Agency Workers Research Articles

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) in Nurses on the Prevention of Nosocomial Infections at Bina Kasih Hospital Medan

One of the efforts to provide labor protection for Occupational Safety and Health (K3) in hospitals is by providing Personal Protective Equipment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the use of PPE in Nurses in Bina Kasih Hospital Medan. This type of research includes quantitative research with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study was 152 nurses with a sample of 60 people based on the results of sample calculation using the Slovin formula. Data collection in the study used questionnaires and processed into SPSS with univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis. The results of the study with the chi square statistical test found that the variables of age, working period, knowledge, attitude, availability of PPE, supervision and social support were related to the p<sig value of α (0.05). Based on the results of the multivariate analysis, it is known that the most dominant variable influences, namely, the attitude variable (p=0.003, Exp(B) 14.931), namely attitude has an influence of 14.9 times on the use of PPE, the working period (p=0.004, Exp(B) 13.169), namely the working period has an influence of 13 times on the use of PPE, and social support (p=0.012 Exp(B) 8.592), namely social support has an influence of 8.5 times on the use of PPE. It can be concluded that the variables of working period, attitude and social support are the factors that most affect nurses in using PPE. It is recommended to Ananda Bekasi Hospital, especially to nurses, to always improve the performance of nursing care provided to patients by paying attention to the completeness of PPE in accordance with the SOPs that have been set by the work agency.

Penyalahgunaan Keadaan dalam Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu (PKWT) Alih Daya

This research examines the abuse of conditions in the Specific Time Work Agreement (PKWT) by PT. MD in Medan City, with a focus on imbalances in contract clauses that are detrimental to agency workers. The problem formulation includes the legal principles of agreements, the exoneration clause in PT's PKWT. MD, forms of abuse of circumstances, and legal protection efforts. The method used is a normative method with a statutory and conceptual approach, through literature study and field research. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively based on interviews with PKWT workers at PT. MD in 2024. The research results found that the 2024 PKWT at PT. MD that the clauses in employment contracts contain exoneration clauses in the form of provisions that are contradictory and burdensome to workers, such as exoneration clauses and mandatory overtime without compensation. Abuse of circumstances occurs due to the dominance of the bargaining position of companies that take advantage of the uncertainty of workers' employment status to suppress their rights. This condition is exacerbated by weak legal supervision and the existence of regulations that do not fully accommodate the need for certainty and legal protection for PKWT workers at PT. MD.

Emotional Sensitivity and Mental Health Outcomes: A Systematic Investigation of the Mitigating Effects of Psychological Mediators

This study gives a coherent model to examine the challenging path between emotional sensitivity and mental health outcomes in healthcare employees, emphasizing the impact of mediating factors including Coping Strategies, Social Support, Emotional Regulation and Cognitive Distortions in this interplay. The essential goal of this recommended model is to make clear how the negative impacts of emotional sensitivity on mental health outcomes might be alleviated through numerous mediating elements. The proposed look at utilizes a quantitative methodology, using a dependent survey questionnaire to collect facts on unbiased variables (emotional sensitivity), established variables (mental health outcomes), and mediators (Coping Strategies, Social Support, Emotional Regulation, and Cognitive Distortions). This observe is primarily based on the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, presenting a stable theoretical basis for comprehending the interaction among emotional sensitivity and various environmental occasions. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) might be used to confirm the size version and study the hypothesized correlations. The sample technique will use stratified random sampling to guarantee vast representation across numerous sectors and demographic businesses, for this reason improving the generalizability of the outcomes. This observe will elucidate the contextual variables affecting the effect of emotional sensitivity on intellectual health by figuring out moderating factors including agency culture and work demands. The outcomes are anticipated to aid within the creation of tailored treatments that enhance resilience and productivity in healthcare environments, laying the degree for future look at aimed toward longitudinal critiques and the research of other moderating factors.

What is the Success Required in Digital Public Services Transformation (Case of Digital Payment for Public Apartment Rent in Semarang Regency)

Digital transformation in the public services by the local government will improve the service related to several benefits. E-public services to the people or users will become more efficient, e-public services open 24/7, reduce the administrative burden, be more transparent and accountable, and finally, digital public services help governments meet public expectations. The Public Work Agency of Semarang Regency manages affordable public apartments (flats), particularly for low-income people. There are four-storey flats in Ungaran, Ambarawa, and Pringapus with a total of 326 rooms. The management unit is facing problems related to rent payments by monthly cash (manual) transactions. The Government of Semarang Regency committed to transforming all transactions from manual to digital (e-transaction) including for public apartment rent. This study aims to answer the question: what is the success required in digital payment for public apartment rent in Semarang Regency? From the process of digital transformation in e-payment for public flat rental during the preparation stage to operations (June to September 2024), this research concluded the success required in digital payment as follows: (a) In terms of support, the political will from local leaders, adequate regulations, and commitment toward successful digital transformation become a strong foundation for supporting the preparation and implementation of the e-government project; (b) In term of capacity, the adequate ICT infrastructure both hardware and software and human resources with competences related to the e-government project. (c) In terms of value, e-government projects need to build the value of benefits for the people as users and demand side of government services. e-government projects should provide significant benefits to the people, so the project has the potential to be successful.

АНАЛИЗ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ ПИЛОТНОГО ВНЕДРЕНИЯ ФГИС ЛК АРХАНГЕЛЬСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The article highlights the relevance of the research topic related to the digitalization of the forest complex, a new stage of which was the development and implementation of FGIS LC. The object of the study is the process of implementing FGIS LC in the Arkhangelsk region. The purpose of the study is related to the fact that the results of the implementation of FGIS LC in the Arkhangelsk region as a pilot project are subject to in-depth analysis and study. Analytical materials, reports of specialized institutions and scientific articles have been studied on the topic of the study. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the study. Among the qualitative methods, observation, interviews, professional assessments and testing were used. Quantitative methods such as questionnaires and monitoring were applied together with them. Methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, as well as an empirical approach were used to analyze various sources of information. The results of the study were the analysis of foreign information systems and services for forest accounting, timber harvesting, and assessment of the architecture, structure and functionality of FGIS LC, analysis of the process of implementing FGIS LC in the Arkhangelsk region. The FGIS LC system is based on technological processes that include both automated ones, maintains a register of documents and related data, and provides continuous monitoring of the state of forest management based on accepted documents and changes made to them. The architecture of FGIS LC includes three segments that logically combine all the functions of the system: the industry segment, the integration segment, and the public segment. Expert discussions with experts on the implementation of FGIS LC in the Arkhangelsk region allowed us to identify a number of basic errors and the way to solve them. Testing the functionality of FGIS LC in the Arkhangelsk region, focusing on solving the main issues that require elaboration and improvement of the system. The analysis of the experience of implementing FGIS LC in the Arkhangelsk region revealed the best practices and difficulties of working with this system. Such an analysis is necessary, as it helps to optimize the processes in the work of enterprises and government agencies

Industry-specific Labour Demand, Post-prison Employment and Recidivism – Evidence from Finland

Abstract Objectives To test the effect of local, industry-specific labour demand on employment and recidivism following a person’s release from a prison in Finland. Methods This study was an observational study based on administrative data. The data included all working-aged men (N = 33,270) released from prison between 2007 and 2018 in Finland. We analysed the industry of the employers descriptively and studied the effect of labour demand on employment and recidivism rates post-release with a linear probability model. Labour demand was measured by counting new employments that began in the first 30 days post-release in the region the subject resided in at the time of release. Employment and recidivism were analysed with a 6- and 12-month follow-up. Results Of the study population, 11.1% were employed and 44.7% recidivated in the first 6 months. We found the most common employers to be the construction and manufacturing industries along with temporary work agencies. Our models indicated that the low-skill labour demand in construction increased the likelihood of employment (β = 0.0108, se = 0.0026) but did not reduce the risk of recidivism (β = 0.0030, se = 0.0045). Conclusions Higher labour demand may not lead to lower recidivism in all contexts. As the effect of labour demand may be driven by specific societal or labour market characteristics, further research should focus on identifying the characteristics that affect recidivism and post-prison employment. As this study may only be generalisable to the Finnish prison population, similar studies are needed from varied contexts.

The role of regulatory agencies within health systems during emergencies in BrazilPapel de los organismos regulatorios en los sistemas de salud en situaciones de emergencia en Brasil

The performance of health systems is related to ensuring the right to health, an important component of human rights that includes the right to health protection. Regulatory action by the state aims to reduce risks to health and thus help improve health system performance, particularly with respect to the principles of comprehensiveness and equity. The aim of this article is to discuss resilience from the perspective of national regulatory agencies - especially when they are faced with public health emergencies (PHEs) - and their contribution to health system resilience, taking as a model the work of the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA). In the context of PHEs, health regulators have been improving their practices and working on several fronts. Regulatory agencies have used specific regulatory instruments to speed up access to effective and safe products for responding to pandemics, to ensure the quality of care, and to communicate with the public. ANVISA specifically has brought new areas of action under its purview, such as overseeing the development of mechanical ventilators. It is crucial to recognize the interdependence between improving response capacity and improving performance in dealing with PHEs. Examples include the fast-track approval of COVID-19 vaccines, which allowed more rapid vaccination; cooperation among regulatory agencies; and, in the case of Brazil, work by ANVISA to strengthen the role of the country's Unified Health System (SUS) and the right to health in the face of disinformation and denialism.

Mental health and experiences of school attendance through the Irish Education Welfare Service

This article explores the impact of mental health on school attendance. This study is based on PhD research (2020) involving young people referred to the Statutory Irish Education Welfare Service (EWS). These young people were referred to the Service for poor school attendance or non-school attendance and presented with school refusal behaviours. Truancy was not considered a factor in the absenteeism; parents were aware of the absences and admitted that they were unable to get their children to attend school or return to school. This article specifically examines the relationship between mental health and school attendance through a qualitative research piece and uses four of the original seven case study samples from the PhD research. In the original research thirty-five people were interviewed including young people, their parents, agency workers, school staff and a district court Judge. The research indicates how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), trauma, bereavement, parental mental health and bullying all have significant impact on school attendance and engagement, and how inadequate supports for young people, struggling with complex issues, result in prolonged periods of school absenteeism.

Australia’s “Moment of Truth” and the Burden of Historical Proof

The intensification of efforts since the turn of the millenium to uncover and map sites where massacres of indigenous Australians are said to have taken place during the frontier wars participate in what Mark McKenna calls “Australia’s moment of truth”—the culmination of the work of diverse agencies to recover “forgotten” histories and remake Australia’s national narrative by coming to terms with its violent colonial past. Yet, substantiating violence and dispossession that is shrouded in centuries of forgetting and denial continues to prove problematical and controversial in the wake of the History Wars. Faced with the challenges of gathering irrefutable evidence, authors have turned to historical fiction or literary memoir to probe frontier massacres, and historians to archeology and the earth sciences to supplement and proof-test scarce sources. Can forensic science and GIS be trusted to provide corroboration “when the truth may only be ashes and dust”, or are shifting burdens and standards of historical proof gradually reframing the national story?

Workers’ resistance to managerial silencing: A comparative study of temporary agency and platform workers’ voice in a developing context

Research has overlooked management’s role in silencing workers, particularly in the context of physically and digitally mediated work. Given the rise of such work, it is imperative to study how workers experience and respond to managerial silencing. Based on 49 in-depth worker interviews in Nigeria, this study identifies key factors contributing to managerial silencing, including how external environmental perceptions and a lack of individual agency amplify this phenomenon. Platform workers employ collective organising and social media to voice their concerns, while agency workers rely on non-confrontational mechanisms and peer support. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Bypassing the Limitations of Algorithmic Management via Out‐of‐App Activities and the Emergence of Opportunistic Agency in the Swedish Gig economy

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the limitations of using algorithmic management on gig platforms in the Swedish basic service sector. We critically examine how the behaviour of all three actors in the triangular relationship between worker, platform and client deviated from the logic of app‐based competitive bidding over the allocation of work; each being agential in bypassing the algorithmic management to engage in out‐of‐app activity. Our findings suggest the utility and limitations of algorithms differ between sectors of the gig economy. Crucially, the paper contributes to debates on gig worker agency by introducing the concept of opportunistic agency in the analysis of worker non‐compliance. In focusing on more instrumental motivations for out‐of‐app activity our analysis offers a critical perspective on the pervasiveness, omnipotence and universality of algorithmic management.

ВИКРИВАЧ ЯК СУБ’ЄКТ КРИМІНАЛЬНОГО ПРОВАДЖЕННЯ У КРИМІНАЛЬНИХ ПРАВОПОРУШЕННЯХ, ПОВ’ЯЗАНИХ ЗІ ЗБУТОМ НАРКОТИЧНИХ ЗАСОБІВ

One of the key directions in the fight against illegal drug trafficking in Ukraine is the activity of law enforcement agencies, which should be focused on identifying offenders and bringing them to justice. The increase in the number of registered criminal offenses related to the sale of narcotics, as well as the high level of training of persons engaged in this illegal activity, require significant changes in the work of law enforcement agencies. In order to effectively expose such persons, it is necessary to introduce new strategies and approaches to their activities. One of these changes should be the emergence of a whistleblower as a subject of criminal proceedings in the investigated category of offenses. The article examines the role and importance of the whistleblower in criminal proceedings related to the illegal sale of narcotics. It was found that the appearance of this subject in criminal proceedings related to the illegal circulation of narcotics would significantly increase the activity of law enforcement agencies in exposing persons engaged in the sale of prohibited substances. It has been established that the effectiveness of whistleblowers’ activities will primarily depend on the extent to which the state will be able to create appropriate conditions for their cooperation with law enforcement agencies. This involves providing security guarantees, rewards and legal protection for those who provide important information on drug trafficking. In addition, special attention is paid in the study to the rights and guarantees of whistleblowers. Also, a comparison of the guarantees of state protection of whistleblowers and their legal status with whistleblowers in corruption criminal offenses was carried out. It was found that the guarantees for whistleblowers in cases of criminal offenses related to the sale of narcotic drugs are identical to those used in corruption crimes, since these categories of offenses are similar in terms of detection and proof methods. However, a characteristic difference is the issue of remuneration for whistleblowers. Based on the results of the research, relevant conclusions were drawn, and changes to the legislation of Ukraine were proposed. Key words: whistleblower, evidence, pretrial investigation, sale of narcotics, crime prevention, criminal proceedings, criminal offense, drug addiction.

Колабораційна діяльність та пособництво державі-агресору: теоретико-практичне розмежування

Abstract. This article is dedicated to the analysis of newly introduced provisions in the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which criminalize such offenses as "collaborative activities" and "assistance to the aggressor state." Research into the practices of law enforcement agencies in investigating these crimes has revealed complexity in distinguishing between the aforementioned offenses and related provisions of the same Code that were adopted earlier. This necessitated a deeper analysis of this issue. The article provides a theoretical analysis of Articles 1111 and 1112 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, demonstrating certain similarities in their formulations. This can be explained by the urgent need for their rapid adoption in light of the international armed conflict initiated by the Russian Federation on February 24, 2024. The legislature, aiming to prevent future offenses by individuals residing in the occupied territories, defined a range of criminally punishable acts but somewhat allowed for tautology and included concepts lacking universally accepted meanings in the process of drafting these provisions. The identified errors in drafting these norms contribute to the complexity of developing judicial practice and correctly applying them in practice. Against the backdrop of the theoretical analysis of these norms, the authors proposed their differentiation, particularly between Part 4 of Article 1111 and the relevant part of Article 1112, which envisage "voluntary collection, preparation, and/or transfer of material resources or other assets to representatives of the aggressor state." It is suggested to differentiate these nearly identical forms of criminal acts based on the form of possession of material resources and assets or the circle of subjects to whom they are addressed. Given the aforementioned issues, in July 2022, a bill was introduced to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine proposing amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The project contains a revised version of Article 1111 "Collaborative Activities," which includes an updated list of criminal offenses, including those envisaged in Article 1112 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (the latter is proposed for exclusion). According to the authors, these changes will eliminate all contentious issues regarding the complexity of distinguishing between these and related norms, which in turn will positively affect the work of law enforcement agencies. Keywords: collaborative activities; assistance to the aggressor state; state treason; occupation authority; occupied territories; armed conflict.

Prekarita práce v období pandemie Covid-19 v perspektivě struktury a subjektivity

The Covid-19 pandemic can be seen as an event that, amongst other things, fundamentally affected the world of work. In particular, the precarity of work has been thematized by researchers. This overview paper builds on contemporary theoretical concepts of precarious work and presents the various manifestations of precarity of work during the pandemic captured in social science research to date. The identified mechanisms of pandemic precarity are liminal phase, the disabling and labour market exclusionary effect of pandemic measures, and various aspects of precarity at work and power in the workplace - the theme being both non-compliance with the safety measures and their enforcement in ways that workers perceive as stressful. Another important theme is the experience of work-life conflict, particularly among the group of parents with pre-school and school-age children. The penultimate topic is pandemics as limitation on the life chances of certain socio-demographic groups, based on life course theory. The last section is devoted to issues of emancipation and agency of workers during the pandemic. The identified forms of precarity are then compared with the aforementioned theories in order to identify which can be considered conceptually new. These are found in particular in the area of precarity at work and include challenges related to safety measures, extreme work and new forms of work-life conflict. The ambiguous nature of these phenomena requires exploration of subjectivity of the actors.

Evaluation of Reactor Laboratory Internet Services of Kartini Reactor Based on Regulation of the Minister of PANRB Number 14 of 2017

Kartini Reactor is one of Indonesia's research reactors that is used to learn nuclear technology. One of its services is the Internet Reactor Laboratory (IRL) with online Synchronous Learning-based implementation. To fulfill laws and regulations related to public services, meet the targets of BRIN agency work units, and evaluate to achieve excellent service, a survey is needed to assess the quality of IRL services in a Community Satisfaction Index (IKM) and Community Satisfaction Survey (SKM) using the guidelines of the Minister of PANRB Regulation Number 14 of 2017. The data collection method uses an e-questionnaire distributed to service users, which is then analyzed quantitatively. At the same time, the follow-up improvements use qualitative methods with interviews and observations. The survey results are used to evaluate and improve services to provide excellent service and fulfill community expectations and demands. The results of the quantitative analysis obtained that the results of the service IKM were 3.50 (maximum scale 4.00), and the service SKM value was 87.48 (maximum scale 100), which is included in the category of service quality B, which indicates the performance of the service unit is Good. As a further evaluation for service improvement, three service element values with the lowest values were taken: the system, mechanism, and procedure elements, service time elements, and service product specification elements. The practicum module will be classified based on the difficulty level of the system, mechanism, and procedure. In the service time element, the instructor will start and end the practicum on time, the Zoom admin will act as a time monitor, and students are directed to be present 5 minutes before the practicum. In the service specification product element, untidy practicum modules and unclear PowerPoint visualizations will be improved through synchronization of semester learning plans (RPS) with universities, adjustment of modules according to learning outcomes, standardization of visualization, and instructor training. Keywords: Internet Reactor Laboratory (IRL), Community Satisfaction Index (CSI), Community Satisfaction Survey (CSS), evaluation of practicum services

“We have to look deeper into why”: perspectives on problem identification and prioritization of women’s and girls’ health across United Nations agencies

Eliminating gender inequality and promoting population health are stand-alone goals in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is crucial to understand goal setting and policy making processes aimed at promoting gender and health equality given the entrenched and structural natures of these inequalities. Our research examines the process of problem and solution representation, priority setting, and factors that shape the policymaking process concerning women and girls within the UN system in relation to the SDGs. Data for this study were collected from semi-structured one-on-one interviews with participants who have work experience within the United Nations (UN) (n = 9). The analysis was informed by a qualitative descriptive methodology. Our findings identify the role of political forces in influencing policy, the challenges of limited and tied financial resources, the role of scientific evidence and data, and the purpose of different mandates across agencies. Political forces were found to shape the work of UN agencies, often hindering advancement of the SDG agenda. At the same time participants noted how they navigated opposition or what they considered regressive approaches to women and girls’ health in order to pursue a more progressive agenda. Finite financial resources were also noted to play an important role in shaping SDG implementation pertaining to women and girls’ health. Identification of the types of knowledge, evidence, and data that drive and are given preference in policy creation and development can highlight shortcomings and strengths of current modes of policy development and implementation. Key stakeholders and future research in health and development policy spheres can draw from our findings to gain insight into problem representation and prioritization. This will help identify underlying assumptions that inform work on women’s and girls’ health and how they shape policy agendas.

Employability of the Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Graduates of Negros Oriental State University-Guihulngan City Campus, Philippines

The purpose of this research is to identify the employability status of the Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (BSCS) Graduates of Negros Oriental State University-Guihulngan City Campus, Philippines from 2019 to 2021 with the entire population as respondents. It also sought to determine the respondents’ sex, nature of employment, and relatedness of their academic degree and job roles. The descriptive method was utilized. There were 111 respondents in this study. Findings show that the majority of the respondents are female, and a large majority of the respondents (78.38%) are employed. The results further disclose that most of the employed respondents work in private agencies as office staff and a small percentage (20%) in Business Process Outsourcing. However, most of the respondents’ job roles are not related to their college degrees. Hence, the findings suggest the high employability of BSCS graduates. However, there is still room for more enhancement by evaluating the current curriculum of the Bachelor of Science in Computer Science aimed to fulfill the current and future needs of societies undergoing social and economic change.

Between the Temporary and Permanent: The International Red Cross and the Palestinian Refugee Camps, 1948–1950

Abstract This article focuses on the formation and transformation of the first Palestinian refugee camps in the West Bank from late 1948 to early 1950. It analyzes this process as a product of an uneven interaction between Palestinian refugees and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). It demonstrates how experts’ design, ICRC delegates’ plans, refugees’ expectations, and challenges posed by climate and the terrain shaped the camp’s physical and social space. In this early period, an imminent return seemed feasible to all actors involved, and solutions on the ground oscillated between temporary and permanent. For the refugees, a long-term solution helped them survive the winter but pushed away the prospects of return. Localized ad hoc solutions were devised during this period and, moreover, consolidated into established routines and permanent camps. This article complements existing works on the history of refugees’ relationships with other aid organizations, particularly the Quakers and the United Nations Relief and Work Agency (UNRWA), and traces early beginnings of processes historians have examined in later periods. This article builds on a combined reading of the ICRC archive and the contemporary Palestinian press to reconstruct the negotiation between aid workers and the refugees over the formation of the camps.

Cascading employment as paradigmatic form of precarious work: The case of IT agency workers in the United States

Cascading employment as paradigmatic form of precarious work: The case of IT agency workers in the United States

Proof of corruption offenses

The scientific article focuses on the key aspects of the problem related to identifying and proving the facts of corrupt activity and turning such activity into an investigation. The investigation itself is connected with the collection and assessment of evidence, their correct fixation. Particular attention is paid to ensuring that all collected evidence is included in the criminal proceedings and evaluated correctly by the court. In this case, the evidence must be proper, admissible, reliable and sufficient. Methods of evidence collection, features of their assessment, and attachment to the proceedings are analyzed. The evidence must relate to the circumstances of the criminal proceedings and include: witness statements, written documents, material evidence, expert opinions and electronic evidence. The collection of evidence in such a category of cases as corruption requires detailed attention, since corruption offenses are secret schemes and agreements, the involvement of an intellectual component and the difficulty of detecting such actions. During the investigation of corruption offenses, indirect evidence is most often used, such as financial and accounting documents, electronic documentation between participants, to certify agreements, testimony of third parties. Special attention is paid to the normative and legal framework, which regulates the process of proof in corruption cases, as well as practical aspects of the work of law enforcement agencies. The article also highlights procedural violations of legislation in corruption offenses: presumption of innocence; conducting searches; dissemination of information obtained during the conduct of secret investigative (research) actions; excessive publicity; disclosure of information about persons who carry out confidential cooperation. A relevant aspect is a certain distinction between evidence that was obtained in a legal and illegal way: «clean» (the guilt of the accused was established on the basis of proper and admissible evidence and proved beyond a reasonable doubt) and «dirty» (inadmissible evidence was used, provocation was used, the rights of the participants were violated proceedings). In the process of formation and verification of evidence, the goal is to create specific means (evidence), then in the process of proving the circumstances of the crime, these means should be applied by way of argumentation, substantiating certain theses (conclusions, procedural decisions).