Ageusia In Patients Research Articles

Coronavirus infection in chemosensory cells.

Clinical manifestations of human coronavirus (HCoV)-related diseases are mostly related to the respiratory system, although secondary complications such as headache, anosmia, ageusia, and myalgia have been reported. HCoV infection and replication in chemosensory cells associated with ageusia and anosmia is poorly understood. Here, we characterized HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 infection in two types of chemosensory cells, olfactory and taste cells, with their unique molecular and histological characteristics. We first assessed HCoV-OC43 infection in in vitro cultured human olfactory epithelial cells (hOECs) and fungiform taste papilla (HBO) cells. Interestingly, while both cell types were susceptible to HCoV-OC43 infection, viral replication rates were significantly reduced in HBO cells compared to hOECs. More interestingly, while culture media from hOECs was able to produce secondary infection in Vero cells, there was very limited secondary infection from HBO cells, suggesting that HBO cells may not be able to release infectious virus. On the other hand, unlike HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV-2 showed comparable levels of viral infection rates in both hOECs and HBO cells. Furthermore, our RT-qPCR-based gene array studies revealed that several key genes involved in taste and olfactory functions were significantly altered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results may suggest a possible mechanism associated with chemosensory symptoms, such as anosmia and ageusia in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Anosmia and Ageusia in Sars-Cov-2 Infection

Background: Corona infection is primarily a respiratory disease, but the SARS-CoV-2 virus also penetrates other organs, causing various symptoms, including olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, which is why we can consider COVID-19 as a multisystem disease. Aim: To present review of some aspects of the olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in SARS-CoV- infection. Methods: The article has an analytical character and review of the literature. Results and Discussion: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a high similarity with SARS-CoV-1 and uses the same receptors to enter the human body (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/ACE2). COVID-19 is primarily a disease of the respiratory system, but SARS-CoV-2 also penetrates the other organs including central nervous system (CNS). Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection can experience a range of clinical manifestations, from no symptoms to critical illness. The entry of the virus into the brain can lead to different neurological and psychiatric manifestations, including loss of smell (anosmia) and the loss of taste (ageusia). The frequency of anosmia and ageusia in patients with COVID-19 varies widely, from 10 to 65%, being the primary symptom in about 12% of patients. For now, the etiopathogenesis of anosmia and ageusia in SARS-CoV-2 infection is still unknown. Most of the analyzed subjects reported olfactory recovery. However, anosmia and ageusia can last several months or even longer. While most patients are expected to recover their sense of smell or taste within the first three months, a major subpopulation of patients might develop long lasting dysfunction. Although a substantial proportion of patients with Covid-19 might develop long lasting of diferent level of ansomia and ageusia it is uncertain what proportion of patients develop persistent dysfunction. Anosmia/ageusia can be as an important risk factor for fog, anxiety, and depression that may show a prolonged and/or delayed impact. However, we do not yet know what long-term effects these disorders may have on the central nervous system and mental health in general. Conclusion: The COVID-19 is primarily a disease of the respiratory system, but SARS-CoV-2 also penetrates other organs (multisystem disease), causing various symptoms, including olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. The frequency of anosmia and ageusia in patients with COVID-19 is common but according to different papaers varies widely, from 10 to 65%, being the primary symptom in about 12% of patients. Most of the analyzed subjects reported olfactory recovery. However, anosmia and ageusia can last several months or even longer. We do not yet know what long-term consequences these disorders may have on the central nervous system and mental health in general.

Discovery and Analytical Validation of a Vocal Biomarker to Monitor Anosmia and Ageusia in Patients With COVID-19: Cross-sectional Study.

The COVID-19 disease has multiple symptoms, with anosmia and ageusia being the most prevalent, varying from 75% to 95% and from 50% to 80% of infected patients, respectively. An automatic assessment tool for these symptoms will help monitor the disease in a fast and noninvasive manner. We hypothesized that people with COVID-19 experiencing anosmia and ageusia had different voice features than those without such symptoms. Our objective was to develop an artificial intelligence pipeline to identify and internally validate a vocal biomarker of these symptoms for remotely monitoring them. This study used population-based data. Participants were assessed daily through a web-based questionnaire and asked to register 2 different types of voice recordings. They were adults (aged >18 years) who were confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction test to be positive for COVID-19 in Luxembourg and met the inclusion criteria. Statistical methods such as recursive feature elimination for dimensionality reduction, multiple statistical learning methods, and hypothesis tests were used throughout this study. The TRIPOD (Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis) Prediction Model Development checklist was used to structure the research. This study included 259 participants. Younger (aged <35 years) and female participants showed higher rates of ageusia and anosmia. Participants were aged 41 (SD 13) years on average, and the data set was balanced for sex (female: 134/259, 51.7%; male: 125/259, 48.3%). The analyzed symptom was present in 94 (36.3%) out of 259 participants and in 450 (27.5%) out of 1636 audio recordings. In all, 2 machine learning models were built, one for Android and one for iOS devices, and both had high accuracy-88% for Android and 85% for iOS. The final biomarker was then calculated using these models and internally validated. This study demonstrates that people with COVID-19 who have anosmia and ageusia have different voice features from those without these symptoms. Upon further validation, these vocal biomarkers could be nested in digital devices to improve symptom assessment in clinical practice and enhance the telemonitoring of COVID-19-related symptoms. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04380987; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04380987.

Testing for anosmia and ageusia in patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 in Saudi Arabia.

ObjectiveThis study investigated the role of objective olfactory dysfunction (OD) and gustatory dysfunction (GD) testing among patients with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who presented with respiratory symptoms.MethodsA prospective, blinded, observational study was conducted in the emergency units of two tertiary hospitals. Participants were asked to identify scents in the pocket smell test (PST) and flavors in four different solutions in the gustatory dysfunction test (GDT). We assessed the level of agreement between objective findings and self-reported symptoms. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of chemosensory dysfunction for diagnosing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.ResultsOf 250 participants, 74 (29.6%) were SARS-CoV-2-positive. There was slight agreement between self-reported symptoms and objective findings (kappa = 0.13 and 0.10 for OD and GD, respectively). OD assessed by the PST was independently associated with COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio = 1.89, 95% confidence interval, 1.04–3.46). This association was stronger when OD was combined with objective GD, cough, and fever (adjusted odds ratio = 7.33, 95% confidence interval, 1.17–45.84).ConclusionsNeither the PST nor GDT alone are useful screening tools for COVID-19. However, a diagnostic scale based on objective OD, GD, fever, and cough may help triage patients with suspected COVID-19.

Prevalence of Anosmia or Ageusia in Patients With COVID-19 Among United Arab Emirates Population

ObjectiveThe aim of this research was to determine the relationship and prevalence of taste and smell dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) population. MethodsEnrolled participants were interviewed online via a phone call after obtaining their informed consent. Quantification of smell, taste, and other sensations before, during, and after COVID-19 infection was correlated with the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. ResultsA total of 500 patients with (mild–severe) COVID-19 completed the survey. A total of 26.4% were asymptomatic, and 21.4% were classified as paucisymptomatic with less severe symptoms. Almost equal proportions of the studied population experienced extreme taste sensation reductions (43%) and loss of smell sensation (44%). Statistically significant drastic decreases in smell and taste senses were seen among younger individuals. The magnitude of reduction in both sense changes increased steeply from the asymptomatic group to the paucisymptomatic group to the symptomatic group. ConclusionsSudden anosmia or ageusia need to be recognised for early detection of COVID-19 infection to identify otherwise hidden carriers, thus favoring an early isolation strategy that will restrict the spread of the disease.

SOME ASPECTS OF ETHIOPATHOGENESIS OF NEUROLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN CORONAVIRUS INFECTION AND STUDY OF THE EXPRESSION AND PREVALENCE OF SMELLAND TASTE IMPAIRMENTS IN PATIENTS WITH SARS-COV-2

The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, along with damage to the respiratory system, sometimes leads to nervous system disorders. The loss of smell and taste in COVID-19 is most likely of a perceptual nature. Because of the active accumulation of information about the symptomatology of this nosology, data appeared on the characteristic manifestations of thedisease in mild and moderate cases, in particular, on the violation of taste and smell. Although there is currently insufficient data to determine the exact mechanisms of anosmia and ageusia in patients diagnosed with COVID-19, there are studies that support certain theories. This paper presents the results of a systematic database review of COVID-19 taste and smell disorders. The article analyzes information on the etiopathogenic aspects of the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and data on the severity and prevalence of smell and taste disorders in patients with coronavirus.Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus infection, loss of smell and taste, anosmia, hypogeusia, ACE2 receptors

Prevalence of Anosmia and Ageusia in Patients with COVID-19 at a Primary Health Center, Doha, Qatar.

Loss of smell and taste are common complaints in patients with the COVID-19 disease. These symptoms may present alone or with other symptoms. It is of utmost importance to know their rates of occurrence for better controlling of the infection. The aim of the study was to detect the prevalence of anosmia and ageusia in individuals with COVID-19 in Al-Wajbah Primary Health Center, Doha, Qatar. This retrospective study was conducted at Al-Wajbah Primary Health Center, Doha, Qatar. The study covered the two-month period -May and June 2020. The proven cases of COVID-19 by real-time PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) were enrolled in the study. Data regarding the age, gender, symptomatology including anosmia and ageusia, history of recent travel, smoking, past history of nasal and paranasal diseases (NPND), and severity of the disease were taken from the patients’ records. IBM- SPSS version 22 statistical software was used for the analysis of the data. Out of 141, 35 (24.82%) subject presented with anosmia, ageusia or both. Most of the patients were from age group > 30 year (n = 104, 73.76%) with nearly equal gender. The majority of the individuals were without history of recent travel (92.2%) and smoking (80.14%). Three-quarters of the patients were asymptomatic, and 51.06% with a past history of NPND. The male sex, history of recent travel, smoking, and severe course of the disease were positive, highly significant association with anosmia or ageusia. All patients returned to their normal smell and taste sensations within a mean duration of 6.89 days. Loss of taste and smell were common symptomatology of COVID-19 disease. The males, recent travel, smoking, and severe course of the disease were risk factors of the anosmia and ageusia in COVID-19 cases.

COVID-19: From Psychological Distress to Neuropsychiatric Manifestations

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Clinical & ResearchFull AccessCOVID-19: From Psychological Distress to Neuropsychiatric ManifestationsFarah Zaidi, M.D.Farah ZaidiSearch for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:30 Jul 2020https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.7b10AbstractThe neuropsychiatric picture of COVID-19 is not fully known yet. Better understanding and prospective monitoring of the neuropsychiatric manifestations related to COVID-19 can inform early detection and treatment planning.In the six months since COVID-19 has transformed life across the globe, there has been a marked increase in psychological distress stemming from fear of this viral illness and the stigma associated with it, challenges related to sheltering in place and physical distancing, financial strain, isolation, and exacerbation of mental illness (including increased risk of death by suicide) and new barriers to care. Shelter-in-place rules have also raised alarms about domestic violence and child abuse.A growing literature is helping us to better understand the virus and its impact beyond the respiratory system, neurotropic potential, and possible mechanisms of underlying pathology. The volume of the National Institutes of Health’s LitCovid has increased from 40 publications in late January 2020 to approximately 1,970 publications in early July. LitCovid is a curated literature site of the National Institutes of Health and the National Center for Biotechnology Information that tracks up-to-date scientific information about COVID-19.Though relatively limited, articles and reports are emerging about acute neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 and possible neuropsychiatric sequelae. For example, a retrospective chart review of 214 patients in Wuhan, China, found that approximately 36% of patients had neurological manifestations such as cerebrovascular disease, impaired consciousness, and skeletal muscle injury. Other symptoms of drowsiness, edema, stroke, convulsions, and coma are also reported in literature.An article by Troyer et al. in the July issue of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity described the emergence of neuropsychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, depression, trauma, insomnia, psychosis, delirium, and suicidality related to past viral pandemics, appearing long after the acute viral spread was over. The authors argued persuasively that physicians and health systems should monitor patients exposed to COVID-19 for neuropsychiatric sequelae.Another recent systematic review and meta-analysis by Rogers et al. in Lancet Psychiatry reported the prevalence of delirium in the acute stage of COVID-19 infection. The authors encouraged clinicians to monitor for the emergence of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other neuropsychiatric disorders post infection.There are also reports of anosmia/hyposmia and ageusia in patients infected with COVID-19. As such, in late March, the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) launched a COVID-19 Anosmia Reporting Tool. The tool is designed to submit data confidentially to AAO-HNS for anosmia and dysgeusia related to COVID-19. Preliminary findings collected from this tool showed that “anosmia was noted in 73% of patients prior to COVID-19 diagnosis and was the initial symptom in 26.6%.” Based on these findings, it appears that anosmia may be a presenting symptom in COVID-19 before other more commonly known symptoms appear.Proposed mechanisms for pathogenesis of neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations related to COVID-19 include hypoxic brain injury; interaction of the COVID-19 virus spike protein with ACE-2 receptors of the cerebral capillary endothelium, resulting in damage to the endothelial lining and access to brain; cerebral edema; post-infectious autoimmunity; and immunomodulatory treatments.As the global community continues to learn about and adjust to many emerging aspects of COVID-19, its multisystem impact is increasingly known. Awareness about neuropsychiatric manifestations related to COVID-19 could prepare the psychiatric community in managing at-risk populations. ■LitCovid can be accessed here.Farah Zaidi, M.D., is an inpatient and psychiatric emergency services psychiatrist in a community hospital in San Mateo County. She is on the teaching faculty for the psychiatry residency training program at San Mateo Behavioral Health and Recovery Services. She is also vice president of the Northern California Psychiatric Society and co-chair of its Professional Education Committee. ISSUES NewArchived

Prevalence of Anosmia and Ageusia in Patients with Covid-19 at a Primary Health Center, Doha, Qatar

Prevalence of Anosmia and Ageusia in Patients with Covid-19 at a Primary Health Center, Doha, Qatar

Prevalence of Anosmia and Ageusia in Patients with COVID-19 at a Primary Health Center, Doha, Qatar

Prevalence of Anosmia and Ageusia in Patients with COVID-19 at a Primary Health Center, Doha, Qatar