Aggressive Conflict Research Articles

Human Morality and Sustainability: Insights from The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri

In this paper it is argued that the root cause of the environmental crisis is the moral condition of mankind. Over-indulgence, over-consumption and a desire for material wealth and possessions, far in excess of what is needed for survival and comfort, callous use of technology to overexploit the land and seas for profit, lack of diligence in addressing threats to the environment, and the tendency towards aggressive conflict, all contribute towards the decimation of natural eco-systems. Moral improvement is therefore considered as a possible pathway towards sustainability. The impact of human morality upon the environment is examined using the system of capital vices and virtues. Particular reference is given to The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri, which provides profound insight into the human condition. The capital vices are shown to play a significant part in the decline of the environment by driving mankind's overconsumption and overindulgence, while cultivation of the capital virtues is shown to provide a pathway of moral improvement allowing human beings to live responsibly and in greater harmony with the planet. Embracing these moral virtues can provide a necessary course correction for human beings today so that we can build upon the successes of our past and thrive as one species sharing the planet with other species and securing a sustainable future. Keywords: morality, ethics, sustainable development, The Divine Comedy, moral philosophy.

Understanding the Dynamics of Human Security, Terrorism and Sustainable Peace in Pakistan

Human security has been succeeded by national security, particularly in the interest of protecting the public, economy, food, health and environment and particularly due to the fear of terrorism. Questions of human security and terrorism trouble the Asian community enormously, particularly in the post-9/11 era. For those living in tribal areas of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, may face events of violence, crime, brutality, terrorist attacks and insecurity any time. Nations like Pakistan, Afghanistan and India are always at unexpected hazard of conflict emerging to serious threats of terrorism and instability. While other states enjoy their peaceful environment. Therefore, weaker states have serious shortcomings that call for global investigation and commitment. Throughout history, when aggressive conflict took place, security became a dream. Similarly, Pakistanis have suffered a lot due to the events of terrorism. Human security may perform as a systematic and calculated type of protection for entire community that is basically connected with multiple areas of the individual’s security, security of groups and society in general as compare to previous methods for protection from external threats. The present article is based on content analysis and it addresses the practices of human security to promote sustainable peace and highlight the challenges posed by terrorism in Pakistan. The concept of human security is focused and discussed at different scales and with reference to emerging threats from it. Moving through from broader to narrower definitions, it can be treated as the security of individual, or as the security of community and society.

How to effectively support couples in parenting? The Parents as Partners (Rodzice jako Partnerzy) program as an effective model of group work with parental couples

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness and dynamics of the impact on participants of the Parents as Partners program, adapted from Great Britain to Polish conditions. A three-fold questionnaire measurement was used - at the stage of preliminary consultations, in the middle of the program and at the last meeting of the group. The study group consisted of parental couples participating in the program. Each couple had at least one child under the age of 11. The research hypotheses assumed the occurrence of changes in the scope of (I) improvement of anxiety-depressive symptomatology, (II) improvement of communication and the assessed quality of relationships in the parental couple, (III) reduction of the level of parental stress. The results indicate improved communication, withdrawal from aggressive conflict resolution and dysfunctional interactions, and reduced parental stress. The program turns out to be effective in improving functioning in relationships and reducing parental stress. The thesis about the importance and effectiveness of group intervention addressed to parental couples participating in the program together is confirmed. The impact of the program on improving the quality of parent-child relationships and thus improving the functioning of children can be observed.

Medijacijska uloga negativnoga afekta u odnosima između stilova sukoba roditelja s adolescentima, zadovoljavanja triju osnovnih psiholoških potreba i zadovoljstva životom

COVID-19 pandemic has changed the psychological condition of parents due to changes in their place of activity and their increasingly complex roles in terms of work, children’s education, and households. The conditions have facilitated the increase in parents’ aggressive conflict styles with adolescents and the decrease in satisfaction of their basic psychological needs. Increased negative affect with indications of anger and emotional exhaustion was often found in parents during mandatory quarantine at home. Thus, parents’ decreased satisfaction of basic psychological needs, their conflict styles with adolescents, and increased negative affect may reduce their life satisfaction. This study investigated how negative affect mediates the relationship between parent-adolescent conflict styles and parents’ life satisfaction, as well as between satisfaction of basic psychological needs and life satisfaction. A total of 183 parents of adolescents completed questionnaires assessing parent-adolescent conflict styles, negative affect, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and life satisfaction. PLS-SEM was used to test hypotheses concerned with testing a theoretical framework from a prediction perspective when the structural model is complex. The hypothesized model performed excellently, as indicated by its predictive relevance and effect size on a significant path. Negative affect acts as a (1) full mediator in the relationship between satisfaction of basic psychological needs and life satisfaction, and (2) partial mediator between aggressive conflict style parent-child relationship and life satisfaction. The results of this study generally suggest that, to prevent each family member from developing adverse psychological problems, circumstances that necessitate quick changes in the family must be met with the pace of adaptation of family members. In general, the findings of this study imply that in limiting social conditions, family members are prone to committing and experiencing harshness and basic psychological needs frustration, thereby reducing their life satisfaction.

Human-facilitated feeding on Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera sap by trans-Saharan warblers during spring stopover in a Tunisian oasis

ABSTRACT Capsule Some trans-Saharan warbler species feed on human-extracted Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera sap during spring migratory stopover. Aims To investigate the behaviour of birds feeding on Date Palm sap at a Tunisian oasis during the spring migration season. Methods Birds feeding on Date Palm sap were monitored during the peak of spring migratory passage of trans-Saharan birds in southern Tunisia by recording the species involved and their numbers, and noting whether there were agonistic interactions between them. Data were used to describe the assemblages of birds feeding on Date Palm sap. Results We recorded five trans-Saharan warbler species feeding on Date Palm sap, either in single- or mixed-species flocks. Aggressive conflicts were common, suggesting competition by interference within this bird assemblage. However, other abundant fruit-eating trans-Saharan warbler species were never seen feeding on Date Palm sap, possibly due to the potential inability to assimilate some of its components, or simply because they did not need to ingest it for reasons related to their migration strategy. Conclusions Our findings reveal that Date Palm sap is a food resource for some trans-Saharan warbler species, highlighting a rarely documented human-facilitated feeding behaviour in birds. They also underline the high ecological plasticity of these warbler species, capable of using different food resources to meet the needs of their challenging migratory journey.

Disentangling the “many-eyes”, “dilution effect”, “selfish herd”, and “distracted prey” hypotheses in shaping alert and flight initiation distance in a colonial seabird

Group living is thought to have important antipredator benefits for animals, owing to the mechanisms of shared vigilance (“many-eyes” hypothesis), risk dilution (“dilution effect” hypothesis), and relative safety in the center of the group (“selfish herd” hypothesis). However, it can also incur costs since social stimuli, such as conspecific aggression, may distract individuals from anti-predator behavior (“distracted prey” hypothesis). We simultaneously evaluated how these four different hypotheses shape anti-predator behaviors of breeding king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), which aggregate into large colonies, experience frequent aggressive social interactions, and are regularly exposed to predation by giant petrels (Macronectes sp.) and brown skuas (Catharacta loonbergi) when breeding on land. We approached 200 incubating penguins at four different periods of the breeding season across a range of overall increasing colony densities. We measured the distance at which focal birds detected the approaching threat (alert distance: AD), whether birds decided to flee or not, and the distance of flight initiation (flight initiation distance: FID, viz. the bird attempting to walk away with its egg on its feet). We quantified relative local neighbor density, centrality within the colony (rank), and the number of aggressions the focal bird emitted towards neighbors during the approach. We found that birds engaged in aggressive conflicts with neighbors were less likely to flee, and that increasing relative local neighbor density at low and medium overall colony density resulted in a decrease in bird AD, both supporting the “distracted prey” hypothesis. However, at maximal overall colony density, increasing relative local neighbor density resulted in longer AD, supporting the “many-eyes” hypothesis. We found no support for the “dilution effect” and “selfish herd” hypotheses, and no effects of any hypothesis on FID.

Effects of Different-Syllable Aggressive Calls on Food Intake and Gene Expression in Vespertilio sinensis.

Social animals enjoy colony benefits but are also exposed to social stress, which affects their physiology in many ways, including alterations to their energy intake, metabolism, and even gene expression. Aggressive calls are defined as calls emitted during aggressive conflicts between individuals of the same species over resources, such as territory, food, or mates. Aggressive calls produced by animals in different aggressive states indicate different levels of competitive intentions. However, whether aggressive calls produced in different aggressive states exert different physiological effects on animals has yet to be determined. Importantly, bats live in clusters and frequently produce aggressive calls of different syllables, thus providing an ideal model for investigating this question. Here, we conducted playback experiments to investigate the effects of two types of aggressive calls representing different competitive intentions on food intake, body mass, corticosterone (CORT) concentration, and gene expression in Vespertilio sinensis. We found that the playback of both aggressive calls resulted in a significant decrease in food intake and body mass, and bats in the tonal-syllable aggressive-calls (tonal calls) playback group exhibited a more significant decrease when compared to the noisy-syllable aggressive-calls (noisy calls) playback group. Surprisingly, the weight and food intake in the white-noise group decreased the most when compared to before playback. Transcriptome results showed that, when compared to the control and white-noise groups, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in energy and metabolism were detected in the noisy-calls playback group, and DEGs involved in immunity and disease were detected in the tonal-calls playback group. These results suggested that the playback of the two types of aggressive calls differentially affected body mass, food intake, and gene expression in bats. Notably, bat responses to external-noise playback (synthetic white noise) were more pronounced than the playback of the two aggressive calls, suggesting that bats have somewhat adapted to internal aggressive calls. Comparative transcriptome analysis suggested that the playback of the two syllabic aggressive calls disrupted the immune system and increased the risk of disease in bats. This study provides new insight into how animals differ in response to different social stressors and anthropogenic noise.

PREVENTION OF BULLING IN THE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT BY MEANS OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORTS

The article justifies the relevance of the problem, reveals the content and features of the social phenomenon of “bullying”. Factors causing bullying in the youth environment have been thoroughly analyzed and bullying forms among schoolchildren have been characterized. The influence of physical culture and sports in the context of countering violence has been determined. The level of development of this question has been thoroughly analyzed. Today in all-aged students’ and youth groups we observe a very worsening problem of aggression demonstration and systematic harassment. In essence, bullying is a specific form of aggressive behavior of a person, where a stronger student, who is partly more authoritative, or sometimes a group of schoolchildren, systematically terrorizes a so-called outsider. When it comes to their participants, such cases do not involve only the aggressors and their victims, but create the conditions for active or passive participation in the process of other members of the school team, where such “unhealthy” friendships are going strong. Such relations are called “school bullying”, the wide spreading of which for the past years has become a real social problem in educational practice. Active promotion of sports and agitation for a healthy lifestyle among young students is one of the effective tools for solving aggressive conflicts, reducing the level of social tension in teenage groups, increasing motivation for self-realization and self-development.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONFLICT RESOLUTION STYLES AND MARITAL SATISFACTION AMONG MARRIED ACADEMICIANS

This study is intended to shed light on broader question of which conflict resolution strategies are most effective in married life, with a special focus on the effectiveness of five conflict resolution styles (Integrative, avoidance, distributive, verbal aggression and physical aggression). Extant literature within this domain has produced mixed findings. A total of 350 married dual-earner academicians were taken as the sample for current study and purposive sampling technique was used. Results showed that there was a significant difference between men and women in terms of the conflict resolution styles, with women being more likely to use an integrative style, while men were more likely to use an avoidance, distributive, and verbal aggression conflict resolution style. There was also a significant difference between men and women in terms of the marital satisfaction, with women being more likely to report the higher levels of satisfaction. Integrative and avoidance styles were found to be positively related to marital satisfaction while distributive and verbal aggression styles were found to be negatively related. Physical aggression was not found to be a predictor of the marital satisfaction.

Communicative Strategies and Tactics of Trolls-Aggressors in Computer-Mediated Communication during COVID-19 Pandemic

The article considers the aggressive communicative behaviour of a virtual linguistic personality provoking a communication conflict in the virtual space (a troll-aggressor). The data include comments retrieved from LiveJournal posts and Internet memes published during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the course of the analysis, the authors reveal the communicative roles, strategies and tactics of trolls-aggressors. The common strategy of the troll’s aggressive conflict interaction in the indicated time period is the strategy of hostility which is embodied in particular strategies (micro-strategies) of discrediting and attack. It is concluded that discrediting as a micro-strategy can be implemented via a false compliment, the tactic of taunt, the tactic of insult and the tactic of blaming. The micro-strategy of attack is implemented by means of threat and indignation. Particular attention is paid to the description of the markers of the above-listed tactics observed in trolls-aggressors’ communicative behaviour. Enumeration of the tactics used for provoking conflicts in virtual environment made it possible to concretize the typology of trolls-aggressors which has been revealed in the course of empiric data analysis. As a result, the authors present a scheme which reflects the types of trolls, belonging to the general type “troll-aggressor”, and the implemented communicative strategies and tactics within the framework of the common strategy of hostility.

Between-Reporter Agreement Among Couples: Exploring Nonlinear Patterns in Marital Conflict.

This study compares self-reported and spouse-reported frequencies of various types of behaviors couples use in marital conflict using data from Turkish Family Structure Survey (2016), which included 9,636 couples. Existing literature reported low levels of agreement among couples. These studies measured between-reporter agreement levels among couples with linear models which report cumulative scores. However, we hypothesized that low levels of agreement reported in the literature might be due to nonlinear patterns in the self-reported and spouse-reported frequencies. To detect such nonlinear patterns, we compared self-reported and spouse-reported frequencies for each level (frequency) of using the types of conflict behavior styles we investigated. This allowed us to explore the patterns of agreement or disagreement at the low, medium, or high levels of using these conflict style behaviors. Findings of this study confirmed our hypothesizes. There are meaningful nonlinear patterns that are not detectable with cumulative comparative scores. There are also differences in these patterns across the types of conflict behaviors we looked at. For example, the nonlinear patterns we observed for aggressive conflict behavior types are different from the patterns for passive conflict behavior types. We also found that these patterns are different for husbands and wives. This paper highlights the limited capacity of linear models for exploring between-reporter agreement levels and it calls for the consideration of using nonlinear methods for these types of systematic investigation. The major limitation is the lack of analysis on the effect of sociodemographic factors on the observed discrepancies other than gender.

When the Partner's Reality Bites: Associations Between Self- and Partner Ratings of Psychopathic Traits, Relationship Quality and Conflict Tactics.

The present study examined associations of self- and partner-reported psychopathic traits, as well as the level of agreement between these reports (perceptual accuracy), with relationship quality, and the moderating role of violent and non-violent conflict tactics. Participants were 259 heterosexual couples from the community. Results indicated that, despite moderate convergence between self- and partner-reports, the female partners tended to underreport the levels of psychopathic traits in their male partner. Relationship quality was negatively associated with partner-reported and, albeit to a lesser extent, self-reported psychopathic traits. Contrary to expectations, perceptual accuracy was barely associated with relationship quality. Whereas no evidence was found for the moderating role of aggressive conflict tactics, non-violent negotiation seemed to buffer the effect of psychopathic traits on relationship quality. The study highlights the importance of considering the partner's perceptions as well as constructive conflict tactics when examining psychopathic traits in intimate relationships.

Epidemiology of maxillofacial injuries in \u201cHeratsi\u201d No 1 university hospital in Yerevan, Armenia: a retrospective study

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis of the prevalence, etiologies, types of maxillofacial injuries (MFIs), sites of maxillofacial fractures (MFFs) and their management in Yerevan, Armenia.MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. The extracted data included age, sex, date of referral, mode of injury, etiology, radiology records and treatment methods. Study outcomes were measured using percentages, means, standard deviations and tests of proportions. P < .05 was considered significant.ResultsA total of 204 patients had a mean age of 36.26 ± 1.08 years (156 males and 48 females), and a total of 259 MFIs were recorded between 2017 and 2020. Interpersonal violence was found to be the most common etiology of MFFs in this study (42.1%), followed by road traffic accidents (RTAs) (27.9%) and falls (18.6%). The nasal bone was the most common injury site (47.5%), followed by the mandible (31.4%) and zygomatic complex (11.7%). The most common fracture site was the mandibular angle (37.9%), followed by the symphysis/parasymphysis (28.1%) and body (12.6%). Isolated soft tissue injuries were reported in 5.9% of the cases. The majority of MFFs were treated by open reduction and internal fixation.ConclusionInterpersonal violence, followed by RTAs and falls, was the most common cause of MFIs. Males in the 21–30 years age group had the highest MFI incidence rate. The nasal bone was the most common injury site, followed by the mandible and zygomatic complex. Social education with the objective of reducing aggression and interpersonal conflict should be improved, and appropriate RTA prevention strategies should be strengthened and implemented.

From inter-group conflict to inter-group cooperation: insights from social insects.

The conflict between social groups is widespread, often imposing significant costs across multiple groups. The social insects make an ideal system for investigating inter-group relationships, because their interaction types span the full harming-helping continuum, from aggressive conflict, to mutual tolerance, to cooperation between spatially separate groups. Here we review inter-group conflict in the social insects and the various means by which they reduce the costs of conflict, including individual or colony-level avoidance, ritualistic behaviours and even group fusion. At the opposite extreme of the harming-helping continuum, social insect groups may peacefully exchange resources and thus cooperate between groups in a manner rare outside human societies. We discuss the role of population viscosity in favouring inter-group cooperation. We present a model encompassing intra- and inter-group interactions, and local and long-distance dispersal. We show that in this multi-level population structure, the increased likelihood of cooperative partners being kin is balanced by increased kin competition, such that neither cooperation (helping) nor conflict (harming) is favoured. This model provides a baseline context in which other intra- and inter-group processes act, tipping the balance toward or away from conflict. We discuss future directions for research into the ecological factors shaping the evolution of inter-group interactions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Intergroup conflict across taxa'.

Approach Developed According to Sustainable Development Goals and Challenges for Future Professionals in Social Intervention

In 2015, the United Nations and various countries committed to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The 17 goals revolve around 3 main axes: eradicating poverty, protecting the planet, and ensuring peace and prosperity for all people by 2030. These goals are integrated so that interventions in one area inevitably affect the others. Undoubtedly, this application involves developing competencies related to Prejudice, conflict resolution, and empowerment. Our research aims to analyse the knowledge and competency of university students undergoing specific training to facilitate the application of UNESCO’s objectives in their work performance, while incorporating human rights as a basis for all future actions. A total of 241 students from the University of Salamanca participated. The average age of the sample was 21.13 years; 76.8% were female, and 23.2% were male (22.41 ± 7.17 years old). The data collection protocol included questions related to knowledge of the Sustainable Development Goals and involving SDGs in their personal life and future profession, which were assessed using the empowerment Scale, the Conflictalk Scale, and the Subtle and Overt Bias Scale. Significant differences were found between SDGs knowledge and involvement with academic courses. There was a direct relationship between this knowledge and involvement with the control, esteem, and activism dimensions of the Empowerment Scale, cooperative from the Conflictalk Scale, and positive emotions had inverse relationships with threat–rejection, and traditional values from the prejudice scale. Our study found that students who are more engaged with the SDGs resolve conflicts cooperatively, foster community activism, and experience positive emotions, whereas students with aggressive conflict resolution are more Prejudiced.

Socially Complex Breeding Interactions in Humpback Whales Are Mediated Using a Complex Acoustic Repertoire

Intraspecific conflict can be costly; therefore, many species engage in ritualized contests composed of several stages. Each stage is typically characterized by different levels of aggression, arousal, and physical conflict. During these different levels of “intensity,” animals benefit from communicating potential information related to features such as resource holding potential, relative fighting ability, level of aggression, intent (i.e., fight or flight), and whether or not the competitor currently holds the resource (e.g., a receptive female). This information may be conveyed using both visual displays and a complex acoustic repertoire containing fixed (e.g., age, sex, and body size) and flexible information (e.g., motivation or arousal). Calls that contain fixed information are generally considered “discrete” or stereotyped, while calls that convey flexible information are more “graded,” existing along an acoustic continuum. The use of displays and calls, and the potential information they convey, is likely dependent on factors like intensity level. The breeding system of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) involves intense male competition for access to a relatively limited number of breeding females (the resource). Here, we investigated the behavior and acoustic repertoire of competitive groups of humpback whales to determine if an increase in intensity level of the group was correlated with an increase in the complexity of the vocal repertoire. We categorized the behavior of humpback whales in competitive groups into three mutually exclusive stages from low to high intensity. While discrete calls were infrequent compared to graded calls overall, their use was highest in “low” and “moderate” intensity groups, which may indicate that this stage of contest is important for assessing the relative resource holding potential of competitors. In contrast, visual displays, call rates, and the use of graded call types, were highest during “high intensity” competitive groups. This suggests that flexible information may be more important in “high intensity” levels as males continue to assess the motivation and intent of competitors while actively engaged in costly conflict. We have shown that the relatively complex social call repertoire and visual displays of humpback whales in competitive groups likely functions to mediate frequently changing within-group relationships.

Parent-to-child aggression, intimate partner aggression, conflict resolution, and children's social-emotional competence in early childhood.

Early childhood is critical to the development of children's social-emotional competence, which predicts peer relations and school adjustment in later periods of childhood. The effects of experiencing or witnessing aggression on children's social-emotional development are well known, yet the role of conflict resolution within the family has not been sufficiently studied. Social information processing models suggests that children who experience positive forms of conflict resolution within the family are likely to generalize these experiences and related skills outside the family, and thus develop greater social-emotional competence. In this longitudinal study, 128 parents (representing 79 families) participated in four quarterly telephone interviews in which they described aggressive conflicts that occurred in their family for which their children were present, including the degree to which each conflict was resolved. They also reported on the frequency of intimate partner aggression (IPA) and parent-to-child aggression (PCA) that occurred while the child was in toddlerhood and preschool as well as children's social-emotional competence at the end of the study. Multi-level models reveal that parents' reports of positive conflict resolution mitigated the concurrent and longitudinal negative effects of children's exposure to both IPA and PCA on their social-emotional competence. These findings reinforce prevention scientists' emphasis on conflict resolution skills as an essential component of parent education programs.

Latent Class Analysis of Individual-Level Characteristics Predictive of Intervention Outcomes in Urban Male Adolescents

Preventive intervention research dictates that new techniques are needed to elucidate what types of interventions work best for whom to prevent behavioral problems. The current investigation applies a latent class modeling structure to identify the constellation of characteristics-or profile-in urban male adolescents (n = 125, aged 15) that interrelatedly predict responses to a brief administration of an evidence-based program, Positive Adolescent Choices Training (PACT). Individual-level characteristics were selected as predictors on the basis of their association with risk behaviors and their implication in intervention outcomes (e.g., mental health, stress exposure, temperament, cognitive function, stress reactivity and emotion perception). Outcome measures included virtual reality vignettes and questionnaire-style role play scenarios to gauge orientations around aggressive conflict resolution, communication, emotional control, beliefs supporting aggression and hostility. A three-class model was found to best fit the data: "NORMative" (NORM), with relatively low symptomatology; "Mental Health" problems (MH-I) with elevated internalizing symptoms; and "Mental Health-E + Cognitive Deficit" (MH-E + Cog) with elevated mental health symptoms paired with cognitive decrements. The NORM class had positive PACT effects for communication, conflict resolution, and aggressive beliefs. Moderation was evidenced by lack of positive PACT effects for the MH-I and MH-E + Cog groups. Also, PACT classes with MH issues showed marginally significant worsening of aggressive beliefs compared to control students in the same class. Results suggest that a latent class model may identify "signatures" or profiles of traits, experiences and other influences that collectively-and more realistically-predict variable intervention outcomes with implications for more effectively targeting interventions than singular factors.

An investigation into the effectiveness of various professionals and behavior modification programs, with or without medication, for the treatment of canine aggression

In this follow up study, we investigate a subset of 963 dogs whose owners (n = 800) described as having at least one form of aggressive behavior. We were particularly interested in learning which types of professionals, if any, were sought for assistance for the presenting behavior. Owners were also asked to indicate the resolutions employed, including training methods and equipment, behavior modification programs, behavior modification and training techniques, medications, and forms of alternative medicine. Using a self-reported questionnaire, both cohesive and dispersive aggressive behaviors were investigated including conflict aggression (CA), interdog housemate aggression (HA), fear aggression toward people (FA), fear aggression toward dogs (FAD), and predatory aggression (PA). Fifty-three percent of dogs with reported aggressive behaviors were mixed breeds. The study sample was 56% male, a majority (91%) of which was neutered. Most commonly, the dogs with reported aggressive behaviors were the sole dog in the household. Fifty-six percent of dogs were brought to at least one professional for remedial assistance. Of the owners that sought help from a DACVB, a majority (81%) found the advice to be helpful for treating their dog's aggression. Fifteen percent of dogs brought to veterinarians for advice about behavior problems were found to have an underlying medical problem contributing to the dog's misbehavior. As far as training equipment was concerned, we found that anti-bark collars and muzzles decreased the probability for successful treatment of aggression. Thirty-six percent of dogs were exposed to behavior modification programs as a form of treatment and an association was found between employment of a systematic desensitization and counterconditioning for treatment of overall aggression. When employing behavior modification training techniques, response blocking was found to decrease probability for improvement when employed for treatment of fear aggression to other dogs and predatory aggression. Improved dog-owner communication, habituation, relaxation protocols, and short and frequent training sessions were the most consistently beneficial behavior modification techniques. At least one beneficial behavior modification technique was identified for each investigated form of aggression. Twenty-one percent of dogs received medication as a form of treatment for aggression. Surprisingly, we failed to find any significant associations between treatment response and the administration of specific medications. When investigating alternative medicines, we found nutraceuticals to be helpful when treating overall aggression.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ІНГІБІТОРИ ІНТЕЛЕКТУ МАЙБУТНІХ ПЕДАГОГІВ

The article presents the results of theoretical and empirical research aimed at studying the psychological inhibitors of intelligence of students who will work as teachers in the future. Analysis of the literature on the topic allowed to clarify the content of the main psychological phenomena being studied, to choose parameters that represent intelligence at the formal-dynamic and content-personal levels, as well as psychological properties that can hypothetically inhibit the intelligence of future teachers. Correlation analysis proved: 1) the complex and ambiguous nature of the relationships between the parameters under study; 2) the negative nature of the relationship of a number of indicators of general and social intelligence with indicators of anxiety and aggression, and positive one with indicators of conflict resilience; 3) only indicators of the style "field-dependence/field-independence" have significant negative links with hypothetical inhibitors of intelligence (indicator of personal anxiety) among a number of cognitive-stylistic indicators. Based on the purpose and research tasks, 6 groups of future teachers were created. The first group includes subjects with a low level of anxiety (LA) - 10 people, the second one with a high level of anxiety (HA) - 10 people, the third group - with a low level of aggression - 10 people (LA), the fourth - with a high level of aggression (HA) - 10 people, the fifth group - subjects with a high level of conflict resistance (HC), the sixth - with a low (LC). By means of the qualitative analysis the information on individual-typical features of intelligence of persons with various levels of the specified properties was received, their comparison was carried out. Future teachers with high anxiety, high aggression, low conflict resistance are inferior to colleagues with opposite characteristics in a number of parameters of general and social intelligence. As shown by the results of observations and conversations with these subjects, this leads to significant problems in their professional development, creates for them certain difficulties in various spheres of life. Qualitative analysis has shown that anxiety, aggression and conflict resilience can act as inhibitors of intelligence. However, firstly, it depends on their severity (high anxiety, high aggression and low conflict resistance can act as inhibitors) and secondly, if anxiety acts as an inhibitor, both at the cognitive-stylistic and content-personal levels of intelligence, aggression and conflict resistance act only on the latter one. In addition, their influence affects social intelligence and, unlike anxiety, does not extend to general intelligence.