Aggressive Intent Research Articles

DĖL ŽMOGAUS ESMĖS ETNINIO AUTENTIŠKUMO IŠSAUGOJIMO

The article examines the transformational processes of preserving the ethnic authenticity of the human essence in the context of the historical development of statehood in Lithuania and Ukraine, which continue to function in the creative cooperation of modern sovereign states. Ukraine and Lithuania are long-standing and reliable partners not only in economic, political, scientific and cultural cooperation – they are united by a common history and ancient cultural processes. In Dnipropetrovsk region, with the assistance of the regional state administration, centers of representatives of various nationalities are actively functioning, among which the cultural and business center of Lithuania occupies an important place in the economic, scientific and cultural life of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to highlight the enduring ethnic authenticity of Lithuanians and Ukrainians in the long-term state-building cooperation between Ukraine and Lithuania, encompassing the political-economic and scientific-cultural spheres of both ethnic groups. This is the first attempt to shed light on the relations between Ukrainians and Lithuanians from the point of view of the organization of their socio-historical formations in the state-building, economic, and cultural spheres of cooperation. Moreover, the question of the ethnic authenticity of both ethnic groups outside their homeland in the modern Ukrainian-Lithuanian discourse, unfortunately, has not become the subject of dedicated historical-linguistic research. The issue of preserving ethnic identity remains a highly relevant factor in modern globalization processes and requires a thorough study of its important social features that form mutual respect, creative cooperation, and a high spiritual culture of international relations, which will resist discord, enmity and aggressive intentions between representatives of different nationalities of our planet.

Static and dynamic formant scaling conveys body size and aggression.

When producing intimidating aggressive vocalizations, humans and other animals often extend their vocal tracts to lower their voice resonance frequencies (formants) and thus sound big. Is acoustic size exaggeration more effective when the vocal tract is extended before, or during, the vocalization, and how do listeners interpret within-call changes in apparent vocal tract length? We compared perceptual effects of static and dynamic formant scaling in aggressive human speech and nonverbal vocalizations. Acoustic manipulations corresponded to elongating or shortening the vocal tract either around (Experiment 1) or from (Experiment 2) its resting position. Gradual formant scaling that preserved average frequencies conveyed the impression of smaller size and greater aggression, regardless of the direction of change. Vocal tract shortening from the original length conveyed smaller size and less aggression, whereas vocal tract elongation conveyed larger size and more aggression, and these effects were stronger for static than for dynamic scaling. Listeners familiarized with the speaker's natural voice were less often ‘fooled’ by formant manipulations when judging speaker size, but paid more attention to formants when judging aggressive intent. Thus, within-call vocal tract scaling conveys emotion, but a better way to sound large and intimidating is to keep the vocal tract consistently extended.

The Oil Factor in Relations between the Azerbaijan Republic and the RSFSR

Relations between the Azerbaijan Republic and the Soviet Republic of Russia can be conditionally divided into two stages. The first stage covers the period from the declaration of independence of Azerbaijan in May 1918 to moving of the national government to Baku in September 1918, and the second — from September 1918 to the fall of the Azerbaijan Republic in April 1920. At both stages, the oil was often the key factor in relations between the two states. Although the Soviet Russia did not recognize the Azerbaijan Republic, ruling circles in Baku were in favor of establishing relations with Moscow. This desire was primarily due to economic reasons, since the Russian market was the main consumer of Baku oil. By the beginning of 1920, the Red Army had defeated Denikin and approached the borders of the South Caucasus countries. Under such circumstances, the Moscow made an attempt to involve Azerbaijan in the civil war in the south. Simultaneously, the Bolsheviks power combined this policy with the establishment of the first economic contacts. Thus, it was in 1920 that negotiations were held in Baku for the export of oil products to Astrakhan. The Azerbaijani government agreed to maintain economic contacts with the Soviet Russia without establishing diplomatic relations. However, subsequent events showed that all these negotiations and missions were a tactical maneuver by Soviet Russia aimed at lulling the vigilance of the Azerbaijani government and creating an impression of the absence of aggressive intentions.

Alcohol-involved sexual aggression: Emotion regulation as a mechanism of behavior change.

Sexual aggression remains a significant public health problem, with the majority of sexual assaults involving alcohol. Founded upon an experimental medicine approach to behavior change, the current study used a proximal change experiment to target and test emotion regulation (ER) as a mechanism underlying alcohol-involved sexual aggression. Heavy episodic drinking men aged 21-30 with a sexual assault perpetration history (N = 209) were randomly assigned to a brief, online, ER-focused cognitive restructuring or mindfulness intervention or to control. Intervention effects were evaluated during sober and intoxicated states through laboratory-based alcohol administration (target BrAC = .08%). Intoxicated and sober participants completed a proximal change protocol that included implementing ER skills during a sexual aggression analogue that assessed relevant emotions and intentions. Path analysis demonstrated that relative to control, the cognitive restructuring intervention improved emotional modulation and emotional clarity, resulting in lower sexual arousal and anger, respectively, followed by decreased sexual coercion intentions. The mindfulness intervention yielded mixed results, predicting decreased sexual aggression intentions compared to control but also predicting stronger coercive tactic intentions in intoxicated men with more severe sexual aggression histories. Both interventions improved emotional acceptance relative to control, but only for sober men. Overall, the current study demonstrated that ER-focused interventions improved proximal ER skills associated with reduced sexual aggression intentions, signifying ER as an important mechanism for changing sexually aggressive behavior. Because intervention efficacy varied by intoxication state, further research is needed to assess the effectiveness of ER interventions targeting real-world alcohol-involved sexual aggression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Demarcation Lines in the Ukrainian Society: Genesis, Structure, Overcoming

The subject of the study is the lines of demarcation in the Ukrainian society, which affect its ability for self-organization and development. The methodological paradigm of the search is the Lipset-Rokkan model, which has been successfully tested in the analysis of political changes in European countries. The peculiarities of the origin and development of such fundamental social oppositions are highlighted: center-periphery, state-church, city-village, owner-worker. Their content was dramatically influenced by the colonial position of Ukraine in the Russian Empire (in all its historical forms). The consequences of such influence are still being felt in Russia’s aggressive intentions to leave Ukraine in its sphere of influence, the destructive role of the Russian Orthodox Church, the formation of anti-state movements and structures, and so on. The destructive effect of such influence can be traced in the potential threat of transforming traditional lines of demarcation in the so-called “Red” lines of opposition. These are artificial constructs that feed on the invasive policy of the aggressor and are aimed at introducing states of chaos and disorder into Ukrainian society, with the prospect of undermining and destroying the statehood and identity of Ukraine in general. In this context, the strategic vectors of Ukraine’s sustainable development are the reorientation to European values, comprehensive support of national culture and spirituality, implementation of the full-fledged land reform, creation of a national labor market, legalization of the shadow economy, establishment of the national security system. The political and legal basis for such changes should be the synergetic interaction of the democratic development of the society and the establishment of the rule of law in the activities of citizens and the state.

Predicting the Effect of Violent Gameplaying to Violent Behavior Intention among Females using Tree Regression and AdaBoost Tree Regression

The issue on the effect of violent video game to aggressive behavior has gained wide interest from various communities. This paper presents some results of predicting quantitative measure of aggressive behavior from variables that measure violent video game playing. Experiment results showed that Decision Tree Regression (DTR) and Adaptive Boosting Tree Regression (AB-DTR) models predicted aggressive behavior intentions with high accuracy. For predicting Hostile variable: DTR’s training and testing RMSE (0.0, 0.0); AB-DTR’s training and testing RMSE (0.08, 1.08). For predicting Instru variable: DTR’s training and testing RMSE (0.0, 2.18); AB-DTR’s training and testing RMSE (0.0, 3.30) respectively.

How Does Job Insecurity Affect Workplace Harassment? The Interaction Effect of Hypercompetitive Attitude, Coworker Impression Management, and Leader Narcissism.

With concerns that artificial intelligence may replace existing jobs, job insecurity is becoming more prevalent. In-depth study of how job insecurity affects our society has become an important research topic. This study investigates the internal mechanisms through which such job insecurity influences workplace harassment. Based on the theories of psychological contract breach and the conservation of resources, this study proposes an indirect effect of job insecurity and a three-way moderation effect of hypercompetitive attitude, perceived coworker impression management, and leader narcissism on aggression intention. Using survey data from 286 employees in South Korea, bootstrapping analysis, hierarchical regression analysis, and a slope-difference test were performed to confirm the mediation and moderation effects. The results showed that hypercompetitive attitude mediates the association between job insecurity and aggression intention. The three-way interaction effect was also confirmed, such that the interaction effect of hypercompetitive attitude and coworker impression management is only effective when leader narcissism is high. This study contributes to the literature and business practices by offering significant suggestions to aid a more in-depth understanding of the workplace harassment occurrence process.

The Interplay of Sexual Arousal and Power-Related Emotions in Men’s Alcohol-Involved Sexual Aggression Intentions

ABSTRACT Research has identified power/dominance and sexual arousal as key motivators of men’s sexual aggression; however, little research has examined the interplay of these two factors in alcohol-involved sexual aggression. Two alcohol administration experiments investigated the roles of power-related sex motives and power- and sexual arousal-related emotions on men’s sexual aggression intentions. In Study 1, participants (N = 96) read a sexual aggression scenario after random assignment to consume either an alcoholic (target peak BrAC = .10%) or nonalcoholic beverage. Results indicated that power-related sex motives indirectly predicted stronger sexual aggression intentions through greater in-the-moment power-related emotions but not through sexual arousal-related emotions. Intoxicated men with more severe perpetration histories reported stronger sexual aggression intentions. In Study 2, participants (N = 203) completed similar measures after random assignment to receive either a brief emotion regulation-focused intervention (cognitive restructuring or mindfulness) or a control, followed by either alcohol (target peak BrAC = .08%) or nonalcoholic beverage consumption. Results demonstrated that greater power-related sex motives indirectly predicted stronger sexual aggression intentions through greater feelings of power and sexual arousal. Additionally, findings suggest that cognitive restructuring approaches may mitigate these relationships in sober men, while mindfulness approaches may exacerbate these relationships in intoxicated men.

Anthropogenic noise, song, and territorial aggression in southern house wrens

Anthropogenic noise constrains the transmission of birdsong and alters the behavior of receivers. Many birds adjust their acoustic signals to minimize the interference of anthropogenic noise on signal transmission. Birds may also change their acoustic signals to exchange information during aggressive interactions. However, it is unclear how birds deal with a potential trade‐off between adjusting their acoustic signals to better transmit in noisy environments versus mediating aggressive interactions. Additionally, we do not know how urbanization and anthropogenic noise alters the territorial behavior of receivers. We investigated the interplay among song, territorial aggression, urbanization, and anthropogenic noise, in males of the southern house wren Troglodytes aedon musculus, using recordings of spontaneous songs (non‐aggressive context) and a playback experiment simulating a male territorial intrusion (aggressive context). We found that urban wrens behaved more aggressively in response to the intruder by singing more and spent more time closer to the intruder than rural wrens regardless of noise. Males produced songs with lower minimum frequency and trills with wider frequency bandwidth and higher vocal performance under acute (playback) than relaxed (post‐playback) aggressive encounters. These results suggest that males use songs to communicate aggressive intent or fighting ability. Urban wrens produced higher‐pitched songs and trills than rural wrens irrespective of aggressive context. Urban wrens in the noisiest territories also produced the highest‐pitched trills but only in the non‐aggressive context. Rural wrens in the noisiest territories tended to produce the longest songs (non‐aggressive context) or produced the shortest songs (aggressive context). Results suggest that urbanization affects territorial and vocal behaviors in southern house wrens. Males in this species seem to primarily adjust acoustic signals in response to the territorial intruder rather than noise.

Does song overlap signal aggressiveness? An experimental study with repeated measures in free-ranging great tits

Vocal communication is often used to signal willingness to escalate into a physical fight during territorial conflicts. In songbirds, starting to sing when an opponent already sings (song overlapping) has been suggested to signal aggressive intent (willingness to escalate). We used a multiyear data set to test whether song overlapping predicts aggressiveness in great tits, Parus major. Territorial males were subjected twice to a simulated territorial intrusion when their mate was in the egg-laying phase, and twice when she was incubating. Males were presented with a taxidermic mount and a noninteractive playback of a conspecific song near their nestbox. The experiment was conducted over 3 consecutive years, resulting in repeated measures for males that bred across multiple years. The estimated minimum approach distance to the intruder, a repeatable and heritable trait that predicts the likelihood of physical attack, was used as a measure of aggression. We determined the duration of song overlapping by the focal male relative to values expected by chance. Against expectations, we found that birds that overlapped were less (rather than more) aggressive. In addition, variance partitioning demonstrated that this link resulted from a within-individual effect: when birds became less aggressive from one observation to the next, they also overlapped more. There was no among-individual effect: individuals that were on average more aggressive did not, on average, overlap either more or less than others. Our results thus imply that song overlapping is linked to aggression but opposite to expectations, and not among individuals. Furthermore, the majority of birds overlapped at or below chance levels. Overall, song overlapping may not signal aggressive intent but rather ‘nonengagement’, or result from interference avoidance, allowing aggressive residents to better hear an intruder's acoustic output during territorial intrusions.

EXISTENTIAL FULLNESS OF EMPLOYED RETIREMET-AGE WOMEN AND MEN

The role of adaptability and harmonius interpersonal relations on achievement of existential fullness by retirement age people was analyzed with the performed empirical study. The Existence Scale (ESK) (Längle, Orgler), S. Dukhnovsky’s method examining disharmony in interpersonal relations and the Social and Psychological Adaptation Questionnaire (C. Rogers and R. Diamond) were used. The study involved 100 employed people of retirement age (59-75 years), of which 46 women (average age was 63.6 years) and 54 men (average age was 64.9 years). Employed people of retirement age were characterized by moderate understanding of life meaning, women and men did not have significant differences in their existential fullness. Interpersonal relationships were mainly harmonious; women had a greater tendency to compromise and to control aggressive manifestations in comparison with men. Both women and men were moderately adapted to the social environment. Also, men and women showed a close link between existential fullness and retirement-age people’s tendency to adaptation, especially with regard to such characteristics as self-acceptance, acceptance of others, emotional comfort and internality. An important condition for employed retirement-age people’ existential fullness and understood life meaning was their self-confidence and positive self-attitude, friendly attitude to others and expectation of positive evaluation from them, as well as self-perception as an active subject of their activities. Adaptation and acceptance of others contributed to harmonious interpersonal relationships, and vise versa, if employed retirement-age people had harmonious relationships with others, they were better adapted. The link between harmonious interpersonal relationships and existential fullness is mainly mediated by an individual’s adaptive abilities, but this link can be direct at men. Women showed a wider range of links between harmony and adaptability, but men showed a wider range of links between harmony and existential fullness. If women tended to dominate in interpersonal relationships, demonstrating their superiority over others, they were likely to narrow their inner distance from themselves and their ability to assess a situation from the outside became worse, but their tensions decreased markedly. As for men, the role of dominance increased with age, but its effect on the existential fullness and harmony of relationships was not revealed. Women who avoided problems had increased tension and aggressive intentions, but it was unlikely to affect their existential experiences; on the contrary, as for men, problems avoiding reduced their ability to self-transcendence and freedom and was unlikely to affect the harmony of relationships with others. Women’s acceptance of others and emotional comfort were more closely linked to existential fullness in comparison with such characteristics at men.

ДО ПИТАННЯ ПРО ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ЕТНІЧНОЇ АВТЕНТИЧНОСТІ СУТНОСТІ ЛЮДИНИ

У статті висвітлено міжетнічні зв’язки українців та литовців з погляду їхнього суспільно-історичного розвитку в плані державотворення, культурно-економічних зв’язків, ролі видатних постатей, особливості лексичних, фольклорних, етноантропонімних чинників, діяльності культурно-ділових центрів, спрямованих на збереження етнічної автентичності в сучасних умовах життєдіяльності.

United Nations Peacekeeping Missions and the Intervention in the Yemeni Civil War (1963-1964)

"The tumultuous 1960s brought a multitude of inter- and intrastatal conflicts in international relations. Some of them derived from extinguished disputes as a subsequent effect of the decolonisation, while others were motivated by the aggressive intentions of states to conquer other states. An example was the Yemeni Civil War (1962–1970) which came in the spotlight of the international community because two neighbours countries, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Republic involved in the internal fight. The external involvement motivated and set the scene for the United Nations Organization to intervene and mobilise a peacekeeping operation which had to observe the withdrawal of the third parties and eventually facilitate the peace process. The study aims to analyze the UN peacekeeping mechanism, which is seen as a compromise created by the bipolarization of the international system that prevented the organization from fulfilling its task of keeping the international peace. Through the case study on the Yemeni peacekeeping operation which operated from 1963 to 1964, one could learn about how UN functioned during the Cold War years, what were the underlining processes supporting the authorization process of such an operation, about the contribution of the Secretary General to the functioning of the peacekeeping mechanism and lastly how the events in Yemen underlined the impact that the interests of involved actors had on the fulfillment of the given mandate of the UN operations."

Effects of Intergroup Vicarious Ostracism on Individual Prejudicial Attributions and Aggressive Intentions.

This study explores the effects of intergroup vicarious ostracism on individual prejudicial attributions and aggressive intentions. It takes Tibetan and Hui college students in northwestern China as participants. Study 1 and Study 2 explore the difference in observers' prejudicial attributions and aggressive intentions, respectively, when the group members who experienced ostracism (Tibetan college students) observed an in-group member being ostracized by out-group members versus an in-group member being ostracized by in-group members. Results show that those in-group participants, i.e., the Tibetan college students, who observed an in-group member being ostracized by out-group members, showed much higher prejudicial attributions, F(1, 106) = 19.65, p < .001, ηp2 = .156, and aggressive intentions, F(1, 108) = 10.51, p = .002, ηp2 = .089, toward ostracizers than those who observed an in-group member being ostracized by in-group members. In Study 3, Hui college students were recruited as participants to further test the results of Study 1 and Study 2. In addition, we also found that under the out-group conditions, prejudicial attribution mediates the effects of inclusionary status on aggressive intentions (95% bias-corrected confidence interval did not include zero; 95% CI [0.15, 0.69]). This study shows that ostracizers' group membership could affect observers' prejudicial attributions and their aggressive intentions toward the ostracizers.

Exposure to Aggression in School and Teachers’ Intention to Leave Their Profession—A Brief Report

Exposure to violence and aggression in the workplace in general and in school in particular has been associated with teacher attrition. However, the underlying processes accounting for this association have not been systematically investigated. This study proposed a mediation model accounting for the above association through the involvement of stress. One hundred and eighty-eight teachers from schools all over northern Israel (92% women; mean age = 43.64; sd = 9.58) filled out measures of exposure to aggression (physical and verbal), demographics, a stress questionnaire, and a brief questionnaire assessing intentions to leave the teaching profession. Path analysis supported a mediation model in which stress levels mediated the association between exposure to physical aggression, followed by exposure to verbal aggression and age and intentions to leave teaching. The results are discussed in light of the existing empirical evidence and theory.

MULTIFUNCTIONAL ANTENNA DEVICE FOR PROTECTION OF RADIO COMMUNICATION CHANNELS OF UNITS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT FORCES

Safe conduct of mass events requires from law enforcement forces to protect the units’ radio communication channels, detection and suppression of counterparty control radio channel. It also requires finding and destroying single-use interference transmitters, the presence of which is a manifestation of the aggressive intentions of the crowd. This requires means using antennas with directional properties, frequency ranges of which are determined by the established standard and mass radio communications. In general, the antenna parameters of radio systems, radio intelligence, radio monitoring, suppression are different requirements. Therefore, it is difficult to implement a universal antenna for many applications and conditions. Ideal for operating an antenna can be considered one that could predictably change the properties when adding (replacing) elements (modules), the parameters of which are known and consistent with the basic (basic) design. But serial antenna of radio electronic means is finished devices and are not always amenable to improvement. So the article discusses the possibility of using improvised antennas that have adequate models, as confirmed by numerous experiments, with the main parameters whose values can be purposefully changed: frequency range, width and shape of the directionality chart, its reflector properties, etc. An addition, software for such antennas is publicly available. Considering the functional requirements, we have analyzed the designs of antennae Radiator over a cylindrical surface, angular antennas and antennas Radiator over a plane, characteristics of which at the same sizes are approximately the same and are calculated by the same formulas. The possibilities of angular antennas of the open-book type with different angles between reflectors have been investigated. To do this, analytical simulations of technical solutions suitable for use in radio communications of units of law enforcement forces were conducted. The efficiency of the proposed constructs was checked and their characteristics were determined. Thus, the proposed technical solutions for angular antenna devices are able to protect the radio communication channels of law enforcement units during mass events.

Pitch lowering enhances men's perceived aggressive intent, not fighting ability

Voice pitch is the primary perceptual correlate of fundamental frequency (fo) and describes how low or high a voice is perceived by listeners. Prior research showed that men whose habitual voice pitch is lower are perceived to have stronger fighting ability. However, voice pitch is also flexible and can thus be used facultatively to signal states that change situationally, such as current aggressive intent (i.e., readiness to use aggression). Drawing on motivation-structural-rules theory, this research tests the hypothesis that male speakers will be perceived as more likely to attack when they lower (compared to raise) their pitch to address an adversary in a conflict situation. Three experiments using male speakers and listeners supported this hypothesis, both with and without controlling for the perception of the speakers' fighting ability. In contrast, the same experiments found no evidence that pitch lowering enhanced the speakers' perceived fighting ability after controlling for their perceived aggressive intent. Moreover, we found mixed evidence that the speakers' perceived physical strength interacted with pitch modulation to influence their perceived aggressive intent. On balance, these findings show that, at least for men, pitch modulation is primarily an aggressive-intent signal assessed independently of signalers' fighting ability. Future research should distinguish between perceptions of aggressive-intent and fighting-ability when examining the perceptual effects of male voice-pitch modulation in intrasexual competition.

Adolescents’ appraisal of responses to problem situations and their relation to aggression and nonviolent behavior.

This study investigated adolescents' appraisals of responses to problematic situations and their relations to behavioral intentions for aggressive and nonviolent behavior. A key question was whether ratings of effective and ineffective nonviolent responses and aggressive responses reflect distinct constructs or opposite ends of a single dimension. A sample of 183 students at three middle schools in an urban public school system serving a mostly African American population completed measures of aggression, and rated responses to hypothetical situations on five dimensions: behavioral intention, effectiveness, descriptive norms, and anticipated reactions from friends and parents. Responses included nonviolent responses and aggressive responses to problematic situations identified in previous qualitative studies. Nonviolent responses were categorized as effective or ineffective based on ratings by a community sample of youth and adults. Confirmatory factor analyses supported separate factors representing ratings of effective responses and aggressive responses for each domain. Regression analyses indicated that ratings of aggressive responses were more strongly related to aggressive intentions, and ratings of effective responses were more strongly related to intentions to use effective responses. Adolescents who varied in their level of aggression differed in their ratings of aggressive and nonviolent responses. Those reporting higher levels of aggression showed less differentiation between effective and ineffective nonviolent responses compared with those reporting lower levels. These findings underscore the need for further efforts to identify factors that promote effective nonviolent behavior versus those that support aggression. They have important implications for the development of violence prevention programs.

Психофизиологические корреляты личностных факторов импульсивной агрессивности у лиц с расстройствами личности и у психически здоровых

The comparative study of sensorimotor gating in the model of acoustic startle response (ASR) and personal traits was provided in mentally healthy offenders (24 s.) and offenders with personal disorders (15 s.) accused of crimes committed by the mechanism of impulsive aggression (IA) was provided. The control group consisted of 39 healthy male volunteers. The battery of psychometric techniques was applied, notably questionnaires of Spielberger, Rusalov’s structure of temperament questionnaire, Rotter’s modified version of the subjective control level assessment, Zuckerman and Buss-Durkee questionnaires. The basic ASR measures and prepulse modification were analyzed. Significantly different IA mechanisms were found in the groups of offenders at both the psychological and neurobiological level. It has been shown that, in individuals with personality disorders, the IA is based on the propensity to realize their own aggressive intentions or motivations, which, apparently, acquires a self-contained motivating value regardless of external stimuli. The important role of emotional factors in the mechanisms of impulsive aggressive reactions was shown in the mentally healthy offenders.

Exploring an Unfathomed Entiry: A Pooled Analysis of Solitory Skeletal Muscle Metastasis from Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Skeletal muscle is relatively uncommon site for metastasis in head and neck primary. This study was conducted to report our experience of three such cases and analyze the previously reported cases to assess the overall outcomes and formulate a treatment plan for these patients. We pooled the data extracted on extensive literature review and analyzed. A total of 17 patients were analyzed for this study. All the patients had locally advanced primary and 14/17 developed metachronous metastasis. Median duration to development of metastasis was 8.5months, and 13/17 patients had skeletal muscle as the only site of metastasis. Only 6/13 were treated with aggressive intent, 4 of which who underwent surgical resection had the best survival outcomes. Isolated skeletal muscle metastasis in a head and neck primary is relatively rare, and in future, the research work needs to be taken up afresh, on prospective model, with adequate patient sample, to draw a scientifically valid conclusion.