Dye Aggregation Research Articles

The effects of alkyl substitution on the aggregation of π-conjugated dyes: spectroscopic study and modelling.

A family of dithienosilole-based dyes with alternating donor and acceptor conjugated groups, decorated with linear or branched alkyl chains at different positions on the backbone, have been obtained and investigated in different aggregation states. These dyes are characterized by almost panchromatic absorption and by near-IR emission, with good quantum yields in a variety of solvents with different polarity. We demonstrate that the nature and position of the alkyl substituents strongly govern the self-assembly of the dyes, whose packing is also sensitive to external stimuli, such as grinding and water addition. Thanks to computational results and theoretical modelling, we are able to interpret the results based on two possible preferential packings, characterized by distinct spectroscopic behaviour, whose abundance can be tuned according to the nature and position of the alkyl chains, as well as via external stimuli.

New insights into the photophysical properties and interaction mechanisms of Janus green blue dye with polyanions and its applications in colorimetric visualization of loop-mediated isothermal amplification and polymerase chain reaction.

In this investigation, the photophysical properties and interaction mechanisms of Janus green blue (JGB) dye with polyanions were systematically studied using spectroscopic techniques. The absorption spectral analysis revealed that JGB binds cooperatively to sodium alginate, leading to dye stacking along the polymer chain. The interaction of JGB dye with DNA was characterized by the emergence of a metachromatic peak at 564 nm, indicating the formation of dye aggregates. The analysis of absorption data reveals that JGB dye interacts with DNA at multiple binding sites, including at least one high-affinity site. The AutoDock Vina based blind docking approach was used to analyze the most probable binding location of JGB dye in DNA. By making use of the DNA-induced metachromasia, a colorimetric approach was developed for the visualization of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The LAMP-colorimetric assay, targeting the Streptococcus pneumoniae gene, demonstrated a noticeable colour change with a detection limit of 1 pg μL-1. The practical applicability was validated by detecting S. pneumoniae in artificial urine. In addition to LAMP, we tested the JGB dye based colorimetric assay for applicability in PCR reactions. The colorimetric PCR assay using the metal-responsive transcription factor (MTF-1) gene achieved a detection limit as low as 0.1 pg μL-1. The study highlights the potential of DNA binding metachromic dye to significantly enhance colorimetric assays, offering a robust and sensitive tool for molecular diagnostics.

Towards tunable exciton delocalization in DNA Holliday junction-templated indodicarbocyanine 5 (Cy5) dye derivative heterodimers.

We studied the exciton delocalization of indodicarbocyanine 5 dye derivative (Cy5-R) heterodimers templated by a DNA Holliday junction (HJ), which was quantified by the exciton hopping parameter Jm,n. These dyes were modified at the 5 and 5' positions of indole rings with substituent (R) H, Cl, tBu, Peg, and hexyloxy (Hex) groups that exhibit different bulkiness and electron-withdrawing/donating capacities. The substituents tune the physical properties of the dyes, such as hydrophobicity (log P) and solvent-accessible surface area (SASA). We tuned the Jm,n of heterodimers by attaching two Cy5-Rs in adjacent and transverse positions along the DNA-HJ. Adjacent heterodimers exhibited smaller Jm,n compared to transverse heterodimers, and some adjacent heterodimers displayed a mixture of H- and J-like aggregates. Most heterodimers exhibited Jm,n values within the ranges of the corresponding homodimers, but some heterodimers displayed synergistic exciton delocalization that resulted in larger Jm,n compared to their homodimers. We then investigated how chemically distinct Cy5-R conjugated to DNA can interact to create delocalized excitons. We determined that heterodimers involving Cy5-H and Cy5-Cl and a dye with larger substituents (bulky substituents and large SASA) such as Cy5-Peg, Cy5-Hex, and Cy5-tBu resulted in larger Jm,n. The combination provides steric hindrance that optimizes co-facial packing (bulky Cy5-R) with a smaller footprint (small SASA) that maximizes proximity. The results of this study lay a groundwork for rationally optimizing the exciton delocalization in dye aggregates for developing next-generation technologies based on optimized exciton transfer efficiency such as quantum information systems and biomedicine.

Visible-Light-Active Unsymmetrical Squaraine Dyes with Pyridyl Anchoring Groups for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

Visible-light-active alkyl group-wrapped unsymmetrical squaraine dyes SD1-SD3 were synthesized, featuring an indoline donor and pyridine and carboxylic acid anchoring groups. Their photophysical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic characteristics were examined by fabricating a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) device. Both carboxylic acid and pyridine anchoring groups containing squaraine dyes SD3 and SD2 possess similar photophysical and electrochemical characteristics. However, their photovoltaic performances were completely different. The SD3 dye with the carboxylic acid anchoring group displayed a DSSC device efficiency of 7.20% (VOC 0.81 V; JSC 12.29 mA/cm2) using iodolyte (I-/I3-) electrolyte, compared to SD1 (VOC 0.659 V; JSC 4.97 mA/cm2; and η - 2.34%) and SD2 (VOC 0.629 V; JSC 1.68 mA/cm2; and η - 0.84%), which were featured with pyridyl anchoring groups. These results were attributed to dye loading on the Lewis and Brønsted acidic sites of TiO2 and the importance of aggregated structures for photocurrent generation. In the incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) analysis, SD1 dye-sensitized devices exhibited photocurrent generation from both monomeric and aggregated dyes on the TiO2 surface. In contrast, SD2 showed photocurrent generation solely from aggregated states. Despite the introduction of long alkyl chains to reduce dye aggregation and charge recombination, the results indicated preferential charge injection from only the aggregated SD2 dye on TiO2. Fluorescence-quenching experiments indicated an efficient charge transfer from the aggregated SD2 dye to TiO2 compared to that of the monomeric dye. Cosensitization, a method to enhance the light-harvesting efficiency and photocurrent generation in DSSCs, was explored by simultaneously cosensitizing pyridyl-based dyes (SD1 and SD2) with a blue-colored carboxylic acid-based squaraine dye SD4. IPCE analysis demonstrated that both SD1 and SD4 contributed to generating a photocurrent of 9.11 mA/cm2. The sequential cosensitization of SD1 and SD4 with the coadsorbent CDCA showed the highest performance, with a VOC of 0.663 V, a JSC of 11.43 mA/cm2, and an efficiency (η) of 5.20%.

Photophysical Characterization and Biointeractions of NIR Squaraine Dyes for in Vitro and in Vivo Bioimaging.

The increasing demand for reliable near-infrared (NIR) probes exhibiting enduring fluorescence in living systems and facile compatibility with biomolecules such as peptides, antibodies or proteins is driven by the increasing use of NIR imaging in clinical diagnostics. To address this demand, a series of carboxy-functionalized unsymmetrical squaraine dyes (SQ-27, SQ-212, and SQ-215) along with non-carboxy-functionalized SQ-218 absorbing and emitting in the NIR wavelength range were designed and synthesized followed by photophysical characterization. This study focused on the impact of structural variations in the alkyl chain length, carboxy functionality positioning, and spacer chain length on dye aggregation and interaction with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein. In phosphate buffer (PB), the absorption intensity of the dyes markedly decreased accompanied by pronounced shoulders indicative of dye aggregation, and complete fluorescence quenching was seen in contrast to organic solvents. However, in the presence of BSA in PB, there was a enhancement in absorption intensity while regaining the fluorescence coupled with a remarkable increase in the intensity with increasing BSA concentrations, signifying the impact of dye-BSA interactions on preventing aggregation. Further analysis of Job's plot unveiled a 2:1 interaction ratio between BSA and all dyes, while the binding studies revealed a robust binding affinity (Ka) in the order of 107/mol. SQ-212 and SQ-215 were further tested for their in vitro and in vivo imaging capabilities. Notably, SQ-212 demonstrated nonpermeability to cells, while SQ-215 exhibited easy penetration and prominent cytoplasmic localization in in vitro studies. Injection of the dyes into laboratory mice showcased their efficacy in visualization, displaying stable and intense fluorescence in tissues without toxicity, organ damage, or behavioral changes. Thus, SQ-212 and SQ-215 are promising candidates for imaging applications, holding potential for noninvasive cellular and diagnostic imaging as well as biomarker detection when coupled with specific vectors in living systems.

Extended Analytical Model for the Description of Light Absorption Spectra of Linear Molecular Aggregates

We study optical properties of linear dye aggregates in which the transition dipole matrix elements of two monomer molecules forming their unit cell are not coplanar with the aggregate axis, and the Frenkel exciton is delocalized along this axis. An analytical model has been developed for the description of polarization effects in the light absorption spectra of such aggregates. It is shown that the nature of their optical spectra differs drastically from previously studied linear aggregates with a single molecule per unit cell. The developed theory contains simple formulas of the well-known Davydov–McRae–Kasha model for conventional linear aggregates as a particular case. A quantitative explanation of the experimental data is given for the absorption spectra of the pseudoisocyanine bromide dye aggregate.

Aggregation and cytotoxicity of food additive dye (Azorubine)-albumin adducts: a multi-spectroscopic, microscopic and computational analysis

Protein and peptide misfolding is a central factor in the formation of pathological aggregates and fibrils linked to disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Therefore, it’s essential to understand how food additives, particularly Azorubine, affect protein structures and their ability to induce aggregation. In this study, human serum albumin (HSA) was used as a model protein to investigate the binding and conformational changes caused by azorubine, a common food and drink colorant. The research revealed that azorubine destabilized the conformation of HSA at both physiological (pH 7.4) and acidic (pH 3.5) conditions. The loss of tryptophan fluorescence in HSA suggested significant structural alterations, particularly around aromatic residues. Far UV-CD analysis demonstrated disruptions in HSA's secondary structure, with a notable reduction in α-helical structures at pH 7.4. At pH 3.5, Azorubine induced even more extensive perturbations, resulting in a random coil conformation at higher azorubine concentrations. The study also investigated aggregation phenomena through turbidity measurements, RLS analysis, and TEM imaging. At pH 3.5, larger insoluble aggregates formed, while at pH 7.4, only conformational changes occurred without aggregate formation. Cytotoxicity assessments on neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells highlighted the concentration-dependent toxicity of albumin aggregates. Molecular dynamics simulations reaffirmed the stable interaction between azorubine and HSA. This research provides valuable insights into the mechanisms by which azorubine influences protein conformations. To further advance our understanding and contribute to the broader knowledge in this area, several future directions can be considered such as exploring other proteins, studying dose-response relationship, gaining mechanistic insights, biological relevance, toxicity assessment, identifying alternative food colorants, and mitigation strategies to prevent adverse effects of azorubine on serum proteins.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Fluorescent and ratiometric humidity sensor based on cyano-substituted oligo(p-phenylene)/silica gel hybrid materials

We have synthesized a kind of cyano-substituted oligo(p-phenylene) hybrid materials by Knoevenagel condensation reaction, which can be used as ratiometric relative humidity (RH) sensor. When the RH increased from 5 % to 90 %, the maximum emission peak of C1-3/SG gradually redshifted from 530 nm to 575 nm with the fluorescence changed from green to orange. This phenomenon can be attributed to the water vapor induced aggregation of dyes on the matrix. The non-covalent force between the dyes and the silica gel could be adjusted by altering the structures of the dyes, and the RH sensing property of the final hybrid materials could be further regulated. R2-3/SG hybrid fabricated by R2 with large steric isooctyl groups possessed indiscernible RH sensing properties, while the R1-3/SG without hydrogen bond interactions between dyes and substrate was more susceptible to water vapor. The surface properties and specific surface area of the substrate were critical for RH sensing. RH sensing properties were not presented for the substrates without hydroxyl groups or low specific surface area such as PET or PP fibers. Moreover, we have prepared a kind of C1 loaded paper strips, which exhibited potentially ability in anticounterfeiting application.

Growth of Merocyanine Dye J-Aggregate Nanosheets by Living Supramolecular Polymerization.

J-aggregates are highly desired dye aggregates but so far there has been no general concept how to accomplish the required slip-stacked packing arrangement for dipolar merocyanine (MC) dyes whose aggregation commonly affords one-dimensional aggregates composed of antiparallel, co-facially stacked MCs with H-type coupling. Herein we describe a strategy for MC J-aggregates based on our results for an amphiphilic MC dye bearing alkyl and oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains. In an aqueous solvent mixture, we observe the formation of two supramolecular polymorphs for this MC dye, a metastable off-pathway nanoparticle showing H-type coupling and a thermodynamically favored nanosheet showing J-type coupling. Detailed studies concerning the self-assembly mechanism by UV-Vis spectroscopy and the packing structure by atomic force microscopy and wide-angle X-ray scattering show how the packing arrangement of such amphiphilic MC dyes can afford slip-stacked two-dimensional nanosheets whose macrodipole is compensated by the formation of a bilayer structure. As an additional feature we demonstrate how the size of the nanosheets can be controlled by seeded living supramolecular polymerization.

Growth of Merocyanine Dye J‐Aggregate Nanosheets by Living Supramolecular Polymerization

AbstractJ‐aggregates are highly desired dye aggregates but so far there has been no general concept how to accomplish the required slip‐stacked packing arrangement for dipolar merocyanine (MC) dyes whose aggregation commonly affords one‐dimensional aggregates composed of antiparallel, co‐facially stacked MCs with H‐type coupling. Herein we describe a strategy for MC J‐aggregates based on our results for an amphiphilic MC dye bearing alkyl and oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains. In an aqueous solvent mixture, we observe the formation of two supramolecular polymorphs for this MC dye, a metastable off‐pathway nanoparticle showing H‐type coupling and a thermodynamically favored nanosheet showing J‐type coupling. Detailed studies concerning the self‐assembly mechanism by UV‐Vis spectroscopy and the packing structure by atomic force microscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering show how the packing arrangement of such amphiphilic MC dyes can afford slip‐stacked two‐dimensional nanosheets whose macrodipole is compensated by the formation of a bilayer structure. As an additional feature we demonstrate how the size of the nanosheets can be controlled by seeded living supramolecular polymerization.

Reversible manipulation of organic dye aggregation through acyclic cucurbit[n]uril-based host-guest complexation

Reversible manipulation of organic dye aggregation through acyclic cucurbit[n]uril-based host-guest complexation

Suppression of back electron recombination on the photoanode-electrolyte interface with poly(4-vinylbenzoic acid) and poly(4-vinylpyridine) co-adsorbents for stable and efficient dye-sensitized solar cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) are one of the most intensively developing PV technology to meet the emerging needs of wireless power for billions of IoT devices and wireless electronics; DSSCs have recently entered the indoor PV market. Suppressors of back electron recombination on the photoanode-electrolyte interface, also known as co-adsorbents, are key components of the DSSCs to obtain high power conversion efficiencies (PCE). Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), yet obtained by extraction from the animal liver, dominates among other co-adsorbent and enables devices with the highest PCE and long lifetime. Achieving adequate PCE with long-term device stability with CDCA alternatives is a challenge addressed in this study using poly4-vinylbenzoic acid (PVBA) and poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP). Polymeric co-adsorbents effectively suppress electron transfer from the TiO2/N719 photoanode to I3−/3I− electrolyte resulting in decently performing devices with 1-sun equivalent PCEs of 8.3 % and 9 %, respectively; 17.5 % and 22 % of artificial light PCEs were achieved. The presence of the polymer hampers molecular dye aggregation within the self-assembled monolayer; the acceleration of the charge injection and excited dye prolonging was monitored by Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting photoluminescence spectroscopy. Intrinsic device degradation in the accelerated light soaking test was assessed according to ISOS-L2 protocol. Carboxylic-functioned molecular chain of PVBA allows stronger adsorption on the photoanode-electrolyte interface and renderes stable devices with 1000 h of PCE history equivalent to conventional CDCA.

A Review of Organic Dye Based Nanoparticles: Preparation, Properties, and Engineering/Technical Applications

Abstract: Organic dye-based nanoparticles (ODNPs) are fabricated with desired morphologies using laser ablation, reprecipitation, ion association, and self-assembly methods. Primitively, this review introduces the theory of the molecular origins of dye aggregation, manifestations of the formations of monomer to J-dimer, H-dimer, and oblique dimer (mixed J and H dimer) in ODNPs. Although, organic dye nanoparticles have better basic properties than their monomer counterparts. These nanoparticles are suitable candidates for many engineering and technical applications. Furthermore, we have discussed OLEDs, optoelectronics, sensing, environmental, light-harvesting antennas, cryptography, and biomedical imaging applications. The conclusion made from the critical review analysis opens up a new horizon for the future development of ODNPs applications.

Metal-free azo dyes anchored on CdS nanowires: Subtle solar cell exploration through experimental and DFT studies

Herein, as-synthesized azo dye (E)-2-isopropyl-5-methyl-4-((4-(4-nitrophenyl) thiazol-2-yl) diazenyl) phenol (D2) has been anchored on a high surface area one dimensional CdS nanowires (NWs) in thin film form. CdS nanowires have been grown through Cd(OH)2 template formation followed by conversion to CdS by ion-exchange route. The light-electricity conversion efficiency of the CdS-Azo dye-based solar cell has shown about 5-fold remarkable surge (0.159%) compared to the bare CdS (0.03%) with I3−/I− redox mediator under standard AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW cm−2). Albeit, the DFT studies revealed a higher band gap for pristine D2, alluringly it has depicted higher light-electricity conversion efficiency among the fabricated thin film solar cells after sensitization. The relative increase in sensitivity after sensitization is attributable to facile dye regeneration. Furthermore, after the co-sensitization of CdS thin film with equimolar cocktails of as-synthesized dyes and a natural dye Betanin (Bn), less efficiency was depicted ascribable to plausible dye aggregation upon blending.

Visible light photoredox catalysis for the synthesis of new chromophores as co-sensitizers with benchmark N719 for highly efficient DSSCs

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are becoming increasingly popular as low-cost organic photovoltaic devices due to their ease of fabrication and affordability. However, a primary limitation of DSSCs is their inability to absorb the entire solar spectrum, leading to lower efficiency. To overcome this limitation, a study was conducted to investigate the use of co-sensitization with two dyes that absorb different wavelengths of light to enhance the overall light absorption. In this study, four novel donor-acceptor (D-A) dyes (5a-d) containing benzo-1,4-diazine or benzo-1,4-oxazine groups as donors and a carbonyl group as an anchor were synthesized using a green and sustainable method to be used as co-sensitizers in DSSCs. These photosensitizers were co-sensitized with the Ru(II) dye N719 and were observed to significantly improve the light-harvesting ability of the device. The co-sensitizers (5a-d) reduced charge recombination, inhibiting dye aggregation, and increased dye loading on the TiO2 photoanode, leading to improve the overall device performance because of the appropriate molecular volume structures of (5a-d), which can fill the adsorption gap between N719 dye. The DSSC device of N719 showed a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.81 % (JSC = 19.06 mA cm−2, VOC = 0.65 V, and FF = 61.24%). After co-sensitization, the PCE and short-circuit current of the device were significantly improved to reach (PCE = 8.79, JSC = 22.89 mA cm−2 and VOC = 0.68 V for 5a), (PCE = 8.56%, JSC = 22.37 mA cm−2, and VOC = 0.68 V mA cm−2 for 5b), (PCE = 8.59%, JSC = 22.45 mA cm−2, and VOC = 0.67 V for 5c) and (PCE = 8.50%, JSC = 21.93 mA cm−2, and VOC = 0.67 V for 5d). These findings demonstrate that co-sensitization with these novel dyes can compensate for the absorption defects of the Ru(II) dye and suppress charge recombination, leading to enhanced overall PCE in DSSCs.

Excitonic Properties of Organic Dye Aggregates: Contribution of Ukrainian Science.

Unexpected discovery that molecules of organic dyes when they form regular structures can change dramatically their light absorption and fluorescence properties were attracting the minds of researchers for more than eight decades. The progress in investigation of this unique phenomenon described in terms of H- and J-aggregation has led to many practical applications. Here the author expresses his personal view on the dramatic story of switching this research area from empirical knowledge to that standing on strong background of molecular exciton theory. The author was a witness of some of these events and acquainted with several great personalities involved. The major trends of future developments are highlighted.

Giant Light‐Harvesting in Dye‐Loaded Nanoparticles Enhanced by Blank Hydrophobic Salts

AbstractLight‐harvesting is a fundamental process in nature, which inspires researchers to develop artificial systems for photocatalysis, photovoltaics, and biosensing. A previously introduced light‐harvesting nanoantenna, based on polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with rhodamine dyes and bulky hydrophobic counterions, provides a record‐breaking antenna effect ≈1000. However, the high dye cooperativity of its thousands of encapsulated dyes causes energy losses by traces of self‐quenched dye aggregates. Here, it is found that these imperfections can be suppressed by blank hydrophobic salts (BHS) formed by the same bulky counterion (fluorinated tetraphenylborate) with an optically inactive cation, analogs of ionic liquids. The presence of BHS increases twofold the fluorescence quantum yields and fluorescence lifetimes of NPs and suppresses their fluorescence blinking. This study assumes that BHS provides an excess of bulky counterions that excludes traces of dye aggregates. As a result, an efficient Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is achieved from 40 000 dye donors to a single acceptor within a 70 nm particle, leading to the antenna effect of 4800, which is by far the highest value reported to date. Using this nanoantenna, a single‐molecule detection of the FRET acceptor is realized at low excitation power using an RGB camera of a smartphone.

NaOH alkali‐sunset yellow FCF dye photosensitizer‐ascorbic acid reductant‐Cetrimonium bromide surfactant based photogalvanic cells: Solar power, storage and spectral study

AbstractThe photogalvanic cell, which works on the photogalvanic effect, has the potential for both solar energy conversation and storage. The dye sensitizer is the main material required for fabrication of these cells as it is a light absorbing agent and also an electroactive‐species at both the electrodes. The dye aggregation and dye toxicity are some of the main hurdles in the fabrication of the good and safe photogalvanic cells. The dye materials so far exploited in the photogalvanics have disadvantages like low‐water solubility and/or toxicity. The Sunset Yellow FCF dye is a food dye having very high solubility in the water (19 g/100 mL). This dye material has not attracted the attention of the photogalvanicists. So, in the present study, the use of very safe and highly water‐soluble Sunset Yellow FCF dye has been planned to fabricate safe and efficient photo galvanic cells. In present study, the observed optimum cell performance is as potential 806 mV, current 5400 μA, power 552.0 μW, and conversion efficiency 11.19%. The spectral study shows that the Sunset Yellow FCF dye material is responsible for absorption of the light by the electrolyte. This dye material shows very high photo‐stability as substantiated from the fact that the height of absorption band at wavelength maxima of electrolyte under pre‐illuminated and post‐illuminated conditions is comparable. Further, the power storage capacity is sufficiently robust as the cell is capable of supplying power at its ~80% capacity after very long time of 24 h.

Design, Synthesis, and Photophysical Characterization of Multifunctional Far‐Red Squaraine Dyes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Novel far‐red sensitive symmetrical squaraine (SQ) dyes aiming toward multifunctional properties such as control of dye aggregation, promotion of molecular self‐assembly, and introduction of electrolyte function by alkyl chain terminal modification are designed. Newly designed dyes without terminal modification as reference (SQ‐5) along with iodine (SQ‐77) and imidazole (SQ‐79) alkyl terminal‐modified dyes are successfully synthesized, characterized, and subjected to detailed photophysical investigations. Iodine terminal modification (SQ‐77) leads to enhanced molar extinction coefficient, dye aggregation, dye loading, and binding strength on the TiO2 surface, which is found by just the opposite after the imidazole (SQ‐79) terminal modification. Demonstration of nearly similar photovoltaic performance by SQ‐77 and SQ‐79 in the absence of iodine and chenodeoxycholic acid validates their multifunctional role as electrolyte function and dye aggregation prevention, respectively, in addition to their main role as photosensitizer. Dye‐sensitized solar cells fabricated with SQ‐5 as a sensitizer show efficient far‐red to near‐infrared photo sensitization and photon harvesting with short‐circuit photocurrent density, open‐circuit voltage, and fill factor of 11.98 mA cm−2, 0.61 V, and 0.57, respectively, leading to a photoconversion efficiency of 4.2% under simulated solar irradiation.

Microscopic Perspective of Synergy between Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance and Disruption of Dye Aggregates in Metal Nanoparticle-Enhanced Fluorescence

Microscopic Perspective of Synergy between Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance and Disruption of Dye Aggregates in Metal Nanoparticle-Enhanced Fluorescence