aggressive large B-cell lymphoma who underwent leukapheresis between August 2019 and August 2022. All costs and medical resource consumption accountability were calculated on an intention-to-treat (ITT) basis, starting from leukapheresis to the time when the patient (infused or not) exited the CAR T-cell pathway for any reason. Eighty patients were addressed to leukapheresis and 59 were finally infused. After excluding CAR-T product cost, the main driver of higher costs were hospitalizations followed by the examinations/procedures and other drugs, respectively 43.9%, 26.3% and 25.4% of the total. Regarding costs of drugs and medications other than CAR T products, the most expensive items are those referred to AEs, both infective and extra-infective within 30 days from infusion, that account for 63% of the total. Density plot of cost analyses did not show any statistically significant difference with respect to the years of leukapheresis or infusion. To achieve finally 59/80 infused patients the per capita patients without CAR-T products results 74,000 euros. This analysis covers a growing concern on health systems, the burden of expenses related to CAR T-cell therapy, which appears to provide significant clinical benefit despite its high cost, thus making economic evaluations highly relevant. The relevance of this study should be also viewed in light of continuously evolving indications for this therapy.

Clinicopathological and genetic landscape of plasmablastic lymphoma in Taiwan

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is an aggressive large B-cell lymphoma with a terminal B-cell differentiation phenotype and is frequently associated with immunodeficiency. We aimed to investigate the clinicopathological and immunophenotypic features, genetic alterations, and mutational landscape of PBL in Taiwan. We retrospectively recruited 26 cases. Five (5/18; 28%) patients were HIV-positive and 21 (81%) presented extranodally. There were two morphological groups: one with purely monomorphic large cells (85%) and the other comprising large cells admixed with plasmacytic cells (15%). Phenotypically, the tumors expressed MYC (8/10; 80%), CD138 (20/26; 77%), and MUM1 (20/20; 100%), but not CD20 (n = 26; 0%). Fourteen (54%) cases were positive for EBV by in situ hybridization; the EBV-positive cases were more frequently HIV infected (p = 0.036), with extranodal presentation (p = 0.012) and CD79a expression (p = 0.012), but less frequent light chain restriction (p = 0.029). Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we identified 13q14 deletion, MYC rearrangement, and CCND1 rearrangement in 74%, 30%, and 5% cases, respectively, without any cases having rearranged BCL6 or IGH::FGFR3 fusion. In the 15 cases with adequate tissue for whole exome sequencing, the most frequent recurrent mutations were STAT3 (40%), NRAS (27%), and KRAS (20%). In conclusion, most PBL cases in Taiwan were HIV-unrelated. Around half of the cases were positive for EBV, with distinct clinicopathological features. Deletion of chromosome 13q14 was frequent. The PBL cases in Taiwan showed recurrent mutations involving JAK-STAT, RAS-MAPK, epigenetic regulation, and NOTCH signaling pathways, findings similar to that from the West.

Clinical Impact of Neoantigen Burden and HLA Loss in Aggressive B-Cell Lymphomas Treated with CD19 CAR T-Cell

INTRODUCTION: CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-19) T cells have revolutionized clinical outcomes in heavily pretreated patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Notably, emerging evidence suggests that the efficacy of CAR-19 therapy extends beyond direct tumor killing and includes its ability to stimulate and guide the host immune system in the fight against tumor cells. To delve deeper into this crucial aspect, our study utilized whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data to explore the impact of neoantigen burden and HLA loss in patients with aggressive large B-cell lymphoma (rrLBCL) who received CAR-19 therapy (WGS; Jain et al. Blood 2022). METHODS: To characterize the importance of genomic immunogenicity in rrLBCL, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 61 whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and 54 RNA sequencing samples from 54 rrLBCL patients who underwent CAR-19 therapy. Among these samples, 39 were collected at baseline and 15 at relapse, with samples from 7 patients obtained both before and after treatment. Our analytical workflow defined HLA class I mono- or biallelic loss by integrating copy number variants, structural variants, single nucleotide variants, and small insertion-deletion data with allele-specific HLA loss information obtained from LOHHLA software. pVACseq algorithm was used to predict the number of clonal neoantigens in each sample, along with the corresponding HLA allele presenting each of them. RESULTS: HLA class I loss was detected in 38.9% of the patients, with no impact on progression free survival (PFS). Interestingly 7 patients had biallelic loss of HLA-B, and all of them experienced progression within the first year (p=0.03). To expand our analysis, we explored B2M an essential component of HLA class I complexes. B2M was lost in 33.3% of the patients without showing any association with shorter PFS. However, restricting the analysis to patients with B2M biallelic loss (defined as presence of deletions of both alleles, or deletion and mutation with high impact in the structure and function of the B2M protein) 4/4 patients progressed. Overall, all 11 patients with genomic events leading to biallelic loss of HLA class I progressed (p=0.007). Notably, in one patient (CAR_39), biallelic inactivation of HLA class I was not detected at baseline but emerged with the dominant clone at disease progression. HLA class I biallelic loss was associated with genomic drivers previously identified in our study as significantly associated with CAR-19 failure: APOBEC (3/11) and SBS18 (oxygen radical stress; 2/11) mutational signatures, chromothripsis (4/11), RHOA deletions (6/11), and double minutes (4/11). Next, we analyzed the impact of the neoantigen burden corrected for their HLA affinity and allelic status on the outcome of CAR-19 treatment. Patients with high number of neoantigens had shorter PFS (p=0.0095) and were enriched for genomic drivers associated with poor response after CAR-19 (e.g., APOBEC and SBS18). Interestingly, the neoantigen burden had a bimodal distribution across patients that progressed with two distinct groups: one with high neoantigen burden, biallelic loss of HLA, and high genomic complexity and the other with low genomic complexity and low neoantigen burden. Restricting the analysis to patients with retained HLA and low genomic complexity, high neoantigen burden associated with prolonged and favorable response to CAR-T therapy (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: This study offers evidence that there is a critical relationship between CAR-19 efficacy, LBCL immunogenicity, and the endogenous immune response.

Adding a Gene Expression Profile Test to Aid Differential Diagnosis and Treatment in Aggressive Large B-Cell Lymphoma: An Early Exploratory Economic Evaluation.

Adding gene expression profiles (GEPs) to the current diagnostic work-up of aggressive large B-cell lymphomas may lead to the reclassification of patients, treatment changes and improved outcomes. A GEP test is in development using TempO-Seq® technology to distinguish Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and to classify patients with DLBLC and to predict the benefit of (e.g.) adding bortezomib to R-CHOP therapy (RB-CHOP). This study aims to estimate the potential impact of a GEP test on costs and health outcomes to inform pricing and evidence generation strategies. Three decision models were developed comparing diagnostic strategies with and without GEP signatures over a lifetime horizon using a UK health and social care perspective. Inputs were taken from a recent clinical trial, literature and expert opinion. We estimated the maximum price of the test using a threshold of Great Britain Pound (GBP) 30,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Sensitivity analyses were conducted. The estimated maximum threshold price for a combined test to be cost effective is GBP 15,352. At base-case values, the BL signature delivers QALY gains of 0.054 at an additional cost of GBP 275. This results in a net monetary benefit at a threshold of GBP 30,000 per QALY of GBP 1345. For PMBCL, the QALY gain was 0.0011 at a cost saving of GBP 406 and the net monetary benefit was GBP 437. The hazard ratio for the impact of treating BL less intensively must be at least 1.2 for a positive net monetary benefit. For identifying patients with the DLBCL subtype responsive to bortezomib, QALY gain was 0.2465 at a cost saving of GBP 6175, resulting in a net monetary benefit of GBP 13,570. In a probabilistic sensitivity analysis using 1000 simulations, a testing strategy was superior to a treat all with R-CHOP strategy in 81% of the simulations and with a cost saving in 92% assuming a cost price of zero. Our estimates show that the combined test has a high probability of being cost effective. There is good quality evidence for the benefit of subtyping DLBCL but the evidence on the number of patients reclassified to or from BL and PMBCL and the impact of a more precise diagnosis and the cost of treatment is weak. The developers can use the price estimate to inform a return on investment calculations. Evidence will be required of how well the TempO-Seq® technology performs compared to the testing GEP technology used for subtyping in the recent clinical trial. For BL and PMBCL elements of the test, evidence would be required of the number of patients reclassified and improved costing information would be useful. The diagnostic and therapeutic environment in haematological malignancies is fast moving, which increases the risk for developers of diagnostic tests.

A Single Center Experience with Using Dose-Adjusted Repoch in Elderly Patients with Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Background: RCHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) has been the predominant regimen for treatment of aggressive large B-cell lymphomas (LBCL). In the CALGB 50303 trial, REPOCH (rituximab, etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin) was associated with similar efficacy but increased toxicity compared to RCHOP, however pts with higher risk disease by International Prognostic Index (IPI) had longer progression-free survival (PFS) with REPOCH therapy in the subgroup analysis ( J Clin Oncol, 2019). Providers may be hesitant to use REPOCH therapy in older, frail patients (pts) with high-risk LBCL due to concern for increased toxicity. One study demonstrated that empirically dose-reduced REPOCH (30-50% dose reduction by age group) was effective and well-tolerated in an elderly population ( Ann Hematol, 2018).A separate study showed significantly reduced neuropathy rates without compromised efficacy when vincristine doses in the REPOCH regimen were capped at 0.5 mg/d compared to 0.4 mg/m 2/d ( Leukemia &amp; Lymphoma, 2019). At our institution, vincristine doses are capped at 0.4 mg/d for all pts, and REPOCH dosing is not empirically dose-reduced based for age alone. The aim of this study is to provide additional insights on the safety and efficacy of REPOCH in elderly pts diagnosed with LBCL with a routine vincristine dose cap of 0.4 mg/day (“REPOCH 0.4”). Methods: In this single cohort study, pts with newly diagnosed LBCL that received dose-adjusted REPOCH 0.4 at a single institution from August 2015 to October 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Pts were excluded if they received fewer than 2 cycles, had CNS disease, transferred to another facility during treatment, or were lost-to-follow-up. Primary endpoints included adverse effects (AEs), overall response rates (ORR) via Lugano staging at end of treatment, 2y PFS, and overall survival (OS). Survival endpoints were estimated via Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Secondary endpoints included CNS relapse rates and percentage of pts electing for hospice during therapy. Outcomes were descriptively compared to the historical cohort (N=241) in the CALGB 50303 trial receiving R-REPOCH without a vincristine dose cap ( J Clin Oncol, 2019) . Results: Forty-six pts were eligible for analysis (“entire cohort”), 19 of whom were 70 years or older (“70+ cohort”, figure 1). Median age in the entire and 70+ cohort was 67 and 75 years respectively. In the entire cohort, 23.9% of pts were double-hit, 43.5% had a non-germinal center phenotype, and 78.3% had stage III-IV disease. The median number of REPOCH 0.4 cycles received in both the entire and 70+ cohort was 6. In the 70+ cohort, 57.9% of pts were escalated to a dose level (DL) of 2 or 3 with no pts escalated beyond DL 3. Fifty-eight percent of pts in the entire cohort received intrathecal CNS prophylaxis and all pts received pegfilgrastim support. Pts in the entire cohort were older and higher-risk in comparison to the historical cohort as evidenced by IPI risk and double-expressor status. In the entire cohort, REPOCH 0.4 was well-tolerated (figure 2) with grade 3+ neuropathy rates of only 2.2% (5.2% in the 70+ cohort). Febrile neutropenia (all grades) occurred in 19.5% and 15.8% of the entire cohort and 70+ cohort respectively. Only 1 patient in the 70+ cohort experienced acute ejection fraction (EF) decline during therapy. ORR (complete and partial response) in the entire and 70+ cohort were 80% and 74% respectively. Complete response (CR) rates in the entire and 70+ cohort were both 63%. 2y PFS in the entire cohort was 68.3% (median not reached), and the 2y OS in the entire cohort was 82.9% (median not reached) which compares favorably to the 2y OS of 86.5% in the historical cohort. Overall, only 7% of pts elected for hospice and only 4% experienced CNS relapse. Conclusion: Pts with LBCL 70+ years tolerated dose-adjusted REPOCH 0.4 mg/d similarly to the entire cohort of all ages indicating that empiric dose reduction for age alone isn't necessary. CR rates were similar (63%) with pts 70+ years compared to pts in the entire cohort of all ages. REPOCH 0.4 mg/d was observed to have numerically lower rates of grade 3 or higher neuropathy (2.2%) compared to vincristine 0.4 mg/m 2/d (8.4%, J Clin Oncol 2019) and vincristine 0.5 mg/d dosing strategies (4.5%, Leukemia &amp; Lymphoma 2019) . To our knowledge, this is the first report of outcomes with REPOCH using a vincristine dose cap of 0.4 mg/d.

Effectiveness of Chemo-Immunotherapy (CIT) and Novel Therapies in Second or Later Line of Therapy (2L+) for Patients with Relapsed/Refractory (R/R) Aggressive Large B-Cell Lymphoma (LBCL)

Aim: Patients with R/R LBCL after first-line treatment have poor prognosis. Multiple novel therapies have been approved for R/R LBCL in recent years, but CIT regimens are still commonly used. This study evaluated the effectiveness of CIT and novel therapies in 2L+ in patients with R/R LBCL and the association between patient clinical characteristics and real-world outcomes. Methods: This was a multi-site retrospective observational study of patients aged ≥18 years with R/R LBCL in the Lymphoma Epidemiology of Outcomes (LEO) Consortium of Real-World Evidence (CReWE) cohort (patients followed from 1/1/2015 to 2/15/2023) who were treated with CIT or novel therapy in 2L+. CIT regimens included salvage/palliative chemotherapy, lenalidomide, rituximab, or obinutuzumab, used alone or in combination. Novel therapies included polatuzumab vedotin plus bendamustine and rituximab or variations thereof (i.e., pola-based regimen), tafasitamab plus lenalidomide or variations thereof (tafa-based regimen), and loncastuximab tesirine (lonca). Patients' demographic and clinical characteristics were assessed from the first confirmed R/R disease diagnosis and initiation of 2L+ therapy. When multiple lines of therapy (LOTs) were eligible for inclusion in the analysis, one was randomly selected as the index LOT. Real-world outcomes, determined by investigators at each clinical site, including overall response rate (ORR), complete response (CR) rate, duration of response (DOR), duration of complete response (DOCR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were described for all patients in each treatment group and for the subgroup of patients with prior chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazards models were used to assess associations between select patient clinical characteristics and real-world outcomes. Results: The study population included patients treated with CIT (N=653), pola-based regimen (N=116), tafa-based regimen (N=55), and lonca (N=42) ( Figure 1A). The median (m) age at date of index treatment initiation across groups ranged from 63 to 74 years. Across groups, most patients had primary refractory disease-i.e., were refractory to the first LOT (69.5% CIT vs. 73.3% pola vs. 58.2% tafa vs. 71.4% lonca), whereas variable proportions had one prior LOT (65.5% vs. 17.2% vs. 43.6% vs. 7.1%) and prior CAR T-cell therapy (5.1% vs. 43.1% vs. 32.7% vs. 47.6%). In the CIT group, ORR was 33.8%, 15.5% of patients achieved CR, mPFS (95% CI) was 1.9 (1.7, 2.1) months, and mOS was 9.1 (8.1, 10.5) months. In the pola group, ORR was 42.2%, 24.1% of patients achieved CR, mPFS was 2.5 (2, 3.2) months and mOS was 7.8 (6.4, 11.8) months. In the tafa group, ORR was 25.5%, 14.5% of patients achieved CR, mPFS was 2.7 (2.1, 4.2) months, and mOS was 8 (5.3, 12.7) months. In the lonca group, ORR was 40.5%, 21.4% of patients achieved CR, mPFS was 3 (2.1, 5.1) months, and mOS was 4.7 (3.7, 10.8) months. Demographics and outcomes for all patients and those who received prior CAR T-cell therapy are summarized in Figure 1A. In the multivariable Cox regression analysis, International Prognostic Index (IPI) risk score ≥3, CIT as the index treatment type, and primary refractory status were significantly associated with time from response to progression/death (P&amp;lt;0.05; Figure 1B). IPI risk score ≥3, CIT as the index treatment type, and primary refractory status were significantly associated with worse PFS. IPI risk ≥3, ≥3 prior LOTs, and primary refractory status were significantly associated with OS. Conclusion: In this large clinical cohort of patients with R/R LBCL with high proportions having primary refractory disease, all common treatments were associated with modest ORR/CR and poor OS. Receiving CIT treatments, higher IPI score, primary refractory status, and higher number of prior LOTs were significantly associated with poor clinical outcomes. A study with larger sample size and longer follow-up may be warranted to further understand the clinical effectiveness of novel treatments. Thus, despite the availability of novel treatments during the study period, these findings highlight the need for more effective treatment alternatives beyond currently available options to improve outcomes.

Highly Sensitive Interleukin Score for Intra-Ocular Lymphoma Diagnosis: Evidence from Analysis of 5-Year Real-Life of Use

Introduction Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) is a rare and aggressive subset of large B-cell lymphoma of immune-privileged sites. It can occur independently or concomitantly to primary central nervous system lymphoma. Symptoms are not specific and can easily be confused with other uveitis. Diagnosis of intra-ocular lymphoma (IOL), including PVRL and secondary lymphoma localization, is based on malignant lymphoid cells identification in vitrectomy(cytology, flow cytometry, molecular analysis). Nevertheless, the fragility of lymphoma cells and low cellularity of samples make diagnosis difficult with these cellular tools. The quantification of interleukin (IL) in intraocular fluids is a promising soluble alternative approach. Based on IL-10 and IL-6 levels, an Interleukine Score for intra-Ocular Lymphoma Diagnosis (ISOLD) designed for aqueous humor (AH) and vitreous was published to guide the diagnosis of IOL (Costopoulos et al, Ophtalmology, 2016). The aim of this work was to evaluate ISOLD performances in real-life practice after five-year of use in a hospital laboratory. Material and methods IL-10 and IL-6 were measured in intra-ocular sample in a single laboratory using the cytometric bead array® kit (BD Biosciences TM) on a FACS Canto II cytometer, with a limit of quantification of 2.5 pg/ml. ISOLD is calculated at diagnosis in AH (AH-ISOLD) or vitreous (V-ISOLD) samples and is associated with a probability of having a large B-cell IOL. This score classifies patients according to two groups: i) reliable zone: ISOLD &amp;lt; -4.6 (&amp;lt;1% probability to have IOL) and ISOLD &amp;gt; +4.6 (&amp;gt;99% probability to have IOL) ; ii) doubtful zone: ISOLD ranging from -4.6 to +4.6 for which the probability and the clinical context have to be considered. All calculated ISOLD from January 2017 to December 2021 were collected. Centers with more than 30 intraocular samples with a calculated ISOLD were contacted to retrieve patients' definitive diagnosis and potential treatments. Results During these 5 years, IL-10 and IL-6 levels have been quantified for 2796 intraocular samples from 70 centers. ISOLD was calculated at diagnosis for 2013 ocular samples. Clinical data were obtained for 1449 samples (1220 AH and 229 vitreous) corresponding to 1243 patients from 13 out of the 18 centers contacted. 9.7% of patients had an IOL, 82.2% had another diagnosis than IOL and 8.1% of patients had no established diagnosis (Figure 1). Considering the 1341 samples with an established diagnosis, 92.7% were in the reliable zone and 7.3% were in the doubtful zone. For the 1128 AH samples, 1050 AH-ISOLD (93.1%) were in the reliable interpretation zone, with a concordant result for 98.6% of them (n=1035 samples) and a discordant result for 1.4% of them (n=15) (Table 1). The sensitivity and specificity were respectively estimated at 90.6% and 99.3% with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 91.7% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.2%. Seventy-eight AH-ISOLD were in doubtful zone including 23 LIO and 55 others diagnoses than IOL. For the 213 vitreous samples, 193 V-ISOLD (90.6%) were in the reliable interpretation zone, with a concordant result for 98.4% of them (n=190 samples) and a discordant result for 1.6% of them (n=3) (Table 1). The sensitivity and specificity were estimated at 97.6% and 99.1%, respectively with a PPV of 98.8% and a NPV of 98.2%. Twenty V-ISOLD were in doubtful zone including 5 LIO and 15 others diagnoses than IOL. Three patients of the 8 who had a false-negative AH-ISOLD had a positive V-ISOLD. For the 17 AH-ISOLD in the doubtful zone, 4 of them had a V-ISOLD concordant with the diagnosis and 2 had an AH-ISOLD in the other eye concordant with the diagnosis. Independently of the sample type, the main cause of false-negative results was administration of corticosteroids prior to sampling and the main causes of false-positive results were infectious diseases (varicella and herpes virus, toxoplasmosis, syphilis). Conclusion This study confirmed on a 5-year period of real life practice that ISOLD, based on IL-10 and IL-6 levels, is a powerful tool to guide the diagnosis towards IOL. In more than 90% of intra-ocular samples, ISOLD was in reliable interpretation zone with very high sensitivity and specificity levels. In case of positive or doubtful AH-ISOLD, a vitrectomy is needed to make the diagnosis. Easy to use, not expansive, this score appears very useful to optimize the diagnostic approach of this rare and aggressive large B-cell lymphoma.

POSTER: ABCL-612 Real-World Outcomes in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory (r/r) Aggressive Large B-Cell Lymphoma (LBCL) Treated With Chemo-Immunotherapy

POSTER: ABCL-612 Real-World Outcomes in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory (r/r) Aggressive Large B-Cell Lymphoma (LBCL) Treated With Chemo-Immunotherapy

ABCL-612 Real-World Outcomes in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory (r/r) Aggressive Large B-Cell Lymphoma (LBCL) Treated With Chemo-Immunotherapy

ABCL-612 Real-World Outcomes in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory (r/r) Aggressive Large B-Cell Lymphoma (LBCL) Treated With Chemo-Immunotherapy

Round-robin testing for LMO2 and MYC as immunohistochemical markers to screen MYC rearrangements in aggressive large B-cell lymphoma

Aggressive large B-cell lymphomas (aLBCL) include a heterogeneous group of lymphomas with diverse biological features. One of the approaches to the diagnosis of aLBCL is based on the identification of MYC rearrangements (MYC-R), in addition to BCL2 and BCL6 rearrangements by genetic techniques, mainly fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Because of the low incidence of MYC-R, the identification of useful immunohistochemistry markers to select cases for MYC FISH testing may be useful in daily practice. In a previous work, we identified a strong association between the profile CD10 positive/LMO2 negative expression and the presence of MYC-R in aLBCL and obtained good intralaboratory reproducibility. In this study, we wanted to evaluate external reproducibility. To evaluate whether LMO2 can be a reproducible marker between observers 50 aLBCL cases were circulated among 7 hematopathologists of 5 hospitals. Fleiss’ kappa index for LMO2 and MYC were 0.87 and 0.70, respectively, indicating high agreement between observers. In addition, during 2021–2022, the enrolled centers included LMO2 in their diagnostic panels to evaluate prospectively the utility of the marker, and 213 cases were analyzed. Comparing LMO2 with MYC, the group of CD10 positive cases showed higher specificity (86% vs 79%), positive predictive value (66% vs 58%), likelihood positive value (5.47 vs 3.78), and accuracy (83% vs 79%), whereas the negative predictive values remained similar (90% vs 91%). These findings place LMO2 as a useful and reproducible marker to screen MYC-R in aLBCL.

Real-world Experience of Approved Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapies Compared to Clinical Trials Data.

Real-world Experience of Approved Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapies Compared to Clinical Trials Data.

Transformation and survival in marginal zone lymphoma: a Finnish nationwide population-based study

Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) is an indolent B-cell malignancy with heterogeneous anatomical and clinical presentation. While MZLs are generally associated with long survival, some patients experience histological transformation to aggressive large B-cell lymphoma. Population-based long-term data on the transformation of MZL is limited. We conducted a nationwide population-based study to estimate the risk of transformation and relative survival in patients diagnosed with MZL in Finland from 1995–2018. We identified a total of 1454 patients with MZL from the Finnish Cancer Registry (FCR). The cumulative incidence of transformation was 4.7% (95% CI, 3.6−6.2) at 10 years. The highest incidence of transformation was observed in the patients with splenic MZL (14.0%; 95% CI, 8.6−22.7). The transformation was associated with a substantially increased risk of death (HR, 5.18; 95% CI, 3.58–7.50). Ten-year relative survival was 79% (95% CI, 73‒83%). Transformation, nodal MZL subtype, and older age at diagnosis were associated with increased excess mortality, whereas patients diagnosed at a later calendar period had a lower excess risk of death. We conclude that transformation resulted in a substantially increased mortality irrespective of MZL subtype compared with the patients without transformation. Our results also suggest a reduction in excess mortality in recent years.

Baseline circulating tumour DNA and total metabolic tumour volume as early outcome predictors in aggressive large B-cell lymphoma. A real-world 112-patient cohort.

Approximately 20%-50% of patients with large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) experience poor outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the combined prognostic value of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) and total metabolic tumour volume (TMTV) in LBCL. This observational single-centre study included 112 newly diagnosed LBCL patients, receiving R-CHOP/R-CHOP-like chemotherapies. CtDNA load was calculated following next-generation sequencing of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) using a targeted 40-gene lymphopanel. TMTV was measured using a fully automated artificial intelligence-based method for lymphoma lesion segmentation. CtDNA was detected in cfDNA samples from 95 patients with a median concentration of 3.15 log haploid genome equivalents per mL. TMTV measurements were available for 102 patients. The median TMTV was 501 mL. High ctDNA load (>3.57 log hGE/mL) or high TMTV (>200 mL) were associated with shorter 1-year PFS (44% vs. 83%, p < 0.001 and 64% vs. 97%, p = 0.002, respectively). When combined, three prognostic groups were identified. The shortest PFS was observed when both TMTV and ctDNA load were high (p < 0.001). Even with a short follow up, combining ctDNA load with TMTV improved the risk stratification of patients with aggressive LBCL. In the near future, very high-risk patients could benefit from CAR T-cell therapy or bispecific antibodies as first-line treatments.