Aggressive Actions Research Articles

Reinterpretation of the stereotyped characteristic of digital games “digital games encourage aggressive behaviour”

ABSTRACT Many studies have addressed the issue of the relationship between digital games and aggressive behaviour. However, less attention has been paid to the stereotyping of digital games and overcoming stereotypes from gamers’ perspective. This paper presents research conducted using the classic version of Grounded Theory. The research problem, i.e. the main concern of digital game players – the stereotyping of digital games – and the processes of addressing this problem emerged during the coding and analysis of the research data. The study has revealed how digital game players reinterpret the characteristic of digital games that “digital games encourage aggressive behaviour”. A whole range of reinterpretations emerged: Handling of virtual material rather than aggressive actions; Open in-game actions visible to everyone rather than aggressive actions; Digital games do not encourage aggressive behaviour, aggressive behaviour is in human nature; A space to sublimate masculine powers rather than aggressive actions; Social experimentation rather than aggressive actions; Exploration of limit states rather than aggressive actions; Emotional training rather than aggressive actions. This paper investigates the features and the course of reinterpretation processes as well as the aspiration of the gamers to disrupt negative stereotypes that hinder successful game-based learning.

Affective prediction errors in persistence and escalation of aggression.

People generally empathize with others and find harm aversive. Yet aggression, for example, between groups, abounds. How do people learn to overcome this aversion in order to aggress? Many models of learning emphasize outcome prediction errors-deviations from expected outcomes in the environment-but aggression may also be fueled by affective prediction errors (affective PEs)-deviations from how we expect to feel. Across five preregistered online experiments that hold outcome prediction errors constant (N = 4,607), participants choosing aggressive or nonaggressive actions aggressed more against disliked group members and often escalated or persisted in taking actions that felt better than expected (positive affective PE), especially when those actions were aggressive. Crucially, inducing incidental empathy toward the group of the target rendered affective PE signals sensitive to group identification-participants escalated aggression that felt better than expected relatively less toward liked versus disliked group members. That said, affective PEs did not always add explanatory power beyond levels of postoutcome affect alone; we discuss the importance and implications of these results. In summary, we reveal affective PE integration as a candidate algorithm facilitating exceptions to harm aversion in intergroup conflict. More broadly, we highlight for affective science and decision-making researchers the necessity of appropriately testing separable components of affective signals in predicting subsequent behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

From irreversible openness to protectionism: geopolitics and international research cooperation in the European Union

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the EU’s approach to international research cooperation between 2012–2022 drawing on critical geopolitical perspectives and the spatial politics of (re)bordering. It identifies two periods which represent the EU’s shifting approaches to international research cooperation from the pursuit of a liberal agenda promoting openness towards selective closure and a focus on ideological differences, regional interests and protectionism. This shift, we argue, was prompted by the changing geopolitical environment, marked by escalating tensions and perceived threats to the EU’s economic stability, global position, security, and normative values. These factors spurred a re-evaluation of the EU’s approach to international research cooperation, and a (re)bordering of its research space. We suggest that the EU began with utopian visions about the possibilities of neoliberal globalisation, open societies and economic collaboration and ended up withdrawing to a more closed and protectionist position in response to increasing external and internal threats, such as the aggressive actions of Russia in Ukraine, cyber-attacks by China, and the undermining of academic freedom in member states such as Hungary. This analysis contributes to understanding the relationship between geopolitics, higher education, and international research cooperation, highlighting the impact of a changing geopolitical environment on scientific cooperation in Europe.

Anti-war Russophone Poetry after Feb. 24, 2022: Reinterpreting Russian History and Culture

Abstract Since launching a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 24th, 2022, Russian authorities have provided several narratives to justify their aggressive actions and war crimes. According to the first, their war is only a response to the actions of the “Nazis”; therefore, the current war is a continuation of the Great Patriotic War in which Russia defeated Hitler. The second asserts the superiority of Russian culture over Ukrainian and explains the attack on Ukraine by the desire to protect the Russian language and culture on Ukrainian territory. Both of these narratives can be categorized as ressentiment, a term coined by Nietzsche that refers to a feeling of hostility towards an individual who is deemed responsible for one’s failures or hardships. This reaction involves glorifying an idealized past and vehemently opposing anything associated with the freedom and cultural values of another. Russophone anti-war poetry written after February 24th, both in Russia and abroad, deconstructs these propaganda narratives and offers its own narrative strategy for talking about Russian history, which I term the poetics of “de-ressentiment.” This essay analyzes anti-war poems by Russian-speaking poets and identifies the principles and tasks of de-ressentiment in the context of Russia’s catastrophic policies. The paper explores how Russian-language anti-war poetry tries to find the right language to discuss the most traumatic topics in Russian history and proposes a total revision of Russian history and culture. This de-ressentiment revision should break free modern Russia’s destructive focus on its past that deprives it of any future.

Strategic working capital management in Polish SMES: Navigating risk and reward for enhanced financial performance

This study examines the impact of operating capital management (WCM) strategies on the monetary execution of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Poland, with a particular focus on finding the correct equalization between liquidity and benefit. The review utilizes relapse investigation to survey the effect of forceful and conservative (WCM) techniques on the benefit and fluidity of 4,891 Polish SMEs from 2012 to 2021, as measured by an informational index of budgetary and operational information. The results demonstrate a noteworthy connection between WCM improvements and budgetary results. However, aggressive actions do not just mean higher earnings; they also involve heavier financial risks. On the other hand, cautious methods are linked with stronger financial stability but may lead to lower profit. According to the survey, when cash conversion cycle (CCC) days fall by 1%, return on total assets (ROA) can increase by approximately 1:0 percentage points. This demonstrates again that WCM is very important in improving company profits. These findings have implications for academics, practitioners, and government officials.

Gaya Komunikasi Pemimpin Perempuan

This research aims to examine the communication styles of female leaders in East Bekasi District. The research method used was qualitative with 7 informants, namely 1 sub-district head and 6 sub-district staff. Data collection methods use observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the research show that the East Bekasi Subdistrict Head's communication style uses patterns. The control communication style is used by the sub-district head through instructions and supervision of subordinates. The egalitarian communication style encourages discussion and collaboration between the sub-district head and his staff. The structuring communication style provides clear direction in carrying out tasks. A dynamic communication style motivates aggressive actions to improve performance. The reliquis communication style provides autonomy to subordinates. Communication style is withdrawn, open and involved in communication with subordinates. Withdrawal's communication style is not visible in the communication style of the East Bekasi Subdistrict Head. This communication style involves withdrawal and lack of involvement in communication with subordinates.

Teachers’ Strategies: Can It Prevent Bullying to Early Childhoods in Preschool Education?

Bullying is an action of verbal and non-verbal violences done repeatedly by a person to another. This study aims to determine the forms of bullying carried out by early childhood and teachers’ strategies applied to overcome bullying behavior in preschool education. The method used in this study is a qualitative under a descriptive approach. The findings of the present study show that bullying carried out by early childhoods is in the forms of aggressive and negative actions such as kicking, pinching, hitting, taunting, and pushing friends. In addition, the strategies used by the teachers to prevent bullying behavior to the early childhood are carried out through several steps: (1) the teachers conducted anti-bullying during the teaching and learning process through storytelling method using hand puppet as media related to bullying material, (2) the teachers invited the early childhoods to sing the song to know anti-bullying, (3) the teachers communicated to the parents about the dangers of bullying, (4) the teachers invited the parents to understand well their early childhood’s character, (5) the teachers invited the parents to participate in parenting program, (6) the teachers advised and supervised the early childhoods when they are at school, (7) the teachers provided strict policy against bullying behavior. In conclusion, bullying behavior can be prevented earlier through instilling character education and implement seven strategies such as mentioned above.

Improved Perception of Aggression Under (un)Related Threat of Shock.

Anxiety shifts visual attention and perceptual mechanisms, preparing oneself to detect potentially threatening information more rapidly. Despite being demonstrated for threat-related social stimuli, such as fearful expressions, it remains unexplored if these effects encompass other social cues of danger, such as aggressive gestures/actions. To this end, we recruited a total of 65 participants and asked them to identify, as quickly and accurately as possible, potentially aggressive actions depicted by an agent. By introducing and manipulating the occurrence of electric shocks, we induced safe and threatening conditions. In addition, the association between electric shocks and aggression was also manipulated. Our result showed that participants have improved sensitivity, with no changes to criterion, when detecting aggressive gestures during threat compared to safe conditions. Furthermore, drift diffusion model analysis showed that under threat participants exhibited faster evidence accumulation toward the correct perceptual decision. Lastly, the relationship between threat source and aggression appeared to not impact any of the effects described above. Overall, our results indicate that the benefits gained from states of anxiety, such as increased sensitivity toward threat and greater evidence accumulation, are transposable to social stimuli capable of signaling danger other than facial expressions.

Global-scale future climate projections from ACCESS model contributions to CMIP6

This paper describes projected climate evolution and outcomes simulated by the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS) to varying future scenarios, including of socio-ecological and technological development, and land-use and land-cover change. Contributions to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) from the climate model version, ACCESS-CM2, and the fully coupled Earth System Model version, ACCESS-ESM1.5, are presented for the near-future (2020–2050), 21st Century (2000–2100) and longer-term (2100–2300). Scenario differentiation in the near future is aided by high-density sampling in large-ensemble ACCESS-ESM1.5, more clearly illustrating projected 2020–2050 global changes in temperature, precipitation and aerosol optical depth. Over the 21st Century, the heightened equilibrium climate sensitivity of ACCESS-CM2 relative to ACCESS-ESM1.5 results in persistently greater surface air temperature increases and larger amplified polar warming, leading to more rapid sea ice decline. Although weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) occurs in both models, 21st Century recovery under aggressive-mitigation and overshoot scenarios only occurs in ACCESS-ESM1.5; AMOC weakening continues under all scenarios in ACCESS-CM2 through to 2100. Longer-term climate response from simulations extending to 2300 depict opposing hemispheric responses of polar surface air temperatures and sea ice in both models under scenarios based on aggressive mitigation action, leading to a resurgence of surface ocean warming and Antarctic sea ice decline. Under a future scenario where development is driven by continued fossil fuel use, both AMOC and Antarctic Bottom Water Formation continue to weaken across 2200–2300 in both models, reaching such low levels in ACCESS-CM2 that these pivotal components of global meridional overturning circulation could be considered essentially to have ceased.

Methodological problems of assessing the damage to the citizens of Ukraine caused by the aggressive actions of Putin’s Russia

The article analyses the methodological and legal problems of assessing damage to Ukrainian citizens caused by the aggressive actions of Putin’s Russia. The purpose of the study is to make proposals for a number of urgent measures at national and local levels aimed at providing methodological tools for collecting data on the amount of destroyed and damaged housing, establishing methods and methodological bases for determining the assessment of damages caused as a result of the large-scale aggression by the Russian Federation against Ukraine. A result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation has been the large-scale destruction of residential and infrastructure facilities. The government took a number of measures aimed at establishing rules and methods for recording damaged and destroyed structures, and assessing the damage caused. Local self-government bodies have been defined as the key authorized bodies for their implementation. At the same time, despite the legal regulatory measures taken by the government, there are still a number of gaps hindering the complete and efficient recording of the destruction and damage, and assessment of the damage caused. The register of damaged and destroyed property should be created not only as an information base on actual destruction and damage, but also as a source of information on the amount of damage caused and the need for restoration or compensation. In order to establish an accurate assessment of the damage caused, the development and approval of detailed methodology should be accelerated in the direction of “losses in housing stock and renovation facilities”, as provided for in accordance with the special legal framework. It would also be worth taking measures to strengthen the capacity of local self-government bodies at the community level in creating local databases for mapping damaged and destroyed housing.

Bullying Victimization and Malevolent Creativity in Rural Adolescents: The Longitudinal Mediational Role of Hostile Attribution.

Extensive research has documented bully victimization as a pivotal risk factor contributing to aggressive behaviors among adolescents. Particularly, the negative outcome of increased aggressive behaviors may be exacerbated when the aggressive actions are novel and difficult to detect. The present study aims to explore the complex relationships between cyberbullying and school bullying victimization and malevolent creativity and the potential mediating role of hostile attribution using two-wave longitudinal data. The present study analyzed data from 262 rural adolescents. The results revealed that cyberbullying victimization significantly predicted malevolent creativity, whereas school bullying victimization did not. Hostile attribution served as a mediator in the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and malevolent creativity in the longitudinal models. These findings provide significant implications for mitigating the negative influence of bullying victimization on the emergence of malevolent creativity in rural adolescents.

Understanding Putin’s Russia: a continuing challenge for Western intelligence

ABSTRACT For Western intelligence communities, charged with providing advance notice of adverse developments around the world, Russia under Putin has had to become top priority for study, as was the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Using secret intelligence to help assess the motives and intent of the Kremlin leadership is essential but remains as hard, not least because of the extreme violence of the regime towards anyone suspected of betraying confidences to assist the West. Putin has provided his own explanation for his invasion of Ukraine in 2022 that illuminates his world view and belief in Russia as a Slavic nation, of which Ukraine is seen as part. Putin’s background in the KGB is regime is seen as providing continuity with the brutal repressions of the Stalin era. The different methods used by Western intelligence to assess Russia are reviewed highlighting the additional digital sources available today. The warning failures of Western intelligence to provide strategic notice of Putin’s aggressive actions are explained by inadequate situational awareness, erroneous explanation of his motives, leading to poor estimation of his subsequent moves, the exception being US and UK prediction of the 2022 invasion itself.

The Effect of Liquidity and Capital Intensity on Tax Aggressiveness

Aims: This research aims to determine and analyze the effect of liquidity and capital intensity on tax aggressiveness.
 Study Design: The population in this study are Basic Industry and Chemical sub-sector manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2020-2022 period, namely 66 companies. The sampling method was purposive sampling. The final sample in this research was 22 companies and the total final sample was 66 samples. The data used is secondary data taken from the financial statements obtained from the Indonesian Stock Exchange.
 Methodology: The data collection method is document analysis. The data analysis method used is quantitative analysis. The analysis techniques in this research are the classical assumption test, determinant coefficient test and Multiple Linear Regression.
 Results: The results of this research show that liquidity influences tax aggressiveness, capital intensity influences tax aggressiveness.
 Conclusion: The research results show that liquidity, capital intensity simultaneously affect tax aggressiveness. liquidity has a positive and significant effect on tax aggressiveness. Meaning that Companies with high liquidity are healthy companies with large tax liabilities so they have a higher potential for aggressive tax action. so does Capital Intensity has a positive and significant effect on Tax Aggressiveness. Meaning that higher fixed asset investment is carried out as a form of reducing profits and increasing depreciation expenses, thereby reducing the tax burden

Independent inhibitory control mechanisms for aggressive motivation and action.

Social behaviors often consist of a motivational phase followed by action. Here we show that neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus ventrolateral area (VMHvl) of mice encode the temporal sequence of aggressive motivation to action. The VMHvl receives local inhibitory input (VMHvl shell) and long-range input from the medial preoptic area (MPO) with functional coupling to neurons with specific temporal profiles. Encoding models reveal that during aggression, VMHvl shellvgat+ activity peaks at the start of an attack, whereas activity from the MPO-VMHvlvgat+ input peaks at specific interaction endpoints. Activation of the MPO-VMHvlvgat+ input promotes and prolongs a low motivation state, whereas activation of VMHvl shellvgat+ results in action-related deficits, acutely terminating attack. Moreover, stimulation of MPO-VMHvlvgat+ input is positively valenced and anxiolytic. Together, these data demonstrate how distinct inhibitory inputs to the hypothalamus can independently gate the motivational and action phases of aggression through a single locus of control.

FINANCIAL RESTRUCTURING IN CONDITIONS OF WARTIAL LAW

The article focuses on the analysis of financial restructuring in times of war, specifically its significance, strategies, and challenges arising in the context of armed conflict. Key aspects such as reduced economic activity, financial pressure, and the threat of corporate bankruptcy in wartime conditions are examined. The article also identifies unresolved issues like socio-economic inequality and banking system instability. It highlights the importance of financial restructuring as a tool to overcome economic difficulties and ensure stability during a crisis conflict. The purpose of the article is to identify financial restructuring strategies in times of war, illuminate key challenges and unresolved issues in this context, and indicate possible ways to improve the effectiveness of financial reforms to ensure the stability of the economy and financial system during wartime. The relevance of researching financial restructuring in times of war for Ukraine is extremely high, given the country's complex geopolitical conditions and the challenges it faces. War, aggressive actions by neighboring states, and global instability make Ukraine's financial sector vulnerable to external shocks and economic turbulence. The significance of this topic is underscored by the necessity to develop and implement strategies aimed at ensuring the stability of the financial system, supporting economic development, and ensuring social well-being in the context of wartime conflict. Further research in this direction is a crucial step in understanding the impact of wartime on financial markets and in developing innovative strategies that will enable Ukraine to effectively adapt to challenges and maintain economic resilience in these unpredictable conditions. The analysis reveals prospects for improving financial restructuring through the adoption of innovative technologies and enhancement of regulatory mechanisms. The research provides practical recommendations for leadership and financial institutions to more effectively address financial challenges during wartime. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the importance of further research in this area and suggests possible paths for developing strategies aimed at stabilizing the financial system and ensuring economic resilience in unpredictable wartime conditions.

Bullying among adolescents at the 4th State Junior High School in Yogyakarta

Background: Bullying among young people is a public health problem of great concern throughout the world. Inability to control emotions is often experienced in adolescence as a result of carrying out bullying behavior, which becomes negative behavior. Bullying behavior is someone who carries out aggressive actions as a form of abuse of power or power carried out to attack other people. Purpose: To provide an overview of bullying among adolescents at the 4th State Junior High School in Yogyakarta. Methods: This research used a quantitative approach with a descriptive approach. The population used in this research was students in classes VII and VIII, with a sample size of 89 respondents. The sample was taken using stratified random sampling. The data analysis technique used is univariate analysis, such as frequency distribution and percentages. Results: The results of this study showed a picture of bullying in teenagers: almost half of the students who frequently bully are 39 (43.8%), and the majority of those who do not bully are 50 (56.2%). Conclusion: Almost half of the respondents had bullied their friends, and the majority were male. Adolescent bullying should attract sufficient policy concern and practical intervention, such as a school protection system.

Hubungan Penggunaan Game Online Dengan Perilaku Agresif Verbal Pada Remaja Di Desa Bumisari Kecamatan Bojongsari Kabupaten Purbalingga

Today's youth cannot be separated from gadgets. Gadgets are not only used as a communication tool, but tend to be used to carry out online activities, one of which is online games. The environment of the game is based on violent plot activity, aggression and even gender intimidation. Aggressive actions taken by children as a result of playing games can appear because they lack or even do not care about real life. The study aims to determine the relationship between the use of online games and aggressive verbal behavior in adolescents in Bumisari Village, Bojongsari District, Purbalingga Regency. The sampling technique with a total sampling of 89 teenagers. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire on the use of online games and aggressive behavior. The results showed that there was a relationship between the use of online games and verbal aggressive behavior in adolescents in Bumisari Village, Bojongsari District, Purbalingga Regency. The results of the correlation test using the Spearman Rho test showed a value of p = 0.001 or p = ≤ 0.05. The correlation value (r) was obtained r = 0.349 which indicates a moderate (moderate) correlation strength between the use of online games and verbal aggressive behavior. The correlation value of r = 0.349 shows a positive relationship, which means that the higher the intensity of using online games, the higher the aggressive verbal behavior will be. The conclusion is that online games are related to verbal aggressive behavior in adolescents

Coptisine inhibits aggressive and proliferative actions of fibroblast like synoviocytes and exerts a therapeutic potential for rheumatoid arthritis

ObjectiveCoptisine, a natural bioactive small molecular compound extracted from traditional Chinese herb Coptis chinensis, has been shown to exhibit anti-tumor effect. However, its contribution to autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is unknown. Here, we evaluate the effect of coptisine in controlling fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS)-mediated synovial proliferation and aggression in RA and further explore its underlying mechanism(s). MethodsFLS were separated from synovial tissues obtained from patients with RA. Protein expression was measured by Western blot or immunohistochemistry. Gene expression was detected by quantitative RT-PCR. The EdU incorporation was used to measure cell proliferation. Migration and invasion were determined by Boyden chamber assay. RNA sequencing analysis was used to seek for the target of coptisine. The in vivo effect of coptisine was evaluated in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. ResultsTreatment with coptisine reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion, but not apoptosis of RA FLS. Mechanistically, we identified PSAT1, an enzyme that catalyzes serine/one-carbon/glycine biosynthesis, as a novel targeting gene of coptisine in RA FLS. PSAT1 expression was increased in FLS and synovial tissues from patients with RA compared to healthy control subjects. Coptisine treatment or PSAT1 knockdown reduced the TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of p38, ERK1/2, and JNK MAPK pathway. Interestingly, coptisine administration improved the severity of arthritis and reduced synovial PSAT1 expression in mice with CIA. ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that coptisine treatment suppresses aggressive and proliferative actions of RA FLS by targeting PSAT1 and sequential inhibition of phosphorylated p38, ERK1/2, and JNK MAPK pathway. Our findings suggest that coptisine might control FLS-mediated rheumatoid synovial proliferation and aggression, and be a novel potential agent for RA treatment.

Лояльность местных элит центральной власти: общие закономерности и институциональные контексты

The article presents the conceptualization of loyalty (subordinates to superiors), the construction of the general theoretical hypothesis about the main causal factors of loyalty, as well as the analysis of the institutional contexts of the (dis)loyalty of local elites to the central government. Loyalty is understood as a variable characteristic of the political attitudes of actors (individuals and groups), combining recognition of the legitimacy of power, readiness to follow the adopted policy, obedience to orders, and reporting of reliable information about the state of affairs. Based on the general ideas of neo-Weberian political sociology, a hypothesis has been proposed about the basic factors that strengthen loyalty. The more an actor perceives a certain authority as providing his basic needs such as security, social status, income and influence (authority, political participation), the higher the actor’s loyalty to this authority will be. The main types of institutions that allow elites to satisfy their basic needs are civil service, patron-client networks, and egalitarian communities. A relatively high level of loyalty to the central government is typical of the representatives of elites, whose basic needs are satisfied by taking prestigious positions in the public service. It is due to the symbolic and universal nature of status in bureaucratic structures of the military and civil service. The formal and broadly recognized status also allows avoiding the necessity of its constant confirmation by means of aggressive and violent actions. On the contrary, for a successful career within the military-bureaucratic structures of state service, qualities such as discipline, accuracy, diligence, and control over emotions are in demand. The status of the members of patron-client networks and egalitarian communities is informal and recognized only by their entourage (if the entourage is willing to do this). Therefore, participants of informal communities have to confirm their status, including aggressive and violent actions. In such a way, the qualities as a heightened sense of self-worth, emphasized aggressiveness (as a means of demonstrating and protecting status), and love of freedom are constituted, which are little compatible with the bureaucratic virtues of obedience and reverence for superiors. In addition, disdain for official values, symbols, norms and rules of interaction cultivated in communities guarantees that their participants will remain loyal to their patron and/or comrades and will not succumb to the temptation to exchange all this for a more predictable and stable career in public service.

Phenylthiazoles with potent & optimum selectivity toward Clostridium difficile.

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is one of the most threatening bacteria globally, causing high mortality and morbidity in humans and animals, and is considered a public health threat that requires urgent and aggressive action. Interruption of the human gut microbiome and the development of antibiotic resistance urgently require development and synthesis of effective alternative antibiotics with minimal effects on the normal gut microbial flora. In this study, cyclization of the aminoguanidine head to the thiazole nucleus while maintaining its other pharmacophoric features leads to selective targeting of Clostridioides difficile as shown in the graphical abstract. The most promising compound, 5, was significantly more efficient than vancomycin and metronidazole against six strains of C. diff with MIC values as low as 0.030 μg mL-1. Additionally, compound 5 was superior to vancomycin and metronidazole, showing no inhibition toward nine tested strains of the normal human gut microbiota (>64 μg mL-1). The high safety profile of compound 5 was also observed with two cell lines HRT-18 and Vero cells.