Agglutination Of Chicken Red Cells Research Articles

The First Appearance of Classical-like Phenotype Vibrio cholerae in Nepal.

The First Appearance of Classical-like Phenotype Vibrio cholerae in Nepal.

Interbiotype conversion of cholera vibrios by action of mutagens.

Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor are diffentiated from classical V. cholerae with the aid of some minor characteristics. Although El Tor vibrios were originally differentiated from classical cholera vibrios by the ability of the former to lyse sheep or goats erythrocytes, this characteristic is no more thought to be stable [1–3]. The major differentiating tests are polymixin B [4], Group IV cholera typing and Group V El Tor typing phage sensitivity [5] and chicken red cell agglutination tests [6].

Serologic and pathologic changes in rats on atherogenic diets

Induction of experimental coronary atherosclerosis in rats was accompanied by the appearance in serum of a substance which inhibits the agglutination of chicken red cells by vaccinial hemagglutinin, a lipoprotein. Prolonged exposure to an “atherogenic diet” resulted in the development of elevated vaccinial hemagglutinin inhibitor (VHAI) titers. The animals in a second group maintained on a “high-fat diet” also frequently developed elevated VHAI titers as early as six weeks after being on the diet. A third control group of rats showed essentially no rise in inhibitor level. The appearance of VHAI may indicate a failure of physiologic competence to react to a stress such as an alteration in lipid metabolism. Possible relationships between vaccinial hemagglutinin and the lipoproteins involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are discussed. L'induction d'une athérosclérose coronarienne expérimentale chez le rat est associée à l'apparition dans le sérum d'une substance (une lipoprotéine) qui inhibe l'agglutination des globules rouges de poulet par une hemaglutinine vaccinale. La prolongation du régime athérogène provoque une augmentation du titre de cet inhibiteur (VHAI). Les animaux d'un second groupe maintenus à un régime riche en graisses ont fréquemment un titre élevé de VHAI dès 6 semaines après le début du régime. Le titre d'inhibiteur n'augmente pas dans un troisiènme groupe de rats témoins. L'apparition de VHAI traduit peut-être une altération des possibilités physiologiques de réaction à un stress tel qu'une altération du métabolisme des lipides. Les relations possibles entre l'hémaglutinine vaccinale et les lipoprotéines athérogènes sont discutées. Die experimentelle Entstehung einer coronaren Atherosklerose war bei Ratten von dem Auftreten einer Substanz im Serum begleitet, die die Agglutinierung von Hühnererythrocyten durch ein Haem-agglutinin des Vaccinevirus, einem Lipoproteid, hemmte. Bei Fortsetzung der “atherogenen Fütterung” stieg der Titer dieser die Haemagglutination hemmenden Substanz (VHAI) an. Auch die Tiere einer zweiten Versuchsserie, die fettreich ernährt wurden, entwickelten häufig bereits 6 Wochen nach Beginn der Diät erhöhnte VHAI-Titer. Eine dritte Kontrollgruppe zeigte im wesentlichen keinen Anstieg des Inhibitorspiegels. Das Auftreten der VHAI kann eine mangelhafte Fähigkeit des Organismus anzeigen, auf den Stress, den der Eingriff in den Lipidstoffwechsel darstellt, zu reagieren. Die m6glichen Beziehungen zwischen dem Haemagglutinin des Vaccinevirus and den Lipoproteiden, die in der Pathogenese der Atherosklerose eine Rolle spielen, werden erörtert.

Inhibition of vaccinial hemagglutinins by sera of patients with coronary heart disease and other chronic illnesses.

Serum inhibitory titers to the agglutination of chicken red cells by vaccinial hemagglutinin have been measured in persons with a variety of chronic diseases and in a control sample of the general population. Between the ages of 30 and 74, elevated titers occurred in 63 per cent of the men and 56 per cent of the women with chronic diseases, but in only 40 per cent of the men and 36 per cent of the women in the "control" population. Patients with coronary heart disease tended to show the highest titers. The suggestion is made that the serum inhibitor under study may reflect, in part, relatively "nonspecific" pathological changes and tissue responses provoked by various biological stresses and is a promising approach to the recognition of cardiovascular disease and related disorders.

The Quantitative Effects of Cations on Erythrocyte Agglutination by Influenza Virus Vaccine

Summary This investigation of a particular lot of distilled water shows that the concentration of metal ions in the water is a critical factor in the agglutination of chicken red cells by influenza virus vaccine. Not only is the total ionic concentration a factor, but certain cations (e.g., Cu) may, by themselves, be capable of exerting a modifying influence. The effect may be of considerable significance if the test vaccine and the standard preparation are not homogeneous as to strain. The CCA values obtained are either elevated or depressed by the ionic concentration, depending upon the total modifying action of the particular combination. Valid reproducible potencies can only be obtained with certainty by the use of triple distilled water or water of comparable purity in the preparation of the saline and buffer solutions.

Studies on the soluble antigen of influenza virus: I. The release of S antigen from elementary bodies by treatment with ether

Soluble (S) antigen is readily released from influenza virus particles by exposure to ether. In order to obtain reproducible results with maximal yields of S and minimal damage to or loss of hemagglutinating and virus (V) antigen activities the technique described by Hoyle was modified and standardized. Elementary body suspensions which contained at least 5120 HA units per milliliter, and which failed to react per se with anti-S, were exposed to 1 2 volume of anesthetic ether at room temperature for periods up to 2 hours under constant agitation by a magnetic stirrer. Under these conditions, the hemagglutinating activity, as measured with guinea pig red cells, increased up to sixteenfold with all four influenza A strains tested; agglutination of chicken red cells was slightly enhanced with one of the strains and reduced twofold or more with the other three. The V antigen levels remained essentially unaltered. On the average, about 40 HA units of standard elementary bodies were required to yield one unit of S. Release of S became apparent within a few minutes of treatment. This was accompanied by nearly complete loss of infectivity and the sedimentation of the HA activity by high-speed centrifugation was markedly reduced. These results do not necessarily imply that the virus particles are disintegrated, as has been discussed.

STUDIES OF THE HEMOLYSIS OF RED BLOOD CELLS BY MUMPS VIRUS

The relationship between hemagglutination and hemolysis by the mumps virus has been studied under conditions which affect (a) the receptors of chicken red cells and (b) the adsorption and subsequent elution of the virus from these cells. The results show that the hemolytic action of the virus appears to involve some of the same receptor areas of erythrocytes that are implicated in hemagglutination. Materials such as allantoic fluid, egg white, and red cell extract, which inhibit the agglutination of chicken red cells by mumps virus, also interfere with its hemolytic activity. Of these inhibitors, egg white and red cell extract, which are readily destroyed by the virus during incubation at 37 degrees C., exert a greater antagonistic effect on hemagglutination than on hemolysis. Heated mumps virus or unheated influenza virus interferes with the hemolysis of red cells by untreated mumps virus. Though hemolysis takes place during elution of the virus after its adsorption on the red cell, the processes are apparently distinct. The hemolytic activity is easily affected by certain conditions of pH and temperature which have no effect on the ability of mumps virus to adsorb on and elute from red cells.

Serological Studies on Infectious Mononucleosis and Other Conditions with Human Erythrocytes Modified by Newcastle Disease Virus

Summary Serological reactions with human red blood cells modified by adsorption and elution of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have been studied. Serum from some patients with infectious mononucleosis agglutinated such NDV-treated red cells in higher titer than serum from normal persons or from patients with non-infectious diseases. Similarly high titers were observed in the serum of some patients with other infectious diseases. Serum from rabbits immunized against Newcastle disease virus or against three other immunologically unrelated viruses agglutinated NDV-treated red cells in higher titer than normal rabbit serum or serum from a rabbit immunized against normal chick embryo tissue. Human serum as well as serum from rabbits immunized with viruses other than Newcastle disease virus, which agglutinated NDV-treated human red cells in high titer, failed to inhibit the agglutination of chicken red cells by Newcastle disease virus except for the serum of one patient which, however, failed to neutralize the virus. The capacity of both human and immune rabbit sera to agglutinate NDV-treated human red cells appeared to be unrelated either to the heterophile antibody of infectious mononucleosis or to the hypothetical agent of that disease.

Inhibition of the Hirst Haemagglutination Reaction by Pneumococcal Extract, Normal Serums, and Blood Cell Esterases.

Summary1. Filtrates and autolgsates of Type I and Type V pneumococcus cultures inhibited the agglutination of chicken red cells by influenza virus. 2. Chicken red cells treated with such a filtrate (or autolysate) could not then be agglutinated by the virus. 3. Human red-cell extracts and normal sera of man, guinea pigs, and rabbits were also shown to be capable of inhibiting agglutination of chicken red cells by influenza virus, although some differences of behavior were noted. 4. The presence of a cholinesterase in each of these agents was shown and their possible significance in agglutinin inhibition was discussed

QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE RED BLOOD CELL AGGLUTINATION TEST FOR INFLUENZA VIRUS

A detailed study has been made of the nature of the variables inherent in the chicken red cell agglutination test for influenza virus in an effort to obtain a method of measurement of biological activity of sufficient accuracy that it might be employed as a reliable index of chemical purity of preparations of the virus. It was found that the temperature at which the test is conducted has a marked effect on the titer, whereas within the range of pH 6-8 the pH has a negligible effect. It was also found that a variation in results may be encountered due to a variation in the specific behavior of red cells from different chickens and to an instability of the red cells themselves. Preparations of purified influenza virus held at 4 degrees C., on the other hand, were found to be stable with respect to chicken red cell agglutinating activity for several months. This fact, together with the fact that in duplicate measurements upon different samples the accuracy was such that the chances were 19 out of 20 that differences of 8.4 per cent in the mean end points were significant, made it possible to establish a reproducible standard of CCA activity based on a unit weight of purified virus material. As a result, it was possible to devise a standardized procedure for carrying out with high accuracy quantitative measurements of influenza virus.

ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIP OF BRITISH SWINE INFLUENZA STRAINS TO STANDARD HUMAN AND SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUSES

The antigenic relationships of Type A (PR 8, WS) and Type B (Lee) human strains and the Shope and British (Cambridge, North Ireland) swine strains were studied by specific antiserum inhibition of chicken red cell agglutination by the influenza virus. The Cambridge and North Ireland strains were found to be closely related to the Type A strains and differentiated from the Shope virus. The distinctive antigenicity of the Lee strain of Type B was confirmed. Specific antibodies were developed in chickens following single intraperitoneal injections of influenza virus. Inhibition tests yielded results, in the antigenic analysis of the influenza viruses examined, comparable to those obtained with ferret antisera. Specific inhibition of hemagglutination by influenza virus proved an effective method for the study of strain relationships.

THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS AND ANTIBODIES BY MEANS OF RED CELL AGGLUTINATION

1. The agglutination titer for chicken red cells of freshly prepared or carefully stored suspensions of PR8 influenza virus, that is to say virus of maximum pathogenicity, was found to be proportional to the mouse lethal titer of the same preparations. 2. The agglutination titer of infected allantoic fluid procured in a standard way is relatively constant, regardless of the influenza strain used and its pathogenicity for mice. 3. Virus preparations inactivated by heat or storage may retain their agglutinating power. 4. Certain animal sera contain a partially heat-labile factor which, in low dilution, inhibits the agglutination of chicken red cells by influenza A and influenza B viruses. 5. The agglutination inhibition test, using ferret and human sera, gives qualitative data regarding influenza antibodies which are similar to the information obtained on the same sera by means of the virus neutralization test. 6. There is a definite relationship between the agglutination inhibition titer and the virus neutralization titer of a serum. On a logarithmic scale of both variables, this relationship is essentially linear within the range investigated. 7. The agglutination inhibition titer of immune ferret serum is inversely proportional to the amount of virus used in the test.