Aggressive Fighting Research Articles

Behavioral traits and territoriality in the symbiotic scaleworm Ophthalmonoe pettiboneae

Among marine invertebrates, polychaete worms form symbiotic associations showing a wide variety of host use patterns. Most commonly, they live solitary on hosts, likely resulting from territorial behavior, yet little is known of the precise nature of the involved interactions. Based on field and laboratory observations, we described the symbiotic association between Ophthalmonoe pettibonae and Chaetopterus cf. appendiculatus from Nhatrang Bay (Vietnam). Then, by experimentally manipulating the competitor-to-resource ratio, we analyzed symbiont behavior and we assessed whether the 1:1 uniform distribution observed in nature could be driven by agonistic territorial behavior. Hosts and symbiont populations had low densities, lacked size relationships and showed higher prevalence when denser. Symbiont behavior included territoriality, expressed through conspecific recognition and intraspecific aggressive interactions (pursuit and escaping, hiding, choosing position, aggressive fighting, and targeting a specific bite zone). Our experiments proved that territoriality led to host monopolization by a single symbiont, provided the first empirical evidence that symbiont body injuries were caused during territorial contests, and allowed us to first suggest that a marine symbiotic invertebrate may control a territory extending beyond its host, even including neighboring hosts. Overall, this is the first report of such a complex symbiotic behavior for an annelid polychaete.

Fighting Behaviour of Male Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Lineages

Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, 1889 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) has three distinctive reproductive modes: arrhenotokous, thelytokous and deuterotokous. This experiment was focused on the arrhenotokous leek-(L1) and tobacco-associated (T) T. tabaci lineages. These two lineages are distinctively varied genetically and in host adaptations. L1 and T lineages perform better on leek and tobacco plants, respectively. Fighting occurs between males when they compete for food, mating, and oviposition sites. The aim of this research was to examine the fighting behaviour and characterize the fighting elements of males in L1 and T lineages. The experiment was performed in the laboratory by using a Euromex VC.3036 video camera and each experiment was recorded for a duration of 10 minutes. Transparent PCR tube caps formed the arena to observe the fighting interactions in both lineages. A total of 40 video recordings have been observed and each recording had a different arena. The fighting performance was observed at 2, 5, 8, 10, 12 days old specimens in four replications. This result has shown L1 lineage had better fighting performance and a more aggressive fighting ability than T lineage. Antennal bouts, jumping, flipping, stabbing and pitching are the most commonly observed fighting elements.

Serotonergic-linked alterations of aggression of the crayfish

ABSTRACT Current theory suggests that aggressive behavior in the crayfish is largely modulated and regulated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT). To test this theory that links serotonin to aggression, we performed a series of drug treatments using various serotonin-related chemicals to measure their effects on subsequent aggressive behavior. Treatments included serotonin, the serotonin precursor tryptophan, agonists: 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine (m-CPP) and 5-Carboxy, an antagonist: cinanserin, and a serotonin receptor specific neurotoxin: 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate (5,7-DHT). Significant increases in aggression of Faxonius rusticus crayfish were observed when injected with serotonin and both agonists, however no decrease in aggression occurred with the antagonist. Crayfish injected with the agonist m-CPP increased aggression but did not directly confer success in fights. Our data support the current literature that the internal aggressive state of crayfish is altered by serotonin and its agonist/antagonists, however it does not on its own improve the aggressive fighting response and/or dominance status.

Upaya Penurunan Tingkat Perilaku Agresif Di Madrasah Dengan Teknik Konseling Kelompok (Studi Kasus Pelanggaran Disiplin Aturan Madrasah ) Pada Siswa Klas 7 F Semester Genap Tahun Pelajaran 2016/ 2017 Mtsn Prambanan Kabupaten Klaten

<p>The formulation of this research problem is, Is using group counseling technique technique can decrease aggressive behavior in grade VII student MTs N Prambanan academic year 2016/2017 semester II? The research is done by using qualitative approach, that is kind of research of class action. Stages of research conducted according to the stages proposed by Kemmis and Mc Taggart Subject researchers amounted to 30 students. The results showed that Behavior of aggressive attitude of 7F grade students through group counseling service on cycle I 50% for aggressive behavior of male students and 10% for female students so as to decrease aggressive behavior of fight in school 96.6% to 36.6% 29 students behave aggressively in two weeks reduced to 18 learners. With the decrease in the number of students as many as 11 students, then in cycle II of 96.6% decreased again to 10%, which means there is a change of 86.6% is a significant decline. This suggests that through the provision of group counseling services may decrease aggressive fighting behavior in schools at 7 7th grade students MTsN Prambanan Klaten District.</p>

Comparative evaluation of carcass traits and meat quality in native Aseel chickens and commercial broilers

A comprehensive study was conducted to analyse the meat quality attributes, composition and carcass traits in Aseel chickens and commercial broilers at market age on the basis of physiological age. A total of 20 Aseel (26 and 56 weeks) and 20 broiler (6 weeks) chickens were divided into two groups on a live weight basis, i.e. large (≥2.5 kg) and small (<2.5 kg) with 10 birds in each subgroup.The pH of meat did not show any significant variation between Aseel and broiler chickens. The meat from heavier birds had significantly higher pH. Shear force value and hydroxyproline contents were significantly higher in Aseel chickens. Aseel birds had significantly higher red (a*) colouration and lower lightness (L*) than broiler chickens.The texture and acceptability of Aseel meat were significantly higher.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that muscle fibres in Aseels were arranged in a more coiled pattern making the muscle tough. A larger amount of connective tissue was also observed between the muscle fibres compared with the broiler chickens.The dressing percentage was significantly higher in larger chickens. Commercial broilers recorded significantly higher meat proportion and lower proportion of bone. The meat:bone ratio was 1.07:1.0 in Aseel and 1.31–1.0 in broiler chicken. Breast muscle content was significantly lower in smaller Aseel chickens. Aseel chicken had stronger and heavier backs and shanks. Abdominal fat percentage was significantly lower in Aseel (0.73–0.78%).The study concluded that the firm texture of Aseel meat was due to the high collagen content and interlocking connective tissue between the muscle fibres. The texture and acceptability of Aseel meat was higher. Aseel cocks had strong legs, lean meat and less abdominal fat, making them a high-value meat bird in addition to their aggressive fighting ability.

Exaggerated rostra as weapons and the competitive assessment strategy of male giraffe weevils

During agonistic contests, males may assess the relative differences between their own and their opponent’s resource-holding potential or simply persist in a contest according to an internal threshold. Game theory models such as the sequential assessment model, energetic war of attrition, and the cumulative assessment model were developed to place assessment strategy in an evolutionary framework. Distinguishing between these models requires one to document contest structure and test predictions of the relationship between the size of the contestants and contest duration and probability of escalation. This study focused on the escalating fighting behavior and competitive assessment strategy of the New Zealand giraffe weevil (Lasiorhynchus barbicornis). Aggressive fighting occurred frequently between males of all sizes, and body length (which included rostrum length) was an important predictor of contest outcome. Contest duration was negatively related to body length difference and the size of the winning male and showed a nonsignificant positive relationship with loser size. The probability of fight escalation showed a significant negative relationship with body length difference, a positive relationship with loser size, and a nonsignificant negative relationship with winner size. Contests were also found to escalate, but not de-escalate, and behavioral matching did not occur during all phases. Male behavior during contests was therefore most consistent with mutual assessment under the sequential assessment model.

Variance components of aggressive behavior in genetically highly connected Pietrain populations kept under two different housing conditions1

Mixing of unfamiliar pigs is a standard management procedure in commercial pig production and is often associated with a period of intense and physically damaging aggression. Aggression is considered a problem for animal welfare and production. The objective of the present paper was to investigate the genetic background of aggressive behavior traits at mixing of unfamiliar gilts under 2 different housing conditions. Therefore, a total of 543 purebred Pietrain gilts, from 2 nucleus farms (farm A: n = 302; farm B: n = 241) of 1 breeding company, were tested at an average age of 214 d (SD 12.2 d) for aggressive behavior by 1 observer. Observations included the frequencies of aggressive attack and reciprocal fighting during mixing with unfamiliar gilts. On farm A 41% of the gilts were purebred Pietrains, whereas 59% were purebred Landrace or Duroc gilts. On the farm B 42% of the gilts were purebred Pietrains, and 58% purebred Large White gilts. The average size of the newly mixed groups of gilts was 28 animals on farm A and 18 animals on farm B. The Pietrain gilts from the 2 herds were genetically closely linked. They were the offspring of 96 sires, with 64% of these sires having tested progeny in both farms. There were clear differences in the housing of the animals between the 2 farms. The test pen on farm A had a solid concrete floor littered with wooden shavings and was equipped with a dry feeder. On farm B there was a partly slatted floor, and the gilts were fed by an electronic sow feeder. Mean space allowance was 2.6 m(2)/gilt on farm A and 3.9 m(2)/gilt on farm B. Although large interindividual differences existed, gilts from farm B performed numerically more aggressive attack (mean 1.12, SD 1.42 vs. mean 0.71, SD 1.20) and reciprocal fighting (mean 0.78, SD 0.98 vs. mean 0.44, SD 0.82) when compared with gilts from farm A. The heritabilities and additive genetic variances for behavioral traits were estimated with a linear animal model and were on a low level in farm A (h(2) = 0.11, SE = 0.07, and σ(2)a = 0.12 for aggressive attack and h(2) = 0.04, SE = 0.07, and σ(2)a = 0.02 for reciprocal fighting) and on a moderate level in farm B (h(2) = 0.29, SE = 0.13, and σ(2)a = 0.44 for aggressive attack and h(2) = 0.33, SE = 0.12, and σ(2)a = 0.27 for reciprocal fighting). For both aggressive attack and reciprocal fighting, genetic correlation of the same trait between farm A and farm B was 1.0. Therefore, aggressive behavior does not seem to be influenced by genotype × environment interactions. Under these circumstances aggressions in group housing can be reduced by genetic selection against aggressive behavior. Therewith, the welfare and health of sows will ultimately increase.

American Exceptionalism and the bin Laden Raid

This paper argues that Operation Neptune Spear, or the bin Laden Raid, reinforced US elite and public beliefs in American exceptionalism and the importance of carrying out numerous ‘overseas contingency operations’. The combination of textual and legal rationales for the raid treated the mission as a legal and effective raid, and it could now serve as a visual model for future aggressive war fighting. This is problematic because it emboldens those who want to move away from softer, ‘hearts and minds’ ways of dealing with enemies, at the same time that it legitimates targeted killings and encourages violations of other nations' territorial sovereignty.

Britain in the Indian Ocean Region

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the British established themselves as the major power in the Indian Ocean Region, a position won by aggressive commercial activity, maritime power, and incessant fighting against indigenous polities and European ‘great power’ rivals. This article examines the sinews of Britain's growing regional dominance, which encompassed the land masses on the Ocean's rim, many of its island groups, and the major sea lanes of communication.

Ghada Samman's Beirut Nightmares: A Woman's Life

Synopsis Ghada Samman is a Syrian writer who lived in Beirut. Her novel Beirut Nightmares tells the story of a woman who is holed up in her house at the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil war in 1975. Her only companions are her neighbors: an old man and his son, as well as their male servant. Instead of chapters, the novel progresses through 151 episodes that the author labels “Nightmare 1” and so on which are sometimes hallucinations, at other times actual nightmares, and still other times, realities nightmarish in nature. Hanan Sbaiti traces the progression of personal destruction/construction and disempowerment/empowerment through which the narrator in Ghada Samman's Beirut Nightmares passes as a result of the isolation experienced during non-stop aggressive fighting. At the beginning of the enforced house arrest, the narrator takes the food that she has in her house and adds it to her neighbor's supply; however, with the continued house arrest, and the resulting scarcity of food and water, her will to survive results in keeping for herself the hoard of food which she discovers in one of her neighbor's rooms. Sbaiti analyzes the narrator's transition from one mental state to another by studying the social and psychological aspects that contribute to such a change. In doing so, Sbaiti examines if such changes during conflict and war are reflections of human nature in general or if there are specific implications pertaining to women and conflict.

Taking pupils seriously

INTRODUCTION Breaktime in schools has until recently been largely neglected. In the book Playtime in the Primary School: Problems and Improvements (Blatchford, 1989) I argued that playtime was largely taken for granted by everyone in schools, and that it could lay claim to being the forgotten part of the school day. The book was written because there seemed such an enormous gap between the recognition by school staff of the importance of playtime and the lack of any research or policy on breaktime. More recently there have been signs of a growing interest in breaktime in schools and initiatives to improve it. In response to this I co-edited with Sonia Sharp a book (Blatchford and Sharp, 1994) which brought together authors to discuss, firstly, pupils' behaviour at breaktime (Peter Smith on what pupils learn from playtime, Michael Boulton on playful and aggressive fighting, Elinor Kelly on racism and sexism; I contributed a review of research on breaktime behaviour) and, secondly, recent initiatives designed to improve breaktimes. These included chapters on the power and use of school grounds (Bill Lucas, and Lyndal Sheat and Anne Beer), the role and training of lunchtime supervisors (Sonia Sharp and Gil Fell), the involvement of pupils in decisions in school and conflict resolution (Helen Cowie), and whole school approaches to playground changes (Carol Ross and Amanda Ryan). In addition there is a chapter from the head and deputy head of the Coombes County Infant and Nursery School, which has pioneered imaginative and fundamental uses of school grounds for over 20 years.

Lunchtime supervisors' attitudes towards playful fighting, and ability to differentiate between playful and aggressive fighting: an intervention study

Study 1 provided data about lunchtime supervisors' (N=72) attitudes towards playful fighting, since this group had not figured in previous research. Participants expressed generally positive attitudes, although those individuals with the longest service tended to hold the least favourable views. It was argued that the opinions of this section of school staff should be considered when policy about playful fighting on the playground is developed. Study 2 investigated the ability of participants to discriminate between playful and aggressive fighting. They were shown a videotape of children involved in ten separate episodes of the two types of encounter, and asked to say whether the children were playing or really fighting. The nature of these episodes was assessed by asking the children involved and by ratings by an experienced researcher. Participants' responses that indicated errors in perceiving play to be aggression, and, separately, aggression to be play, were tallied. On average, errors were made on more than one in four of the episodes, and there were more errors of the latter type than of the former type. A short intervention was implemented that highlighted how it is possible to discriminate between playful and aggressive fighting. Participants were then shown another series of ten episodes and the number of errors made were again tallied. Statistical analysis showed that the intervention was followed by a significant reduction in errors of mistakenly viewing episodes of aggressive fighting as play. It is argued that these results point to the need for training of lunchtime supervisors in this aspect on non‐verbal decoding skill, and that such training might take a form similar to that implemented in this study.

A comparison of 8- and 11-year-old girls' and boys' participation in specific types of rough-and-tumble play and aggressive fighting: Implications for functional hypotheses

Study 1 compared the extent to which 8 and 11-year-old girls and boys (N = 86) participated in specific types of rough-and-tumble play. It used an observational methodology. The data were used to test two prominent hypotheses about the evolutionary function of this general category of play behaviour that have been applied to children, especially boys, of this age. One is that rough-and-tumble play provides practice for the development of real fighting skills and the other that it serves as a safe way to establish/display social dominance. Both hypotheses predict that boys mill engage in more rough-and-tumble play than girls, especially those types that are used in fighting/dominance contests. Boys were found to engage in significantly more chase initiation activities, more bouts of brief rough and-tumble play, more bouts of restraining and more bouts of boxing/hitting than girls. These data provide some support for the two hypotheses, although significant sex differences were not found for all types of rough-and-tumble play observed. No significant age differences were obtained, suggesting that the two hypotheses may be applicable throughout the 8- to 11-year-old period and not just at the end of it as previous research had suggested. Study 2 presented observational data concerning the motor patterns used in aggressive fighting. In all but one case, there were no significant differences in the extent to which 8/9- and 10/11-year-old girls and boys employed wrestling, hitting and restraining, supporting the view that the practice fighting hypothesis is relevant throughout the 8-11 year-old period. It mas argued that age and sex differences provide a useful means of scrutinising functional hypotheses, and that splitting behavioural categories that contain disparate action patterns facilitates more refined tests of those hypotheses.

A comparison of 8 and 11yearold girls' and boys' participation in specific types of roughandtumble play and aggressive fighting: Implications for functional hypotheses

Study 1 compared the extent to which 8- and 11-year-old girls and boys (N = 86) participated in specific types of rough-and-tumble play. It used an observational methodology. The data were used to test two prominent hypotheses about the evolutionary function of this general category of play behaviour that have been applied to children, especially boys, of this age. One is that rough-and-tumble play provides practice for the development of real fighting skills and the other that it serves as a safe way to establish/display social dominance. Both hypotheses predict that boys will engage in more rough-and-tumble play than girls, especially those types that are used in fighting/dominance contests. Boys were found to engage in significantly more chase initiation activities, more bouts of brief rough-and-tumble play, more bouts of restraining and more bouts of boxing/hitting than girls. These data provide some support for the two hypotheses, although significant sex differences were not found for all types of rough-and-tumble play observed. No significant age differences were obtained, suggesting that the two hypotheses may be applicable throughout the 8- to 11-year-old period and not just at the end of it as previous research had suggested. Study 2 presented observational data concerning the motor patterns used in aggressive fighting. In all but one case, there were no significant differences in the extent to which 8/9- and 10/11-year-old girls and boys employed wrestling, hitting and restraining, supporting the view that the practice fighting hypothesis is relevant throughout the 8-11-year-old period. It was argued that age and sex differences provide a useful means of scrutinising functional hypotheses, and that splitting behavioural categories that contain disparate action patterns facilitates more refined tests of those hypotheses. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Children's abilities to distinguish between playful and aggressive fighting: A developmental perspective

Children's abilities to distinguish between playful and aggressive fighting, and the cues they use to do so, were examined as a function of age (8 versus 11 years), sex and observed participation in play fighting (high versus low) and aggressive fighting. Most 8‐ and 11‐year‐olds, but significantly more of the latter, agreed with the standard view of 19 episodes recorded on videotape, and boys and girls did so to the same extent. This ability was independent of observed participation in play fighting and aggressive fighting, in three out of four classes; in the fourth class, those children that were observed to engage in most bouts of play fighting and most episodes of aggression tended to make the most errors on this test. In three out of four classes, the correlations between participation in playful and aggressive fighting were non‐significant. The most frequently reported criteria to help separate playful and aggressive fighting were related to the physical actions of the participants, inferences about actions/intentions and whether the participants stayed together or separated. Significant age differences in the use of some criteria were obtained. Developmental changes in these two aspects of social skills were discussed, as were some developmental implications of poor social skills.

Aggressive Fighting in British Middle School Children

Summary In study 1, the time when aggressive fighting involving 8 and 11 year‐old children took place was examined by means of direct playground observations during lunch‐time recess. There was a tendency, significant in the younger group, for there to have been more fights in the last quarter of recess. In study 2, the causes of fights, the sex of the participants, the proportion of fights that were escalated by other children joining in in a non‐conciliatory way, and the proportion in which children intervened to stop the fights were investigated, again by means of direct playground observations. The most common causes of fights were disputes over some aspect of a rule‐governed game, teasing, retaliations to accidental hurt/injury, and to a lesser extent disputes over space. Most of the fights that were observed involved boys only (90.5%), and only a minority involved boys and girls (7.9%) or just girls (1.6%). Most fights (82.5%) were not escalated by other children and most fights (92.1 %) did not involve attempts to stop them by other children. In study 3, interview data concerning children's views on fighting are reported. Many children expressed generally negative attitudes towards fighting, and there appeared to be several common ‘barriers’ that deterred children from participating. On the other hand, some children also articulated reasons why they sometimes felt it was necessary to fight. The significance of the results from the three studies for managing children's aggressive behaviour in schools is discussed.

A Comparison of Adults’ and Children's Abilities to Distinguish between Aggressive and Playful Fighting in Middle School Pupils: implications for playground supervision and behaviour management

Summary A sample of adults (N = 44) was shown an edited videotape of episodes of playful and aggressive fighting involving middle school pupils that had previously been shown to a sample of 8 and 11 year‐old children. Each participant was asked to say whether she/he thought each episode was playful or aggressive and then to give the reasons for her/his choice. The majority view of the adults’ perceptions of the episodes matched the majority view of the children. As individuals, all 20 of the males and 22 of the 24 females showed significant agreement with the standard view of these episodes. Overall, the adults made significantly fewer errors than the 8 year‐olds had done, but did not differ in this respect compared to the 11 year‐olds. Adult males in this study were more likely to mistakenly view aggressive episodes as playful than to mistakenly view playful episodes as aggressive, with the opposite being the case for adult females. Among the adults, the most frequently reported criteria for deciding upon the nature of the episodes were the nature of the physical actions, inferences about action/intent, facial expressions, and whether the children in the episodes remained together or separated after the interaction. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for playground supervision and behaviour management.

Rough Physical Play in Adolescents: Does It Serve a Dominance Function?

In Study 1, a questionnaire was designed to investigate secondary school pupils' participation in, and perceptions of, playful and aggressive fighting. It was administered to a sample of 13- to 16-year-old male and female pupils who attended 5 different schools. The majority of pupils (and significantly more males than females) reported that they did engage in playful fighting. Most pupils also indicated that it was possible to tell whether other students were engaged in playful as opposed to aggressive fighting, attesting to the view that playful and aggressive fighting should be seen as separate categories of behavior. Other results converged to indicate that, unlike during the childhood years, playful fighting may be used by some individuals (especially males) to establish and display dominance positions. The responses of some pupils (again more males than females) also suggested that prowess in aggressive fighting was valued, in many cases because it deterred other pupils from directing unwanted behav...

A comparison of structural and contextual features of middle school children's playful and aggressive fighting

This study compared structural and contextual features of playful [rough-and tumble play (r/t)] and aggressive fighting based on direct playground observations of two classes of 8 and two classes of 11 year old children. Most bouts of r/t and aggressive fighting were dyadic, but significantly more bouts of the former involved three or more participants than the latter. Rough-and-tumble play was found to contain more individual action patterns than aggressive fighting, but the latter was more varied in form than some earlier studies had shown. Both wrestling and chasing were seen more in r/t than aggressive fighting, but restraint in bouts of chasing was not more common in playful chasing than aggressive chasing. Positive and neutral facial expressions were more characteristic of r/t, and negative facial expressions were more characteristic of aggressive fighting. Rough-and-tumble initiations were more likely to receive an r/t response and less likely to receive an aggressive response than were aggressive initiations. Participants in r/t were more likely to have been together than to have been apart prior to the encounter, but this tendency was strongly mediated by sex. In three out of the four classes, children were more likely to have been together prior to same sex r/t interactions and to have been apart prior to mixed sex r/t interactions. Participants in r/t were not significantly more likely to have been together beforehand than participants in aggressive fighting. Finally, while most bouts of r/t led to the participants remaining together, the proportion that did so was not significantly greater than was the case for bouts of aggressive fighting. Possible reasons why r/t and aggressive fighting did or did not differ in these ways are discussed.

大型と小型のスンクス (&lt;I&gt;Suncus murinus&lt;/I&gt;) 2系統間での正逆交配の試み

We conducted mating experiments between two laboratory strains of musk shrews (Suncus murinus), the large-sized shrews (BAN strain) originating from Bangladesh and the small-sized animals (NAG strain) from Nagasaki, Japan. In the 16 mating trials between 12 BAN females (mean body weight of 87.9 g) and 11 NAG males (52.3 g), highly aggressive fighting behaviors of the BAN females toward the NAG males were observed. The BAN females stayed in nest boxes in cages, whereas the NAG males kept out during the mating trials. No pregnant females were found in the trials. Their pregnancies were diagnosed by palpation on the day about 16 days after the separation of the pairs. Contrastively, in 6 of the 11 trials between 8 NAG females (34.2 g) and 6 BAN males (145.9 g), the viable and fertile F1 hybrids of 8 females and 8 males were produced. The F1, subsequent F2 and backcross progenies appeared neither external nor behavioral abnormalities. Various types of crosses using the F1, F2, and the two parental shrews showed that mating success was in a condition that females were nearly as heavy as males, or lighter. Although body weights of musk shrews from different geographical areas were reported to vary from 43.5 to 147.3 g in males and from 26.0 to 82.0 g in females, males in respective localities were constantly about 1.7 times heavier than the corresponding females. These results therefore suggest that body-weight differences between sexes paired greatly affect mating success in the cross between the strains of induced ovulatory shrews.