Aggregate Demand Shocks Research Articles

A short-run Keynesian model of the COVID-19 recession for Econ 101

Using a simple short-run macroeconomic model of aggregate supply–aggregate demand, an intuitive explanation is offered for the COVID-19 recession in the US in 2020 — one that is appropriate for an economic principles course. The model illustrates the aggregate supply and aggregate demand shocks, with shifts in the short-run aggregate supply and aggregate demand curves, and accounts for the changes in real national output and the aggregate price level over the relevant economic quarters of 2020.

160 Years of aggregate supply and demand in Switzerland

This paper studies the causes of movements in inflation and output in Switzerland over 160 years between 1855 and 2015. Aggregate supply and demand shocks are identified in a structural VAR, and their evolution and effect on prices and output are discussed. Shocks to the Swiss economy have generally, although not uniformly, declined in magnitude over the sample period. The World Wars, the deflation of the 1920s and the Great Depression represented much larger shocks than either of 1970s break-up of Bretton Woods and move to floating exchange rates or the Global Financial Crisis.

유가충격이 무역수지에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

Purpose - The primary contribution of this paper is to investigate the impacts of oil supply shocks, aggregate demand shocks, and oil-specific demand shocks on three measures of South Korea’s trade balance oil, non-oil, and total trade balance with its top trading partner China. Design/Methodology/Approach - In order to investigate how trade balance is influenced by three types of oil price shocks, we used a Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR). Also, Impulse Response Function (IRF) was used to calculate degree of the trade balance response to the oil price shock. Findings - We discover that aggregate demand shocks have the greatest impact on Korea’s trade balances, while oil supply shocks have negligible impacts. Additionally, the overall impact of the three oil shocks on Korea’s trade balances with China appears to rely on the response of the non-oil trade balance. Research Implications - This outcome explains why the roles of the different shock components of crude oil prices should be accounted for when modeling the nexus between oil price shocks and Korea’s balance of trade

ON THE EFFECTS OF OIL PRICE SHOCKS ON KOREA’S TRADE BALANCE WITH ITS TOP THREE PARTNERS: A STRUCTURAL VAR ANALYSIS

The primary contribution of this paper is to investigate the impacts that three components of oil shocks – oil supply shocks, aggregate demand shocks, and oil-specific demand shocks – have on three measures of Korea’s trade balances – oil, non-oil, and total trade balances – with its top three trading partners – China, the United States and Japan. We reveal that aggregate demand shocks have the greatest impact on Korea’s trade balances, while oil supply shocks have negligible impacts. Additionally, the overall impact of the three oil shocks on Korea’s trade balances with its top three partners appears to rely on the response of the non-oil trade balance.

How do oil prices affect emerging market sovereign bond spreads?

This paper examines whether oil price changes have significant impacts on emerging market sovereign bond spreads. In particular, we focus on how different structural shocks to oil prices affect the bond spreads. Using monthly data for 15 emerging market countries from 1998 to 2019, we show evidence that shocks to oil supply play an insignificant role in determining the bond spreads. In contrast, oil-specific demand shocks have both statistically and economically significant impacts on emerging market sovereign bond spreads. Global aggregate demand shocks are of secondary importance. As oil-specific demand shocks are associated with financial market speculative activity, such activity may lead to search-for-yield behavior in emerging market bond markets, and thus reduce emerging market sovereign spreads.

Do oil price shocks have any implications for stock return momentum?

The study examines the implications of structural oil price shocks on one of the most widely observed and pervasive momentum anomalies. We use a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model to find the time-varying responses of momentum payoffs of India, Japan, the UK, and the US to different structural oil shocks—oil supply global aggregate demand shock, speculative shock, and other oil demand shocks. Structural oil shocks, particularly oil demand and speculative shocks, have important implications as conditioning information in predicting stock return momentum behavior according to the conditional asset pricing model. Overall, the results indicate that structural oil shocks have a significant impact on small cap and loser stock portfolios. Our findings have crucial implications to develop effective momentum investment strategies that consider structural oil shocks as conditioning information.

Will Oil Price Volatility Cause Market Panic?

It is generally known that violent oil price volatility will cause market panic; however, the extent to which is worthy of empirical test. Firstly, this paper employs the TVP-VAR model to analyze the time-varying impacts of oil price volatility on the panic index using monthly data from January 1990 to November 2021. Then, after using the SVAR model to decompose the oil price volatility, this paper uses the PDL model to analyze the heterogeneous impacts of oil price volatility from different sources. Finally, based on the results of oil decomposition, this paper uses the TARCH model to analyze the asymmetric impacts of oil price volatility in different directions. The results show that: (1) oil price volatility can indeed cause market panic, and these impacts exhibit time-varying characteristics; (2) oil price volatility from different sources has different impacts on the panic index, and the order from high to low is oil-specific demand shocks, supply shocks, and aggregate demand shocks; and (3) oil price volatility has asymmetric impacts on the panic index, and positive shocks have greater impacts than negative.

Credit constraints and college attendance

ABSTRACT This paper shows that housing wealth alleviates credit constraints for potential college attendees by enabling homeowners to extract equity from their property and invest it in education. Using a comprehensive U.S. individual-level survey dataset, we find that one standard deviation increases of housing prices translate into approximately 72,000 more students enrolled in college each year. Our results stay significant when we use proxies for aggregate housing demand shocks and for the topological elasticity of housing supply to generate variation in home equity that should be exogenous to the decision of going to college.

The effect of oil price fluctuation on the economy: what can we learn from alternative models?

ABSTRACT Following the exisiting literature, we present the most up-to-date estimates of oil shocks and the response of the U.S. economy. Regardless of model specifications, oil supply shocks have a negative effect on the U.S. real GDP, albeit the magnitude of responses is different across models. Aggregate demand shocks and oil-market specific shocks appear to have a positive effect on CPI, while there is little evidence of inflationary impact from the oil supply shocks. Overall, our results suggest that to evaluate the impact of an unexpected change on the price of oil on economic activity, identifying the source of the price of oil fluctuation might be one of the critical steps since the response of the GDP and CPI could vary depending on the source of the shocks.

Re-examining oil price-stock market returns nexus in Nigeria using a two-stage Markov regime switching approach

PurposeIt has been said that oil price shocks affect stock market returns. However, empirical studies remain inconclusive regarding the nexus between oil price shocks and stock market returns. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to investigate the asymmetric impact of oil price shocks on stock returns in Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachA two-stage Markov regime-switching approach is used to examine the asymmetric effects of three different structural oil shocks on stock returns. The oil shocks, which include oil supply shock, aggregate demand shock and oil-specific demand shock, are derived using structural vector autoregressive. Monthly data that spans the period between January 1990 and December 2018 are deployed for estimation.FindingsThe linear estimation results show that only oil demand shock negatively and significantly affects the stock market returns. The Markov-switching regime results reveal that oil supply shock has a significant positive impact on the stock returns in a low-volatility state, whereas oil-specific demand shock negatively impacts the stock returns in a high-volatility state.Practical implicationsThere is a need for policymakers and investors to take cognizance of not only the positive outcomes of a relatively stable state of oil price but also the negative consequences of a high-volatility state when formulating policy and making investment decisions, respectively.Originality/valueThis study differs from other similar studies in Nigeria that have examined the asymmetric relationship between oil price shocks and stock market return by using a two-stage Markov regime-switching approach. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt at using this methodology.

Endogenous wage indexation and aggregate shocks

New Keynesian DSGE models assume a constant degree of wage indexation to past inflation, neglecting empirical and institutional evidence of a time-varying degree. We build a DSGE model with utility-maximizing workers that can endogenously choose the wage indexation rule. We find that workers index their wage to past inflation when shocks to productivity and the nominal anchor drive output fluctuations. By contrast, they index wages to the inflation target when aggregate demand shocks dominate. We further show that this decentralized equilibrium is not socially optimal, but explains the time-varying degree of wage indexation in US data very well.

A history of aggregate demand and supply shocks for the United Kingdom, 1900 to 2016

This paper presents a history of aggregate demand and supply shocks spanning 1900 – 2016 for the United Kingdom. Sign restrictions derived from a workhorse Keynesian model are used to identify the signs of those shocks. We compare the 30 largest shocks implied by a vector autoregressive model in unemployment and inflation with the narrative historical record. Our approach provides a new perspective on well-known events in economic history. We highlight two episodes of particular interest: an aggregate supply shock in the late 1920s, which we attribute to changes in the bargaining power of labor, and positive aggregate demand shocks in the mid-1970s, which we attribute to fiscal policy.

Evolution of Monetary Policy in Peru: An Empirical Application Using a Mixture Innovation TVP-VAR-SV Model

Abstract This article discusses the evolution of monetary policy (MP) in Peru in 1996Q1–2019Q4 using a mixture innovation time-varying parameter vector autoregressive (VAR) model with stochastic volatility (TVP-VAR-SV) as proposed by Koop, Leon-Gonzales and Strachan. The main empirical results are: (i) the VAR coefficients and volatilities change more gradually than the contemporaneous coefficients over time; (ii) the volatility of MP shocks was higher under the pre-Inflation Targeting (IT) regime; (iii) a surprise increase in the interest rate produces gross domestic product (GDP) growth falls and reduces inflation in the long run; (iv) the interest rate reacts more quickly to aggregate supply shocks than to aggregate demand shocks; (v) MP shocks explain a high percentage of domestic variables behavior under the pre-IT regime but their contribution decreases under the IT regime. Overall, these results show that MP has contributed in Peru to lower macroeconomic volatility by (i) reducing average long-term inflation, (ii) increasing the response of GDP growth rate to interest rate, and (iii) by becoming more predictable. (JEL codes: C11, C32, and E52).

Do heterogeneous oil price shocks really have different effects on earnings management?

Under the modern corporate governance structure, there is a knowledge gap in how companies' financial reporting practices respond to oil price shocks in China. To fill this gap, we employ China's A-share listed companies and follow Kilian (2009) study to investigate how the three types of classical oil shocks affect corporate earnings management heterogeneously. We also consider the role of oil implied volatility in this relationship and further examine the possible heterogeneity between energy-related and non-energy-related subsamples. The empirical results show that there are variant effects among the heterogeneous oil price shocks on earnings management. Specifically, oil supply shocks stimulate firms to manipulate more accrual and real earnings, and firms are more likely to carry out accrual earnings management downward. Oil aggregate demand shocks weaken the degree of accrual earnings manipulation and mainly reduce the negative accrual earnings manipulation. Oil-specific demand shocks constrain the earnings management behavior of companies and improve their accounting quality. Besides, the increased uncertainty of oil price weakens the promotion effect of oil supply shocks on earnings manipulation, and the moderating effect occurs mainly in downward earnings management. Furthermore, the subsample estimated results reveal that oil price shocks do not affect the degree of accrual earnings management of energy-related companies. Instead, they impact the non-energy-related companies. Overall, our findings provide a series of targeted policy recommendations to mitigate the principal-agent problems and cope with energy price volatility risks.

The Dynamic Impact of Structural Oil Price Shocks on the Macroeconomy

Abstract In this paper, we apply the structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model to decompose the international oil price shock into oil supply shocks, aggregate demand shocks and oil-specific demand shocks, and then use the DCC-GARCH model to analyse the dynamic correlations between these three kinds of oil price shocks and the macroeconomic variables of several oil importing and exporting countries. To quantify the intensity of the effect of oil shocks on these variables, we propose a measure, conditional expectation (CoE), to capture the percent change of the economic variable under oil price shocks relative to the median state. The time-varying copula model is employed to estimate the proposed measure through time. The empirical results show that, for instance, the impacts of oil price shocks on macroeconomic variables are different in different periods, showing the time-varying characteristics. Additionally, the impacts of oil price shocks on macroeconomic variables show great differences and some similarities among different countries. Finally, we give some policy suggestions for these countries, in particular for China’s special results.

Not all oil shocks on the trade balance are alike: Empirical evidence from South Korea

AbstractThe primary interest in the present article lies in the contribution to the existing literature by investigating the impacts that three components of oil shocks—oil supply shocks, aggregate demand shocks and oil‐specific demand shocks—have on three measures of South Korea's trade balances—oil, non‐oil and total trade balances. We reveal that aggregate demand shocks have significant impacts, while oil supply and oil‐specific demand shocks have negligible impacts. Additionally, the overall impact of the three oil shocks on South Korea's trade balances appears to rely on the response of the non‐oil trade balance.

Demand, Supply And Markup Fluctuations

Abstract Markup cyclicality has been central for debating policy effectiveness and understanding business cycle fluctuations. However, measuring the cyclicality of markups is as important as understanding the microeconomic mechanisms underlying that cyclicality. The latter requires measurement of firm-level markups and separating supply from demand shocks. We construct a novel dataset with detailed (multi-) product-level prices for individual firms. By estimating a structural model of supply and demand, we evaluate how companies adjust prices and marginal costs as a response to shocks. We find that price markups respond positively to supply shocks and negatively to demand shocks. The mechanism explaining the observed markup behaviour is the same for both shocks: incomplete pass-through of changes along the marginal cost curve to price adjustments. These observed price and output responses are consistent with dynamic demand considerations. Finally, we use our estimated shocks to show how aggregate markup fluctuations in the sample period are mostly explained by aggregate demand shocks.

Oil and the U.S. stock market: Implications for low carbon policies

We extend the existing understanding of the relation between oil prices and stock markets in two ways: (1) by evaluating the effects of the oil market on the U.S. stock market, at an aggregate level and for all forty-nine U.S. industry specific portfolios, and (2) by scrutinizing the dynamic nature of this relation within a Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) specification for a large set of rolling samples with fixed size. Results indicate that the effect of oil prices on the U.S. stock market depends on the type and timing of the shock. An oil supply shock generally does not have a statistically measurable effect on stock market performance. Conversely, an aggregate demand shock has a positive effect on nearly all sectors while an oil-specific demand shock has a negative effect on stock returns for most industries. These results suggest that investors can shift the portfolios consistent with smaller effects of oil-related shocks and the costs of carbon taxes and/or tradeable permits may be smaller than commonly thought if stock prices represent the net present value of profits.

How Do Structural Oil Price Shocks Affect China's Investor Sentiment? The Critical Role of OPEC Oil Supply Shocks*

AbstractThis paper applies a modified structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model to explore whether explicit structural oil price shocks affect investor sentiment in China's stock market. The results indicate that China's investor sentiment responds significantly positively to OPEC supply shocks, while it responds significantly negatively to oil‐specific demand shocks. However, China's stock investor sentiment does not respond to aggregate demand shocks and non‐OPEC supply shocks. In addition, OPEC supply shocks and oil‐specific demand shocks have greater explanatory power for variations in stock investor sentiment through variance decomposition.

Keynesian Supply Shocks and Hayekian Secondary Deflations

In response to the COVID-19 lockdown policies, Guerrieri et al. (2020) developed a new concept: the Keynesian supply shock. A Keynesian supply shock is an aggregate supply shock that leads to an even larger aggregate demand shock. This paper suggests that Keynesian supply shocks are very similar to the secondary deflations suggested by Hayek (1931), and US data from the 2007–09 financial crisis show that these concepts may help to explain employment dynamics in the midst of a crisis. This fact implies that long-standing policy advice based on Austrian business cycle theory would be useful in responding to Keynesian supply shocks.