Aggression In Women Research Articles

Intermittent escitalopram treatment and reactive aggression in women with premenstrual irritability and anger: A crossover study

BackgroundSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are the primary treatment for premenstrual mood symptoms and particularly effective in reducing reactive aggression in the forms of irritability and anger.The present study examined whether behavioral responses in laboratory measures of reactive aggression are influenced by medication with the SSRI escitalopram in women reporting high levels of premenstrual irritability/anger. MethodsParticipants (N = 34) rated the cardinal mood symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder over three menstrual cycles. During the second and third cycles, participants received escitalopram (20 mg) or placebo in a single-blind, cross-over design. In the luteal phase of the intervention cycles, participants completed two aggression tasks: The Anger-Infused Ultimatum Game (AI-UG) and the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP). Additionally, they rated expression and control of anger using the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) once in the luteal phase and once in the follicular phase. ResultsWhile irritability/anger was reduced in the treatment (vs. placebo) cycle, no effect of escitalopram was detected in the PSAP. Escitalopram decreased reactive aggressive behavior in the AI-UG but only for a subset of participants who experienced a sharp premenstrual rise in outwardly expressed anger and/or did not experience a premenstrual rise in inwardly expressed anger. LimitationsThe participants' symptoms were based on the severity of only premenstrual irritability/anger, limiting the generalizability to the broader group of PMDD patients. ConclusionThe results suggest that the behavioral consequences of severe premenstrual irritability/anger are not easily captured by traditional measures of reactive aggression and underline the importance of considering individual differences in symptom expression.

Workplace aggressions on hospital workers: A current and prevalent problem with a high demand for training.

Workplace aggressions on hospital workers is a very frequent and under-reported problem. The novel objective of our study was to analyze the number of workplace aggressions per hospital worker. Other objectives of the study were to analyze the management knowledge and interest in receiving training on aggressions by hospital workers. An anonymous survey was handed out among all professionals in a university hospital. A total of 1118 anonymous surveys were collected. The responders declared that throughout their working life they had suffered some sort of verbal aggression in the hospital in 766 cases (68.5%) and physical aggression in 393 cases (35.2%). Multiple logistic regression analyses found higher risk of receiving physical and verbal aggression in the nursing category and in the Emergency, Critical Care or Psychiatry Units, and a higher risk of receiving physical aggression in women. The score on the level of personal knowledge regarding the legal, physical, and psychological management of aggressions (score 0-10 for each of the 3 aspects) was 2.91±2.68 in legal management, 2.97±2.77 in psychological management and 2.91±2.76 in physical management. The opinion about the interest of receiving training (score from 0 to 10) on the legal management of hospital aggressions was 8.90±1.72, on psychological management was 8.85±1.78 and on physical management was 8.88±1.78. Workplace aggression on hospital workers mainly affects women, the nursing category and the Emergency, Critical Care or Psychiatry Units. Hospital workers showed little knowledge on the topic but a great interest in receiving training.

Stereotype Belief on Feminism Jurisprudence: An Analysis to Aggression in Women

Despite measures being taken around the world to protect and value women, they remain vulnerable to oppression. At the height of the global pandemic many cases of abuse against women have been recorded especially domestic violence where the perpetrator and victim are together in their home due to strict lockdown. This study was conducted to find out the perspective of the female-victims on the root cause of their oppression from the hands of the aggressors and its continuing factor. The researcher used snowball sampling and descriptive research design triangulated by secondary and primary data. Thirty-four respondents from Nueva Ecija, Philippines answered the survey and were interviewed with the assistance of authorities. The study revealed that the most common violence experienced by women are psychological violence and sexual abuse and these stem from the superiority complex of the men and sexual desire to women. Respondents also described how women should be treated and it was revealed that all victims strongly agree with the highest level of conformity that the dignity of a woman should be respected. Further, the study proved that women’s silence and tolerance of abuse against them is a result of their belief in the superiority of men over women which becomes a constant factor in women’s oppression. The result of the study indicates the lack of power and futility of the law to protect women who chose to remain silent. The law to protect women is meaningless no matter how cruel it is when the victim’s silence precedes justice. No economic violence was found in this study which may be due to the women’s financial status as not a significant factor to experience oppression. Further researcher on the similar topic and purpose with more respondents with a qualitative method to find a more accurate and detailed result is recommended.

Mental Health and Aggression in Indonesian Women.

Aggression is a global problem and complex social behavior. In Indonesia, some common manifestations of aggression are sexual harassment, domestic violence, and the stigmatization of other people. However, unlike men, aggression in women is still rarely studied, whereas facts find that many conditions can make women more vulnerable. There are various aspects related to biological, psychological, social, and cultural issues that can potentially provoke female aggression. Furthermore, mental health and aggression are often viewed as an automatic association and are inseparable in society, reinforcing the stigma against people with mental problems, particularly women, who tend to suffer more stigma of mental health issues than men. However, there has not yet been a study explicitly related to this relationship in the general population of women. The current study aims to examine the overall relationship between mental health and aggression in the extensive general population of Indonesian women with various mental conditions ranging from a normal mental state to severe mental health problems. This was a cross-sectional study conducted using uncontrolled quota sampling via distributing online self-report questionnaires, the modified Indonesian version instruments of the Brief Symptoms Rating Scale-5, and the Buss Aggression Scale with high internal consistency. This study among 203 women aged 19-67 in Indonesia, a multicultural nation and the fourth densest country in the world, proposes that mental health can be a predictor of aggressive behavior, with the influence of mental health on the aggression of women being 21.6% only. The finding indicates that mental health issues are not a macro contributing factor to women's aggressiveness in society and may help reduce stigma against women with mental health problems.

Verbal and Symbolic Aggression Female in The Madurese Culture

This research explores the verbal and symbolic aggression of Madurese women students. These two things will be examined as the leading models by looking at the oral and symbolic aggression models for Madurese women. Women’s aggression is a complex form of behavior. This complexity is essential to the cyclical activities of the self and its environment. Madurese women ‘do not have a voice’ in voicing their own opinions including in rural electoral power politics and household economic autonomy. This research uses mixed methods, quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative research uses statistical analysis using confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA), while qualitative research uses descriptive data about the types and forms of verbal aggression in women. Both explore verbal and symbolic tendencies of aggression in Madurese women. The women involved were students at universities in Madura. The research results show that women prefer symbolic aggression to verbal aggression. Women with higher education prefer symbolic aggression to verbal aggression. Types and forms of verbal aggression include cha’-nguca’e, hitting, pulling, harming, and injuring. This oral does not lead to the loss of another person's life. Another finding is that a symbolic attack always follows every verbal aggression. Meanwhile, symbolic aggression involves gossip, talking about bad things about other women with slander and backbiting, spitting on other people’s property rights, inviting other people to hate other women, constantly talking about other people’s bad things, looking for reasons to hate other people, not coming meeting with hated people.

Correlation between Selected Clinical Symptoms and Severity of Aggression, Impulsiveness and Their Selected Behavioral Manifestations in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Phenotype A.

Previous studies on aggressiveness and impulsiveness in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are ambiguous. Furthermore, no biochemical or clinical factors related to these variables have been definitively confirmed. The aim of the study was to clarify whether, in women with phenotype A of PCOS, variables such as body mass index and clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism have an impact on either the intensity of impulsivity or aggression or on other selected behavioral manifestations of these variables. The study included 95 patients diagnosed with PCOS phenotype A. The criterion for recruitment into the study group and the control group was body mass index. The study was conducted with the use of a closed-format questionnaire and calibrated clinical scales. Higher body mass index (BMI) values in women with PCOS phenotype A are associated with poor eating habits. The severity of impulsivity and aggression syndrome, as well as the tendency to engage in risky sexual behavior and patterns of alcohol consumption among patients diagnosed with PCOS phenotype A, are not dependent on BMI. The severity of impulsiveness and the syndrome of aggression in women with phenotype A PCOS are not associated with clinical symptoms of hyperandrogenism or with androgen levels.

Cognitive distortions mediate relationships between early maladaptive schemas and aggression in women and men.

Difficult childhood experiences can lead to the development of early maladaptive schemas (EMS) that cause emotional and behavioral problems later in life. The present study examined the role of cognitive distortions in mediating relationships between EMS and aggression in adults as a function of sex. Participants were 59 women (Mage = 34.7 years, standard deviation [SD] = 8.0) and 86 men (Mage = 39.3 years, SD = 13.2) who completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-V3, the How I Think Questionnaire of cognitive distortions, and the Buss-Warren Aggression Questionnaire. Multiple mediation analysis identified EMS domain impaired limits to be uniquely and directly related to aggression, and the domain impaired autonomy to be indirectly related via a range of cognitive distortions. Multigroup analyses revealed no sex differences in these relationships, and analysis of covariance with age as a covariate revealed no sex differences in levels of EMS, cognitive distortion, or aggression. The results suggest that impaired limits and impaired autonomy are EMS domains of relevance to aggression regardless of sex. Furthermore, in the case of impaired autonomy, self-serving, proaggression cognitive distortions appear to be involved. Interventions for aggression may thus benefit by focusing on clients with entitlement/grandiosity traits indicative of impaired limits, and vulnerability/dependence traits indicative of impaired autonomy, and in the latter case consider addressing the self-serving cognitions that enable the expression of aggression in these clients.

The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy on distress tolerance and aggression in women with premenstrual dysphoria

Aim: The current study was conducted with the aim of cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy on distress tolerance and aggression in women suffering from premenstrual dysphoria. Method: The current study is a quasi-experimental type in which a pre-test-post-test design was conducted with a control group with measurement at the baseline after the intervention and a 3-month follow-up with the control group. 30 women aged 25 to 40 with a diagnosis of premenstrual boredom disorder who referred to psychological counseling centers in Sari city in 2019 were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental group (cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy n=15) and (control n=15). were assigned All participants completed the demographic questionnaire, distress tolerance of Simmons and Gaher (2005) and aggression of Buss and Perry (1992), in three stages. The intervention sessions were conducted face-to-face in compliance with health protocols. Hypotheses related to the effectiveness of the research intervention were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis and Lametrics post hoc test and using SPSS-19 software. Results: The results of the present study showed that there is no significant difference between the two groups in the pre-test stage of distress tolerance and aggression, which indicates the homogeneity of the two research groups in the pre-test stage, but there is a significant difference between the two groups in the post-test and follow-up stages. Which can indicate the effectiveness of the intervention on the mentioned variables and also the stability of the effectiveness in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy, this treatment should be prioritized.

Aggression in Women with Schizophrenia Is Associated with Lower HDL Cholesterol Levels.

This study assessed the association between serum lipid levels and aggression in female patients with schizophrenia. The study included female patients with schizophrenia (N = 120). The participants were subdivided into two groups (aggressive and nonaggressive), with 60 participants in each group. Serum lipids—cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins (HDL cholesterol), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL cholesterol)—were determined. The clinical part of the study included an evaluation using psychiatric scales: the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS), the aggression subscale of the PANSS scale (PANSS-AG), and the overt aggression scale (OAS). Significant differences were only observed in HDL cholesterol levels, where aggressive subjects had significantly lower values of HDL cholesterol (t = 2.540; p = 0.012), and the representation of subjects with low cholesterol values was almost three-times higher in the group of subjects with aggression (χ2 = 7.007; p = 0.008) compared to the nonaggressive group. The nominally significant predictor for HDL cholesterol in nonaggressive and aggressive participants was the total value of the PANSS scores. In subjects with aggression, suicidality was not significantly associated with HDL cholesterol levels. Our findings suggest that lower HDL cholesterol is significantly associated with aggression in women with schizophrenia.

Did physical aggression in women increase during the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic? A perspective of facial trauma.

PurposeThe present study aimed to assess whether there was an increase in physical aggression in women treated in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, through the mandatory quarantine.MethodsData from a cross-sectional study were collected and analyzed, from March 1 to December 31, 2020. Additionally, data from the same period the previous year were collected for comparison.ResultsOf the etiologies reviewed for 2020, physical aggression had the highest percentage increase (+ 4.9%) and was the only etiology that showed a significant difference (p = 0.045). The mean age of the included patients was 34.05 years in 2019 and 33.97 in 2020, and most of the women had facial fractures, with nasal fractures being the most frequent, followed by jaw fractures. There was a significant increase (p = 0.34) in the conservative treatment of fractures from 2019 (48.6%) to 2020 (71.7%) and a minor (p = 0.088) increase in aggression toward intimate partners (2019, 40.9%; 2020, 63.9%).ConclusionPhysical aggression against women increased during the period of mandatory social isolation that resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic. Health professionals, including emergency services professionals, must be trained to identify victims and refer them to specialized care.

Психологічні особливості легітимізованої агресії у осіб похилого віку

The article covers a theoretical review of foreign literature on the problem of aggression in the elderly. The psychological characteristic of the outlined phenomenon is given and the urgency of conducting empirical investigations in this direction is substantiated. A review of scientific achievements in the field of psychology showed that the specific of legitimized aggression in retirees is not sufficiently developed and studied scientific problem. The purpose of the study is to establish the specifics of legitimized aggression in women and men of retirement age. The sample consisted of elderly people aged 60 to 70 years, with a total number of 40 people. The first group included 20 women of retirement age, the second - 20 retired men. “Questionnaire of Legitimized Aggression” by S. Enikolopov and M. Tsybulsky was used to identify the psychological features of legitimized aggression. Student’s t-test for independent samples was used for mathematical and statistical data processing. Empirical research has shown that older women are characterized by aggressive behavior, which is reflected in the most acceptable forms of society, such as communication, education, seeking to teach others, sharing experiences, knowledge or expressing their own. thoughts. Women prefer not to show their negative feelings in public, as evidenced by not high enough on all scales of legitimized aggression. Retirement women are well-versed in situations where their aggressive behavior can be noticed, so they try not to show their feelings to the general public, as this can negatively affect their reputation. As for the group of elderly men, they are clear representatives of legitimized aggression, who can skillfully justify and disguise their own aggressive behavior. Quite bold statements on the topic of politics, sports, education are a good opportunity for them to demonstrate rich personal experience on the issues outlined and prove their rightness, thereby strengthening their authority and competence in the eyes of others. In our opinion, this trend is quite alarming, since such behavioral reactions are quite often provocative in nature and become a reason for the emergence of conflict situations.

Sniffing the human body volatile hexadecanal blocks aggression in men but triggers aggression in women.

In terrestrial mammals, body volatiles can effectively trigger or block conspecific aggression. Here, we tested whether hexadecanal (HEX), a human body volatile implicated as a mammalian-wide social chemosignal, affects human aggression. Using validated behavioral paradigms, we observed a marked dissociation: Sniffing HEX blocked aggression in men but triggered aggression in women. Next, using functional brain imaging, we uncovered a pattern of brain activity mirroring behavior: In both men and women, HEX increased activity in the left angular gyrus, an area implicated in perception of social cues. HEX then modulated functional connectivity between the angular gyrus and a brain network implicated in social appraisal (temporal pole) and aggressive execution (amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex) in a sex-dependent manner consistent with behavior: increasing connectivity in men but decreasing connectivity in women. These findings implicate sex-specific social chemosignaling at the mechanistic heart of human aggressive behavior.

Perceptions of threat track self-reported social, but not physical, aggression in women's faces

Unlike for men, cues of threat in women's faces have not been well-studied. Although morphological markers, such as facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) and body mass index (BMI), have been associated with physical threat in men, evidence for these relationships in women is less clear. Further, because women's aggression is typically social rather than physical, it is possible that threat advertisement and assessment mechanisms evolved to track social rather than physical threat in women and thus involve different cues. This possibility has not been readily investigated. Here we present the results of a study involving more than 36,000 judgements of 98 women's faces from 635 independent raters on 12 different threat-related characteristics—one of the most comprehensive analysis of perceptions of threat in women's faces to date. Perceptions of threat/influence in women's faces were related to their actual social but not physical threat. Further, fWHR and BMI did not appear to account for this accuracy. Our results suggest that threat advertisement and assessment in women may track their propensity to socially rather than physically harm others.

Psychophysiological underpinnings of proactive and reactive aggression in young men and women

Reactive aggression is posited to occur as a result of hypersensitivity to threat, whereas fearlessness may drive proactive aggression. This study aimed to test if physiological fear reactivity differentially relates to self-report reactive and proactive aggression using immersive virtual reality fear (VR) induction. We collected subjective fear ratings and sympathetic (SNS; skin conductance) and parasympathetic (PNS; respiratory sinus arrhythmia) nervous system reactivity during an interactive VR horror video. Results showed that for men and women, reactive aggression was related to heightened SNS fear reactivity. For men, proactive aggression was related to hypoarousal of the PNS and SNS (coinhibition) during fear induction, whereas augmented PNS was related to proactive aggression in women. These results support the fearlessness hypothesis for proactive aggression in men, but this does not replicate in women. By contrast, hypersensitivity to fear is related to reactive aggression for both men and women.

Explaining the Causes of Hidden Marital Aggression in Women: The Role of Feelings of Guilt and Self-Sufficiency

Explaining the Causes of Hidden Marital Aggression in Women: The Role of Feelings of Guilt and Self-Sufficiency

Don't Make Me Angry: Frustration-Induced Anger and Its Link to Aggression in Women With Borderline Personality Disorder.

Aggression is a prominent interpersonal dysfunction of individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). In BPD aggression is predominantly reactive in nature, often triggered by frustration, provocation, or social threat and is associated with intense anger and an inability to regulate this strong, negative emotion. Building on previous research, we were interested in investigating negative emotionality in general and anger in particular in women with BPD before and after frustration induction. To achieve this, 60 medication-free women with BPD and 32 healthy women rated the intensity of negative emotions (angry, frustrated, upset, embarrassed, nervous) before and after performing a Titrated Mirror Tracing Task, which reliably induces frustration and distress. As expected, women with BPD reported significantly greater intensity of negative emotions before and after frustration than healthy women. Specifically, they showed a significantly stronger frustration-induced increase in anger, while other negative emotions remained unaffected by frustration induction. This anger increase was significantly related to aggressive behavior reported in the 2 weeks prior to the experiment, as well as to the level of frustration experienced in the experiment itself, but not with emotion dysregulation. The current data confirm the important role of frustration-induced anger independent of emotion dysregulation in BPD, in particular with regard to aggression, a prominent interpersonal dysfunction of this disorder. These findings underline the importance of interventions with particular focus on anger.

An exploratory analysis of testosterone, cortisol, and aggressive behavior type in men and women

Increasing evidence indicates that the interaction between testosterone and cortisol is associated with variation in aggressive behavior. However, results are mixed. The current study further explored the association between testosterone, cortisol, and both reactive and proactive aggression in a large sample of university students. Models considered direct and interactive effects between baseline measures of testosterone and cortisol as well as change in hormones in response to a social stressor. In women, baseline cortisol had a negative direct association with reactive aggression and was further associated with reactive aggression in interaction with baseline testosterone (positive interaction). Hormones were unrelated to reactive aggression in men. Baseline cortisol had a negative direct association with proactive aggression in women. In contrast, the association between change in cortisol and proactive aggression was positive. Cortisol was not associated with proactive aggression in men. In addition, testosterone was not related to proactive aggression either directly or in interaction with cortisol in either men or women. Collectively, these results show that the association between hormones and aggression varies across aggressive behavior type and across sex.

Correlation Differences between Sex and Stress Hormones in Men And Women

The excessive aggression is an actual problem of modern society but the mechanisms of aggressiveness development have not been sufficiently investigated. Women aggression is considered to differ from men one and results obtained on males cannot be extrapolated on females. Sex hormones have a crucial role in the generation of sexually dimorphic aggression circuits during development and their maintenance during adulthood. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and sympathoadrenal system are major neuroendocrine systems that respond to stress. Stress hormones are involved into behavioral reactions of organism. Gonadal, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axes, and sympathoadrenal system are tightly interrelated and every of them can influence another one. The purpose of the study was to estimate correlation differences between sex and stress hormones in men and women. Material and methods. Forty healthy young people aged 18 to 22 years with a body mass index of 19-24 (21 women and 19 men) were enrolled in the study. Hormone levels in blood serum were determined by Testosterone, Estradiol, Cortisol ELISA kits (Italy), Epinephrine/Norepinephrine (EPI) ELISA kit (China). Results and discussion. In all phases of the menstrual cycle, the level of cortisol in women was lower than in men, but in the luteal phase these differences were not statistically significant. In all phases of the menstrual cycle, the blood serum norepinephrine content in women was lower than in men, but in the follicular phase these differences were not statistically significant. The level of epinephrine in women during ovulation and luteal phase did not differ from the level of epinephrine in men, but in follicular phase it was significantly lower. Calculations of correlations between individual hormones revealed a significant difference between them in men and women. Positive correlations between testosterone and estradiol and between cortisol and epinephrine; a strong negative correlation between epinephrine and testosterone/norepinephrine ratio were found in men. Positive correlation between testosterone and cortisol and negative correlation between estradiol and cortisol/testosterone ratio were revealed in women. Conclusion. In women, strong correlations were found between cortisol and sex hormones; in men, strong interrelationship was revealed between cortisol and epinephrine. Both in men and in women (in all phases of the menstrual cycle), high positive correlations between testosterone/norepinephrine and cortisol/norepinephrine ratios were observed

Fluid Intelligence Moderates the Link Between Psychopathy and Aggression Differently for Men and Women.

Research on sex differences in the association of psychopathy with fluid intelligence is limited, and it remains unknown if fluid intelligence plays a meaningful role in explaining the psychopathy-aggression link for men and women. The present study aimed to test for sex differences in the relation between the four-facet model of psychopathy and intelligence, and to assess whether fluid intelligence moderates the link between psychopathy and aggression. In a community sample of men (n = 356) and women (n = 196), we assessed psychopathy using the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV), fluid intelligence using the Raven's Progressive Matrices, and types of aggression using the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Hierarchical regressions showed that the psychopathy lifestyle facet was negatively associated with intelligence and there were no sex differences. Our analyses for types of aggression revealed sex differences and similarities. For both men and women, total AQ scores were predicted by higher antisocial facet scores. Lower intelligence moderated the link between higher antisocial facet scores and aggression in men, but not for women. Physical aggression in women was associated with higher interpersonal, affective, and antisocial facet scores, whereas for men, it was only associated with higher antisocial facet scores. Verbal and indirect aggression were associated with higher intelligence in both men and women. For men only, higher antisocial facet scores were associated with verbal and indirect aggression. Higher intelligence moderated the link between the lifestyle facet and indirect aggression for women, whereas for men, it moderated the link between the affective facet and indirect aggression. This study further highlights sex differences in mechanisms of psychopathy-related aggression, which need to be considered in the development of violence interventions and risk assessment.

Aggression in the Context of Partner Threat: The Role of Trauma Exposure

Trauma-related biased perception of threat, typically defined in terms of physical danger or harm, is associated with intimate partner aggression perpetration. Yet, it is unclear if such threat (a) functionally motivates aggression and (b) includes diverse forms of threat. Theory and limited research suggest that threats of rejection/abandonment and social dominance may be two distinct functional precipitants of aggression among trauma-exposed individuals. Sixty-four heterosexual couples (N = 128 individuals) selected for elevated symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in either partner were observed during conflict discussions. Small correlations between men's and women's engagement in threats of rejection/abandonment and social dominance suggest that they reflect distinct types of threat. Partners' rejection/abandonment threats and social dominance threats were more strongly associated with engagement in aggression among men with a relatively high frequency of trauma exposure, compared to men with a low frequency of trauma exposure and all women. Women with a high, relative to low, frequency of trauma exposure behaved more aggressively in the context of their partners' social dominance threats; women's aggression was not associated with the severity of their partners' rejection/abandonment threats. Results align with research suggesting that highly traumatized men's misperceptions of threat may motivate their aggression, and indicate that aggression may also be used in the context of accurately detected threat. Integration of methods to alter contextual and individual factors influencing aggression perpetration may improve intervention outcomes. Compared to individually-based interventions, conjoint couple interventions may be better poised to address maladaptive contextual processes that contribute to relationship aggression perpetration.