Investigative Agencies Research Articles

증거능력 없는 피의자신문조서의 탄핵증거로의 사용

증거능력 없는 피의자신문조서의 탄핵증거로의 사용

형사절차상 통지 대상자와 권리행사자의 범위에 대한 문제점과 개선방안

In the case of voluntary accompanying or arrest by an investigative agency, certain facts or rights are required to be notified so that the accompanying person does not interfere with the safety, condition, or future exercise of defense rights, and the notified person is prescribed at each stage of criminal proceedings. In this way, notifying a person who has a certain relationship with the companion is to secure the principle of disclosure of criminal proceedings and the legitimacy of criminal proceedings.
 However, in the case of voluntary accompanying, it is not reasonable to stipulate that only the police officer's job execution law is notified and not stipulated in other laws. Therefore, even in the case of voluntary accompanying, the freedom of the companion's body is limited, so in order to guarantee the right to defend, it must be revised to notify the subject such as personal arrest. The person who has received the notification must be able to claim various rights, etc. for the parties. However, it is unreasonable because the subject of the notification and the claimant do not currently match. The subjects of the current notification are “lawyers, legal representatives, spouses, immediate relatives, siblings,” and “family members, cohabitants, and employers” can only request arrest, binding pride, or bail. This should be viewed as an inconsistent problem of the subject of notification or the claimant. The subject of the notification is to guarantee the party's right to defend, so it is necessary to expand the scope.
 If there is a lawyer, the scope of the subject should be notified to the lawyer, and in the case of minors, etc., the legal representative should be notified, and in the case of marriage, the spouse should be notified. Next, relatives should also be revised to be the subject of notification. In addition, since there is no person to notify, the person behind the fact-marriage or foreign worker must notify the cohabitant, and it is reasonable to revise it to notify the employer in case there is no cohabitant. It is considered that the subject of the notification is reasonable to amend to 'lawyers, legal representatives, spouses, relatives, cohabitants, and employers'.

압수·수색영장 사전 심문제도 도입에 관한 비판적 고찰

The court administration seems to be pushing to revise the criminal procedure rules in a way that allows the court to interrogate suspects and other related parties before issuing a search warrant. For the reason for the revision, seizure and search of electronic information are highly likely to infringe on privacy, freedom, and self-determination of information due to the nature of electronic information, so it is necessary to improve seizure and search practice in order to comply with the principle of screening and ensure the parties' participation in the procedure. Of course, it is difficult to denigrate the intention of the amendment to strengthen the protection of the basic rights of the people by strictly regulating the excessive seizure and search of investigative agencies. However, even if only the world's most advanced human rights protection system is collected and incorporated into our legislation, it would be difficult to evaluate it as a truly reasonable system if it excessively hinders the discovery of the truth or the legitimate purpose of the investigation procedure.
 Besides, the purpose of the revision of the Criminal Procedure Rules is not simply to regulate the seizure and search warrant issuance procedures of district court judges, but to restrict the seizure and search procedures more strictly than originally planned. The revision may not seem to directly infringe on the basic rights of suspects or detainees, but it is difficult to conclude that if a warrant is issued by proceeding with a new procedure, it may result in infringement of the basic rights of suspects or detainees according to an unscheduled procedure.
 In the 70th year of the Criminal Procedure Act, the constitutional consciousness that the sovereignty of the Republic of Korea lies with the people and all power comes from the people, is not the only issue of how to protect the people from state power (freedom from state) but now it is time to discuss and legislate. In other words, it is time to discuss victim-centered justice, which focuses on “minimizing misfortune” rather than “maximizing happiness,” aside from the question of how to control the fear of expanding public power. This is because as long as state power is viewed only as an infringer, it is difficult to prevent infringement of citizens who have to live under the flood of crimes every day. Now that the dictatorship has come to an end, I think it is time to “change the idea of looking at the country.”
 In the end, while thoroughly guaranteeing the personal rights of suspects through the interrogation system(warrant substantive examination system) before arrest, it should be rejected to condemn or downplay the role(criminal investigation and prosecution) of investigative agencies for crime victims. This is why criminal proceedings should be centered on the two core values of “maintenance of the public interest of society” and “guarantee of individual human rights of citizens”.

공수처의 조직과 인사의 개선방안에 관한 고찰

The Corruption Investigation Office for High-ranking Officials(CIO) is an independent investigation agency that has investigative jurisdiction with regards to crimes committed by high-ranking officials or their family members. The CIO was launched as a small organization, so called a mini-CIO was composed of Chief Prosecutor, Deputy Chief Prosecutor, less than 25 prosecutors of CIO and less than 40 investigation officers of CIO on the basis of Act on the Establishment and Operation of the Corruption Investigation Office for High-ranking Officials(ACIO). For successful establishment of the CIO in the constitutional order of Korea, it is important to enhance independence of CIO as a independent organization. In order to do that, it should be guaranteed to secure independence of personnel management and budget of CIO. For independence of status of personnel of CIO, Chief Prosecutor and Deputy Chief Prosecutor could be serve consecutive terms and the term of the prosecutor of CIO should be equivalent to that of the prosecutor of Prosecutor’ Office Act. And it is necessary for CIO to prescribe as a independent organization under the National Finance Act.

정보통신서비스 제공자가 보관하는 전자정보에 대한 수사기관의 압수·수색의 적법 요건 검토

Until now, theories and precedents have reviewed the legal requirements under the premise that the investigative agency's acquisition of electronic information generated and stored by a suspect from an information and communication provider's server such as Kakao Talk constitutes seizure and search. However, the act of an investigative agency acquiring electronic information related to a suspect from an information and communication service provider's server, such as Kakao Talk, limits the confidentiality and freedom of the suspect's communication. In this respect, it can be said that the actions of investigative agencies are similar to the concept of wiretapping under the Communications Secret Protection Act in terms of limiting basic rights. Since the act of acquiring electronic information by an investigative agency is a state action and should not infringe on the basic rights of the people, it should be reviewed whether it violates the principle of proportionality. If the investigative agency acquires electronic information from the server of the information and communication service provider even though it can achieve the purpose of the investigation by acquiring electronic information from the suspect's terminal, it is contrary to the minimum of damage and the balance of legal interests. Therefore, in order for an investigative agency to obtain electronic information from an information and communication service provider's server, 'the circumstances in which the purpose of the investigation cannot be achieved in any other way' must be clarified. It is reasonable to operate the warrant practice in this way, and it will be necessary to stipulate it in the Criminal Procedure Act in the future.

전자정보 역외 압수･수색의 입법 개선 방향에 대한 소고

Today, the exchange of information is mostly done through electronic media. The utilization of services that store data in the network is also increasing. This changed modern lifestyle led to a change in the form of evidence, and most of the evidence existed in the form of electronic information. Not only can digital evidence be digitized and stored, but it can also occur the possibility that the information is stored on overseas servers. The term “Offshore seizure and search” refers to a seizure and search method in which an investigative agency accesses an overseas server using the account information of the investigative agency or designated place to secure relevant evidence when it finds out the account ID and password of an investigated person's overseas server. There are various discussions on the procedural legality, such as the Seoul High Court making different rulings on these methods of seizure and search. The current Criminal Procedure Act regulates digital evidence through the proviso to Articles 106 (3) and 4 and 114 (1), but offshore seizure and search are only indirectly regulated through Article 120. The “necessary disposition” of Article 120 (1) of the Criminal Procedure Act allows offshore seizure and search procedures, and the law takes “opening or opening a gun,” but there is disagreement on whether accessing an overseas server and obtaining digital information can be seen as a similar procedure. As such, the current Criminal Procedure Act was revised as digital evidence increased, but there is a limit to properly regulate evidence in a rapidly changing modern network environment. As previously confirmed, the Supreme Court seems to be trying to resolve the blind spots of the Criminal Procedure Act by establishing strict legal principles on the procedure while affirming offshore seizure and search through precedents. In the case of the United States and Germany, the institutional basis for offshore seizure and search is established through the revision of the law, while regulating its restrictions to explore the truth and minimize infringement of basic rights. The Korean Supreme Court is also developing the law of offshore seizure and search through the 2020 14654 and 2022 1452 rulings, but it will be difficult to secure legal justification for the collection of electronic information evidence that will gradually diversify only with the expanded interpretation of Article 120 of the Criminal Procedure Act. In order to solve these problems, it is necessary to stipulate procedural regulations through the specification of offshore seizure and search requirements. Since seizure and search are procedures that limit the basic rights of private persons, it is believed that the procedures and requirements stipulated by law will not contradict general principles of criminal law, such as the principle of due process, compulsory disposition, or prohibition of analogical interpretation. As the Supreme Court of Korea also establishes legal principles to protect the seized through rulings, it is necessary to stipulate these legal principles to protect the basic rights of the seized from excessive infringement. International legal cooperation should also be strengthened. Since the world, such as the Cyber Crime Convention, has some consensus to jointly respond to cybercrime, efforts should be made to give legal grounds not only for domestic law but also for international law, such as signing separate investigation cooperation agreements. If the law is revised to establish domestic legal regulations for offshore seizure and search procedures as a follow-up to the recent ratification of the Cyber Crime Convention, the stability of our criminal procedure law can be improved by giving legitimacy to remote seizure and search procedures.

디지털성범죄 피해지원 실무자 관점에서 본 청소년의 피해경험

Child and adolescent digital sexual crime victimization are increasing consistently, on various platforms. Former studies on digital sex crimes targeting teenagers have focused on surveys, legal improvement plans, comparative studies of foreign cases, or victims and offenders themselves. These studies spotlighted the need for improvement of laws via the reality of digital sex crimes against teenagers, and there is a lack of research on platforms used in digital sexual assaults. Therefore, this study aims to examine how teenagers are victimized from the perspective of victim support staff and to find out the problems and possible ways to improve Telegram and Discord, where assault videos are most frequently circulated, shared, and sold. Legislation and research on digital sex crimes, books and reports, statistics and survey data, seminar data organized by women’s organizations, and research literature were analyzed to find out the current status of adolescents’ media usage and damage. After that, through interviews with victim support staff with field experience, teenagers’ experience of digital sex assaults and victim support were analyzed. It was concluded that offenders committed online grooming, by using platforms that teenagers frequently use and can communicate within to approach them in a friendly manner, to exploit, spread and sell victimized videos via the platform. Telegram and Discord are frequently used, and the characteristics of these platforms make it greatly difficult to support the victims. Participants in this study were staff who are providing victim support at investigation agencies, public damage agencies, and educational counseling institutions, and there were various problems and improvement measures according to their fields. Finally, the discussions and limitations of this study, as well as suggestions for future work were presented as a conclusion.

Features of the experience of Kazakhstan and Belarus in the implementation of the concept of a unified body of preliminary investigation

Formulation and consideration of various issues related to the improvement of the investigative apparatus of Russia are in the constant attention of representatives of legal science. The current state concept and the practical model of the country's investigative apparatus built on its basis require significant improvement in order to resolve existing organizational and procedural challenges. The purpose of the research is to identify and analyze the stages of construction, the positive and negative aspects of organization and activities of single and independent agencies of preliminary investigation in foreign countries, as well as the genesis and trends of their development. Based on the results obtained, the study formulates proposals for improving the investigative apparatus of the country regarding the Investigative Committee of Russia. To achieve this goal, the research explores the experience of organizing unified and independent preliminary investigation agencies in the countries of the former USSR and the West. All the results and conclusions were obtained using general scientific methods of scientific research: dialectical, logical, systemic, as well as private scientific and special such as comparative legal, formal legal, statistical, interpretation and a number of others. The author comes to the conclusion that organization and activities of the Investigative Committees of Russia and Belarus are basically similar, but there are some positions that differ significantly. Negative experience of building a unified and independent investigative committee was demonstrated in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The reason was insufficient attention paid to preparations on the part of the leadership to creation of such an agency. Thus, combination of functions of inquiry, operational-search, investigative, statistics and expert, as well as transfer of some of the important and inalienable powers of the prosecutor's office when creating such a law enforcement agency is unacceptable.

Concept of Electronic Evidence in Criminal Legal Procedure

Objective : elucidating the potential of digital transformation for elaborating the optimal means and methods of collecting evidences and introducing scientific organization of labor of the officials implementing criminal procedure. The scientific approach within the concept consists in minimizing the costs of collecting evidentiary information in criminal cases in electronic form and by electronic means, as well as storing the criminal case materials in electronic form. Methods : dialectic method occupies the leading position among the research methods, the issues of electronic documentation being considered in the interaction and interdependence with information-technological development of the society. The set of scientific cognition methods within the research creates prerequisites for objective and comprehensive approach to the problems under study. Results : the authors’ concept of electronic evidence is a system of information-technological and legal views on the criminal-procedural form, which is intended for optimizing the process of collecting, registering and preserving them in the criminal case materials. The concept development is aimed at elaborating new approaches to organizing the work of investigation agencies and courts, taking into account the achievements in the sphere of information technologies, providing new techniques of collecting criminal-relevant, criminal-procedural, criminological significant information when investigating and hearing of a criminal case. The proposed concept is also aimed at improving interaction and in-service communication of the officials of the preliminary investigation bodies with the officials of information-technological systems for the purposes of collecting evidentiary information in electronic form. Scientific novelty : the changes were systemically analyzed, which are taking place in the contemporary information society, through the prism of the emerging problems between the sectoral criminal-procedural evidentiary law and more modern technological means of collecting evidentiary information. The article demonstrates a new approach to creating technological interaction using digital technologies, on the scientific base of organization of proving activity, intended to optimize and rationalize the process of proving in criminal procedure. Practical significance : the research materials can be used to prepare proposals on making changes and additions in the current legislation with a view of implementing the practice of already functioning models of criminal-procedural activity of foreign countries, an inexhaustible potential of information-technologies, software, and artificial intelligence to rationalize proving in criminal cases.

Martyred Women and White Power since the Civil Rights Era: From Kathy Ainsworth to Vicki Weaver

At approximately 12:45 a.m. on June 30, 1968, two Ku Klux Klan (Kkk) assailants, Kathy Ainsworth and Thomas Tarrants III, pulled into a quiet neighborhood in Meridian, Mississippi. Wielding a time bomb set to detonate at 2:00 a.m., they aimed to kill Meyer Davidson, a prominent Jewish Mississippian and outspoken critic of the Kkk. After planting the charge, the bombers would retreat to Miami, Florida, and wait for the assassination fallout to blow over. Ainsworth and Tarrants were unaware, however, that law enforcement awaited them in Meridian. Local police, Federal Bureau of Investigation (Fbi) agents, and a naval bomb squad watched them stop at Davidson's driveway. When Tarrants emerged from the car with a bomb, police shouted and opened fire. A car chase and gunfight ensued, wounding one policeman and bystander, incapacitating Tarrants, and killing twenty-six-year-old Kathy Ainsworth—a pregnant schoolteacher and the only known Klanswoman ever killed by law enforcement.1

Lumber sleuths

To enforce laws and treaties that protect endangered tree species, federal agents first have to recognize those species when they come across wood they suspect came from illegal logging operations. A US Fish and Wildlife Service lab has spent a decade developing a mass spectrometry approach to rapidly identify wood by species. Now the scientists are taking it on the road. Some years ago, David Gehl made an unusual trip to Siberia. “I went to lots of sawmills and forests and came back from Russia and China with, like, 20 kg of wood boards on my back,” he recalls. Gehl was no ordinary tourist. He was in the region as part of an undercover probe by a nonprofit group called the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA). He was following up on suspicions that oak imported into the US from China had come from forests in eastern Russia where logging was prohibited.

Peranan Advokat Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana di Indonesia

riminal justice is a system created to deal with crime problems that can disturb order and threaten people's sense of security, is one of the community's efforts to control crime so that it is within acceptable limits of tolerance. In the criminal justice system in Indonesia, it is known that there are four institutions that play a role, namely the police which act as an investigative and investigative agency, the prosecutor's office which acts as an institution that carries out prosecutions, the Supreme Court as an institution that oversees judges in the court environment, and Correctional Institutions. The existence of Advocates as law enforcers has been regulated in Article 5 of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates. However, regarding the actual form and place of the Advocate's role as law enforcer, it is still unclear, especially in its role as a supporting component for the realization of an integrated criminal justice system, as a result, criminal law enforcement in Indonesia has not been optimal. This research uses normative legal research methods or literature studies, namely by analyzing UU.RI. No. 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates and UU.RI No. 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), as well as other laws and regulations and library materials related to the role of Advocates to answer problems. The results of the study show that in terms of form and place, there are 2 (two) roles of advocates as law enforcers, namely (1) the role of advocates in the form of legal assistance to perpetrators based on Article 54 of the Criminal Procedure Code, (2) the role of advocates in the form of legal assistance to victims who regulated outside the Criminal Procedure Code. It is hoped that this will serve as input for law enforcers in upholding law and justice in Indonesia.
 Keywords: advocate, criminal justice
 
 
 

Exploring Private Investigation Agencies’ Experience of Collaboration with Law Enforcement in Investigations of Human Trafficking Cases

In their forefront role to address human trafficking, law enforcement agencies (LEAs) have often faced challenges in efforts to investigate this crime. Non-traditional partnerships should be explored to improve strategies to investigate human trafficking. Could private investigation agencies (PIAs) collaborate with LEAs to help improve human trafficking investigations? The present study examines PIAs’ experiences of collaboration with LEAs for human trafficking investigations. A mixed research method design was used. Purposive sampling was used to select 81 participants representing 81 PIAs for a survey. Follow-up semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 of the 39 survey participants who reported that their agencies had collaborated with LEAs for human trafficking investigations. The findings show varying levels of success and challenges for PIAs in interagency collaboration with LEAs. The challenges to collaboration identified could be mostly explained by LEAs’ misperceptions of private investigators, their over-reliance on a criminal approach instead of a victim-centered one in investigating trafficking cases and recovering victims, and legal or ethical limitations. Positive aspects of PIA–LEA partnerships regarding human trafficking investigations were discussed and so were strategies to address inherent challenges to interagency collaboration. Several policy implications were discussed for developing and improving partnership initiatives with law enforcement in an effort to prevent human trafficking, protect victims, and prosecute trafficking cases.

Secure latent fingerprint storage and self-recovered reconstruction using POB number system

Latent fingerprints are the unintentionally deposited fingerprint impressions gathered from the crime scenes. Many criminal investigation agencies consider latent fingerprints as a significant court accepted evidence. A typical latent fingerprint comes in low quality. Hence, a slight modification in the latent fingerprint may induce a marked shift in the recognition performance. Due to this, wrongdoers behind the crime scenes may try to remove or alter the latent fingerprint information by accessing the fingerprint database. Unlike regular fingerprint enrollment, retaking a latent fingerprint is not always possible. Preserving the latent fingerprints in a single database makes it vulnerable to single-point attacks. Hence, this paper presents a secure way to store and retrieve latent fingerprint information using POB-based (n,n) VSS technique. The proposed method encrypts each latent fingerprint as n secret shares, and stores them in n distinct databases. The distributed storage protects the data from single-point attacks. Along with secure storage, we also introduce a self-recovery mechanism in the case of fingerprint share tampering. The self-recovery mechanism protects the latent fingerprint from different tampering attacks. The proposed method has been evaluated using NIST Special Database4 (NIST-SD4) and IIIT Delhi latent fingerprint datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed technique offers secure distributed storage with lossless reconstruction of latent fingerprint images whenever needed. The proposed self-recovery mechanism enables the recovery of latent fingerprint images even in the case of share tampering.

Tinjauan Hukum Proses Penetapan Tersangka Kasus Pencurian Kendaraan Bermotor

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the process of determining the suspect in the motor vehicle theft case at the Pohuwato Police. And to find out and analyze the factors that become obstacles in the process of determining the suspect in the motor vehicle theft case at the Pohuwato Police. The method used in this thesis is an empirical legal research method The results in this study were 1) The process of determining the suspect in the motor vehicle theft case at the Pohuwato Police, namely through the suspect determination mechanism as carried out in the case of Police Report Report Number LP / 200 / XII / 2019 / SPKT / Res-Phwt, December 6 and Letter Investigation Order Number: SP fingerprint / 84 I XII / 2019 / Reskrim, dated December 6, 2019 in which the case title in the case raised includes the title of an ordinary case at the initial stage of the investigation. The Standard Operating Procedure in the title of the curanmor case remains in accordance with the Regulation of the Head of the Criminal Investigation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Police Number 4 of 2014 concerning Standard Operating Procedures for Criminal Investigation Supervision. 2) Obstacles in determining the suspect in the criminal act of motor vehicle theft at the Pohuwato Police: a. lack of witnesses to see. b. Searching for evidence and suspects experiencing difficulties due to the absence or lack of clues c. Usually curanmor cases stop at the investigation stage. Apart from the above, there are still internal obstacles within Pohuwato Police and external obstacles The suggestion in this thesis is that there is a need for a new breakthrough in terms of handling and resolving curanmor cases. In this case, new operations and methods need to be formulated so that the Pohuwato Police can handle motor vehicle theft cases effectively.

Validation of Rapid and Simple HPLC-UV Method for Diflunisal Determination in Bulk Drug and Human Plasma

Abstract: Background: Transthyretin amyloidosis is a rare disease currently under wide investigation and many different therapeutic agents were developed for its control and treatment. In addition to the newly discovered drugs, it was also observed drug repurposing of some wellstudied therapeutic agents. Diflunisal was developed in 1971 as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug but showed good results when used as a kinetic stabilizer of the transthyretin protein. Objectives: Present study describes a high–performance liquid chromatography method for its determination in bulk drug and human plasma by UV detection. Materials and Methods: Isocratic elution of the mobile phase (consisting of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water and acetonitrile in the ratio 42:58 v/v) at a flow rate 1.0 ml/min was set and the developed analytical procedure became fast and simple. Chromatographic determination was performed on a Purospher® RP – 18 column at room temperature and a UV detector set at 230 nm. Results: The developed method was validated for linearity in the range 0.5–125 μg/ml for the bulk drug and 0.48–120 μg/ml for plasma. Calibration curves were linear over the selected ranges with correlation coefficients (R2) greater than 0.999. The coefficients of variation for intra- and interassay were <2% for both methods – bulk drug and plasma determination. Conclusion: The developed effective and specific method can be applied in routine clinical practice for drug therapy monitoring. Keywords: Diflunisal, Bioanalysis, HPLC-UV, Validation.

Financial information security behavior in online banking

The ubiquitous use of information technology in modern life leads to many problems of financial information security. Such security issues could be due to users’ insecure behaviors during their financial transactions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the university teacher's financial information security behavior (FISB) and to examine the factors that influence their FISB. By using a survey method, the study collected primary data quantitatively. A closed-ended questionnaire based on IMB Model (Information Motivation Behavioral Skills Model) was developed. The population of the study comprised teachers from six faculties of University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the data from the teachers via a print-format based questionnaire. The structural equation model (SEM) was used to test the proposed model by using ADANCO (2.1). ADANCO is a software that is used for SEM analysis. The results exhibited that a majority of the teachers are frequent users of online banking. The findings confirmed that measures familiarity and self-efficacy have a direct impact on the financial information security behavior of the respondents and self-efficacy mediates the relation between threat awareness and financial information security behavior. The study concludes that online banking users can perform secure behavior during online transactions if they are familiar with security measures and are confident to perform different online banking-related tasks. It is, therefore, suggested that individuals may be familiarized with the financial information security measures so that they may believe in their selves and develop secure financial information behavior. This can be done through awareness seminars and hands-on training by the Federal Investigation Agency in liaison with banks and educational institutions. The present study has contributed to the domain of financial information security behavior in the local context.

Surveillance Capitalism in America ed. by Josh Lauer and Kenneth Lipartito

Reviewed by: Surveillance Capitalism in America ed. by Josh Lauer and Kenneth Lipartito Dolores E. Janiewski (bio) Surveillance Capitalism in America Edited by Josh Lauer and Kenneth Lipartito. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021. Pp. 288. Inspired and provoked by Shoshona Zuboff's Age of Surveillance Capitalism, the creators of this volume situate contemporary surveillance techniques and institutional imperatives in a history ranging from Caribbean slave plantations to the now ubiquitous digital trackers innocuously called cookies. Challenging Zuboff's origin story that surveillance capitalism started with Google, editors Josh Lauer and Kenneth Lipartito and the other contributors discuss earlier examples of operational methods, economic imperatives, the collection of information, and efforts to control workers, customers, and public opinion. In a telling rebuttal of Adam Smith's "invisible hand," Lauer and Lipartito state that surveillance provides [End Page 230] the market's "eyes and ears" (p. 5). The diverse technologies, bureaucratic processes, and information collection discussed in the chapters that follow their illuminating introduction raise expectations about scope that cannot be fully met in an introduction, nine interventions into a history that spans three centuries, and a brief afterword by Sarah E. Igo. As the editors admit in their introduction's conclusion, the volume marks a "starting point" and an invitation for additional research rather than providing a comprehensive history of capitalist surveillance in America (p. 26). For those who focus on computational architecture, networked devices, and social media's intrusive collection of personal information, the final three chapters discuss the contemporary iterations of surveillance capitalism. In detailing the "war on drugs" in the workplace in the 1980s and 1990s, James Milloy points to the longer-term consequences of subjecting employees to intrusive drug testing as normative. Not only did the acceptance of urinalysis and other screening procedures lead to greater biometric surveillance, but it also turned workers' bodies and social lives into profitable sites for the drug-testing industry. Dan Guadagnolo's exploration of a failed attempt at marketing tobacco to African American consumers comes with a warning that personalized digital advertisements make resistance more difficult by concealing a racial agenda within their digital infrastructure. Meg Leta Jones adds a discussion of cookies and web privacy that attributes the failure of resistance to these recent examples of surveillance capitalism to the history that has created "powerfully entrenched structures, ideas, and mechanisms," which allow social media corporations to evade scrutiny and restrictions to their intrusions on personal privacy (p. 202). Three useful chapters compare historical surveillance methods from slave plantations in the late 1700s and early 1800s and the rivalries between detective agencies in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. According to Caitlin Rosenthal and Cameron Black, slave plantations operated according to a capitalist logic that included what Zuboff identified as the unprecedented social media goal of "behavioral modification." They add bureaucratic record keeping, enslaved watchmen, and media to this form of surveillance capitalism. As they note, the Jamaica Watchman, an antislavery newspaper, conducted countersurveillance on planters to suggest the difficulties of controlling the circulation of intelligence. Richard K. Popp jumps forward a half century to document a publishing company's collection of names and personal data using the postal service and correspondence to turn lists of names into "new forms of commoditized identity" (p. 63). Jamie L. Pietruska's analysis of paperwork, bureaucracy, and surveillance discusses the Pinkerton National Detective Agency's investigation of competitors who used the family's name by creating a documentary archive on their allegedly fraudulent rivals as an essential part of a surveillance infrastructure that used filing systems and cabinets instead of algorithms to defeat their adversaries. [End Page 231] Successive chapters analyze a twentieth-century economy where workers in customer-focused occupations lost their ability to express their authentic feelings while being subjected to surveillance by managers and the public as emotional labor became a job requirement. Viewing the emphasis on courtesy as a strategy to create a favorable public opinion and fend off government ownership, Daniel Robert extends the reach of capitalist surveillance from the open office to telephone conversations, homes, and the visible expression of emotions as technology and corporate strategy entrenched private ownership. Megan J. Elias finds that hotels demanded...

Research and Implementation of Credit Investigation Sharing Platform Based on Double Blockchain

As the development of the modern economy is increasingly inseparable from credit support, the traditional credit investigation mode has yet to meet this demand. Because of the difficulties in conventional credit data sharing among credit investigation agencies, poor data portability, and centralized supervision, this paper proposes a data-sharing scheme for credit investigation agencies based on a double blockchain. Given the problems such as difficult data sharing, difficult recovery of damaged data, and accessible data leakage between institutions and users with non-traditional credit investigation data other than credit, this paper proposes a data-sharing scheme for credit investigation subjects based on the digital envelope. Based on the above two solutions, this paper designs a double blockchain credit data-sharing platform based on the “public chain + alliance chain” from credit investigation agencies’ and visiting subjects’ perspectives. The sharing platform uses the alliance chain as the management chain to solve the problem of complex data sharing between credit bureaus and centralized supervision, uses the public chain as the use chain to solve the problem of complex data sharing between the access subject and the credit bureaus, uses the interplanetary file system and digital envelope and other technologies to solve the problem of difficult recovery of damaged data, data leakage, and other issues. After the upload test, the average upload speed reaches 80.6 M/s. The average download speed of the system is 88.7 M/s after the download test. The multi-thread stress test tests the linkage port on the system package, and the average response time for the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) is 0.6 ms. The system performance and security analysis show that the sharing platform can provide safe and reliable credit-sharing services for organizations and users and high working efficiency.

The Impact of Civilian Investigative Agency Resources on the Timeliness of Police Misconduct Investigations

The Impact of Civilian Investigative Agency Resources on the Timeliness of Police Misconduct Investigations