Age-related Changes In Health Research Articles

Grounding: An Anti-Aging Breakthrough?

Directly touching the earth outside connects our conductive human body to the natural electrical output of the earth, a holistic healing practice known as grounding. This direct contact immediately grounds the entire human body from head to toe, as all of the living cells and tissues and fluids of the body are highly conductive and become grounded to the earth nearly instantaneously. Although in medicine we are very familiar with monitoring the electrical activity of the body to diagnose disease (such as using an electrocardiogram to evaluate heart function or an electroencephalogram to evaluate brain function) much less is known about supporting the conductive health of the body in a preventive, proactive way. Over the past several decades, numerous studies have started to reveal the incredible health benefits from spending time in grounded contact with the earth, and these studies suggest that not only are there immediate health benefits to grounding, but that these benefits accrue over time. That begs the question, if one practices grounding routinely over an entire lifetime, could this healing modality potentially be anti-aging, boosting the resiliency of all the different organ systems it supports and ultimately, extending longevity? This review article examines what we know so far from medical studies on grounding and suggests possible pathways that grounding to the earth may in fact offer long term benefits to the body, including protecting muscle mass, bone density, sleep quality, cognitive function and skin health, which together just might protect against age related health changes, decreasing the development of frailty, and increasing health span.

Medication errors with influencing factors of polypharmacy among elderly patients using Calcium Chanel Blockers.

Background: Geriatrics refers to age-related health changes and consequently causes complications in polypharmacy, generalizing prescribing patterns. The study aimed to investigate the pervasiveness of medication inaccuracies along with drug interactions. Methodology: Out of 450 prescriptions only 210 were selected that contained Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) and other drugs. Drug-drug interactions were articulated by Micromedex 2.0, and the harm score was determined by National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention. Results: The outcomes revealed that 645 medication errors were identified and multiple errors were present in a single prescription. The most frequent error was unstated patient's weight (98.6%) proceeds from drug-drug interactions (66.7%). According to the harm score, 36.66% of prescriptions were placed in category D, there was a statistically significant association between the drug-drug interaction and the number of prescribed drugs (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The prime solution is that the physicians should be facilitated withal trainings about drug interactions and prescription writing skills according to WHO guidelines or other recognized standards.

Reducing ER stress with chaperone therapy reverses sleep fragmentation and cognitive decline in aged mice.

As the aging population grows, the need to understand age‐related changes in health is vital. Two prominent behavioral changes that occur with age are disrupted sleep and impaired cognition. Sleep disruptions lead to perturbations in proteostasis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in mice. Further, consolidated sleep and protein synthesis are necessary for memory formation. With age, the molecular mechanisms that relieve cellular stress and ensure proper protein folding become less efficient. It is unclear if a causal relationship links proteostasis, sleep quality, and cognition in aging. Here, we used a mouse model of aging to determine if supplementing chaperone levels reduces ER stress and improves sleep quality and memory. We administered the chemical chaperone 4‐phenyl butyrate (PBA) to aged and young mice, and monitored sleep and cognitive behavior. We found that chaperone treatment consolidates sleep and wake, and improves learning in aged mice. These data correlate with reduced ER stress in the cortex and hippocampus of aged mice. Chaperone treatment increased p‐CREB, which is involved in memory formation and synaptic plasticity, in hippocampi of chaperone‐treated aged mice. Hippocampal overexpression of the endogenous chaperone, binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), improved cognition, reduced ER stress, and increased p‐CREB in aged mice, suggesting that supplementing BiP levels are sufficient to restore some cognitive function. Together, these results indicate that restoring proteostasis improves sleep and cognition in a wild‐type mouse model of aging. The implications of these results could have an impact on the development of therapies to improve health span across the aging population.

Age related variation of health markers in Asian elephants.

Although senescence is often observed in the wild, its underlying mechanistic causes can rarely be studied alongside its consequences, because data on health, molecular and physiological measures of senescence are rare. Documenting how different age-related changes in health accelerate ageing at a mechanistic level is key if we are to better understand the ageing process. Nevertheless, very few studies, particularly on natural populations of long-lived animals, have investigated age-related variation in biological markers of health and sex differences therein. Using blood samples collected from semi-captive Asian elephants, we show that pronounced differences in haematology, blood chemistry, immune, and liver functions among age classes are also evident under natural conditions in this extremely long-lived mammal. We provide strong support that overall health declined with age, with progressive declines in immune and liver functions similarly in both males and females. These changes parallel those mainly observed to-date in humans and laboratory mammals, and suggest a certain ubiquity in the ageing patterns.

Using Competing Risk of Mortality to Inform the Transition from Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance to Watchful Waiting

BackgroundFor men on active surveillance (AS) for prostate cancer (PCa), disease progression and age-related changes in health may influence decisions about pursuing curative treatment. ObjectiveTo evaluate the predicted PCa and non-PCa mortality at the time of reclassification among men on AS, to identify clinical criteria for considering a transition from AS to watchful waiting (WW). Design, setting, and participantsPatients enrolled in a large AS program who experienced biopsy grade reclassification (Gleason grade increase) were retrospectively examined. All patients who had complete documentation of medical comorbidities at reclassification were included. Outcome measurements and statistical analysisA validated model was used to assess 10- and 15-yr untreated PCa and non-PCa mortalities based on patient comorbidities and PCa clinical characteristics. We compared the ratio of predicted PCa mortality with predicted non-PCa mortality (“predicted mortality ratio”) and divided patients into four risk tiers based on this ratio: (1) tier 1 (ratio: >0.33), (2) tier 2 (ratio 0.33–0.20), (3) tier 3 (ratio 0.20–0.10), and (4) tier 4 (ratio <0.10). Results and limitationsOf the 344 men who were reclassified, 98 (28%) were in risk tier 1, 85 (25%) in tier 2, 93 (27%) in tier 3, and 68 (20%) in tier 4 for 10-yr mortality. Fifteen-year risk tiers were distributed similarly. The 23 (6.7%) men who met the “transition triad” (age >75 yr, Charlson Comorbidity Index >3, and grade group ≤2) had a 14-fold higher non-PCa mortality risk and a lower predicted mortality ratio than those who did not (0.07 vs 0.23, p < 0.001). The primary limitations of our study included its retrospective nature and the use of predicted mortalities. ConclusionsAt reclassification, nearly half of patients had a more than five-fold and one in five patients had a more than ten-fold higher risk of non-PCa death than patients having a risk of untreated PCa death. Despite a more significant cancer diagnosis, a transition to WW for older men with multiple comorbidities and grade group <3 PCa should be considered. Patient summaryMen with favorable-risk prostate cancer and life expectancy of >10 yr are often enrolled in active surveillance, which entails delay of curative treatment until there is evidence of more aggressive disease. We examined a group of men on active surveillance who developed more aggressive disease, and found, nevertheless, that the majority of these men continued to have a dramatically higher risk of death from non–prostate cancer causes than from prostate cancer based on a risk prediction tool. For men older than 75 yr, who have multiple medical conditions and who do not have higher-grade cancer, it may be reasonable to reconsider the need for curative treatment given the low risk of death from prostate cancer compared with the risk of death from other causes.

Aging with Traumatic Brain Injury: Deleterious Effects of Injury Chronicity Are Most Pronounced in Later Life.

Understanding the effects of age on longitudinal traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes requires attention to both chronic and evolving TBI effects and age-related changes in health and function. The present study examines the independent and interactive effects of aging and chronicity on functional outcomes after TBI. We leveraged a well-defined cohort of individuals who sustained a moderate/severe TBI and received acute inpatient rehabilitation at specialized centers with high follow up rate as part of their involvement in the TBI Model Systems longitudinal study. We selected individuals at one of two levels of TBI chronicity (either 2 or 10 years post-injury) and used an exact matching procedure to obtain balanced chronicity groups based on age and other characteristics (N = 1993). We found that both older age and greater injury chronicity were related to greater disability, reduced functional independence, and less community participation. There was a significant age by chronicity interaction, indicating that the adverse effects of greater time post-injury were most pronounced among survivors who were age 75 or older. The inflection point at roughly 75 years of age was corroborated by post hoc analyses, dividing the sample by age at 75 years and examining the interaction between age group and chronicity. These findings point to a need for provision of rehabilitation services in the chronic injury period, particularly for those who are over 75 years old. Future work should investigate the underlying mechanisms of this interaction towards the goal of developing interventions and models of care to promote healthy aging with TBI.

Энтомологический препарат аденопросин в лечении пациентов с доброкачественной гиперплазией предстательной железы и хроническим простатитом

Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and chronic prostatitis (CP) are common disorders that are typical for age-related health changes in men. The combination of BPH with CP raises many questions when treatment tactics is chosen. Currently, new drugs have been developed and widely used, namely entomological drugs, which are biologically active substances with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of our study was to study the efficiency of the entomological drug Adenoprosin in the complex therapy of patients with BPH and CP. Materials and methods A total of 60 patients with BPH and P were included in the study. Patients were randomized into two groups of 30 people. In the control group, alpha-blockers and fluoroquinolones were prescribed. In the main group, patients received the same therapy with alpha-blockers and fluoroquinolones, but additionally took Adenoprosin once a day for three months. The results were evaluated at baseline (Visit 1), after four weeks (Visit 2) and three months (Visit 3) of therapy. The frequency of urination, the number of night urinations, the average score on the IPSS, QOL, NIH-CPSI scales, the maximum urine flow rate (Qmax), prostate volume and residual urine volume, as well as microscopic study and culture of expressed prostatic secretion were evaluated. Results At baseline, there were no differences between group in all studied values (p>0.05). By the second visit, despite the absence of significant differences (p>0.05), a more pronounced positive changes in the most parameters were showed in the main group. According to evaluation at visit 3, in the control group all values didnt change significantly compared to those at visit 2. In the main group, there was a significant decrease in the number of day and night urinations, an increase in the Qmax and the average score on the NICH-CPSI, IPSS and QOL scales, and a decrease in the prostate volume and residual urine volume. There was significant difference between results in the main and control group (p Conclusions Considering anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity and antiproliferative effect, entomological drug Adenoprosin may become a novel drug for the complex therapy of patients with BPH and CP. However, to validate the results and to study the mode of action of this group of drugs in details, there is a need to carry out large-scale placebo-controlled clinical trials.

Caregivers’ Perceptions of Family Quality of Life of Individuals with Developmental Disabilities Comorbid with Dementia: A Pilot Study

Introduction: Although individuals with intellectual/ developmental disabilities (I/DD) are living longer than in the past, they also are exposed to age-related changes in health and well-being. They are prone to acquire dementia that often manifests earlier and more frequently than in the general population. However, there is sparse knowledge on the daily challenges that affect the quality of life of the individuals with I/DD and comorbid dementia and their family caregivers. Aim: This pilot study examined strengths and challenges of individuals with dual diagnoses of I/DD and dementia using the family quality of life (FQOL) framework. Method: Cross-sectional data was gathered from a convenience sample of family caregivers using a web-based electronic survey. Objectives: This study aims to identify the common and differential elements of the DLD (SLI) and LD through a quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results: The variables of interest in this study were the levels of importance and satisfaction attributed to the nine FQOL domains, and overall FQOL. The mean level of importance was higher than the associated ratings of satisfaction in eight of the nine domains, with an overall importance mean of 4.15 and satisfaction mean of 3.28. Analysis of the open-ended comments indicated that the negative impact of social isolation, compound caregiving, and dynamically changing caregiving needs on overall FQOL was balanced by participants’ values and beliefs. Results: A statistical analysis (Student’s t test) was conducted in order to compare the children in LD and DLD groups. The data obtained from this analysis along with LSA indicate that the language skills differ between the two groups in the following aspects: lexical, pragmatic, semantic, syntactic, morphological and phonological. Significant differences (p < .05) occur for the start of speech therapy age, phonological disorder, passive vocabulary and language psychological age. Results for active vocabulary did not indicate a statistical difference between LD and DLD children. Implication for practice: The discrepancies in the FQOL domains pertaining to formal and informal services and social supports elucidate a need to empower families with high caregiving needs through research, practice and policy. Conclusion Providers should be cognizant of the needs of individuals with I/DD and dementia comorbid, as well as the needs of their family caregivers.

The Age and Well-Being Paradox Revisited: A Multidimensional Perspective

Much gerontological research has focused on the paradoxical observation that older people, despite their lower objective quality of life, report higher well-being than younger people. High well-being in old age is believed to be caused by adaptation, emotional regulation, and accommodative strategies. We aim to add nuance by examining whether the “paradox” holds across dimensions of well-being; for men and women; in young old and old-old age; and before introducing statistical controls (e.g for health and social factors). Using fixed effects models and 15-years panel data from the Norwegian NorLAG study (n=2,700, age 40+), we explore age-related changes in cognitive, affective, and eudaimonic dimensions of wellbeing. Results indicate a general pattern of stability well into older age, but negative changes in advanced age, cross-sectionally and longitudinally, and for each well-being measure. Declines in well-being are less pronounced and with a later onset for the cognitive compared with the other measures. Results are similar for men and women. Loss of health and partner are the main causes of declining well-being in older age. Findings suggest qualifications to the “well-being paradox”, e.g.: some dimensions of well-being remain more stable than others; across dimensions of well-being change is more negative in old-old than in young-old age; and patterns of increasing well-being in older age are more pronounced after controlling for age-related changes in health and social roles. We argue that the use of controls makes for false impressions of the psychological changes that actually occur when people grow older.

Insomnia symptoms, fatigue, and future job exit in American older adults.

As older adults prolong working life and face age-related health changes, insomnia symptoms and fatigue may jeopardize their ability to stay in the labor force. Our study explored the relationships between insomnia symptoms, fatigue, and job exit in workers aged 65 years and older. Data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study were used (2011-2017). The sample included 953 Medicare beneficiaries with paid work at the time of the interview. Workers were followed annually for 6 years to the time of job exit. Insomnia measures included the number and type of symptoms, and fatigue (measured as low energy). Crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated within discrete-time survival analysis. Models were adjusted for health, lifestyle, and sociodemographic characteristics. At baseline, approximately 49% of workers had either one or two insomnia symptoms. Difficulty falling asleep and difficulty maintaining asleep were prevalent in 35% and 37% of the sample. Fatigue was common in <30% of the sample. Workers with difficulty falling asleep were 1.29 times at higher odds to have job exit when compared with workers with no insomnia (p = 0.033). Conversely, fatigued workers were 0.73-0.77 times at lower odds to have job exit when compared with nonfatigued workers (p < 0.05). Difficulty falling asleep negatively affects future work status, unlike feeling fatigued. Healthcare providers are encouraged to assess for insomnia and discuss treatments with workers, and workplaces should be flexible with the start of workdays to support worker longevity.

Ageing and physical function in East African foragers and pastoralists.

Human lifespans are exceptionally long compared with those of other primates. A key element in exploring the evolution of human longevity is understanding how modern humans grow older. Our current understanding of common age-related changes in human health and function stems mostly from studies in industrialized societies, where older adulthood is often associated with an increased incidence of chronic diseases. However, individuals who engage in different lifestyles across industrialized and non-industrialized contexts may display variance in age-related changes in health and function. Here, we explore aspects of physical function in a non-industrialized context using three objective measures of physical function. We assessed physical activity levels, walking endurance and muscle strength in two East African populations: Hadza hunter-gatherers in Tanzania and Pokot pastoralists in Kenya. Both Hadza and Pokot participants displayed significant age-related differences in most, but not all, functional measures. Our results suggest that some age-related differences in physical function seen in industrialized contexts could be consistently experienced by most humans, while other age-related differences may vary across populations. Studies of ageing should expand to include a broad range of populations so we can create a more comprehensive understanding of how senescence varies across different lifestyle contexts. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution of the primate ageing process'.

Exploring the Concept of 'Positive Ageing' in the UK Workplace-A Literature Review.

The participation rate of older people in the labour market is forecast to increase due to demographic changes afoot. For example, low fertility rates, higher life expectancy, and increases in the retirement age will affect labour availability. The working-age population trends indicate that the age group 55–64 years will expand. This trend is bolstered by policy debate about the sustainability of economic and social support systems for the wider population and necessary strategies to keep older workers in labour markets. Within the UK, as the statutory pension age is placed now at 67, changes affecting the national default retirement age (previously age 60 for women and 65 for men) already mean that many older workers will feature in workplaces past historical expectations. A lack of sensitivity about the adjustments older workers needed, due to age-related changes in health and functional capacities, attests the demoted valuing of ageing workers. Despite a rise in the importance of wisdom across cultures, the significance of experience that comes with ageing, however, has become less revered within the UK resulting in less than the institutional promotion of Positive Ageing might depict. This paper draws from a structured review of literature (SLR) which seeks to address the question of what is currently identified as ‘Positive Ageing’ to consider what contributions can be found in current literature that may represent these changes in the UK. The paper concludes that demographic change has stimulated significant re-thinking of workplace strategies for the maintenance of health and well-being of ageing workers at national or governmental policy levels. To ensure sustainability, workability, and productivity in work, however, the concept of Positive Ageing towards later life might be furthered despite that, at the organizational level, its enactment remains incomplete currently post retirement age.

The Great Recession worsened blood pressure and blood glucose levels in American adults

Longitudinal, individual-specific data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) provide support for the hypothesis that the 2008 to 2010 Great Recession (GR) negatively impacted the health of US adults. Results further advance understanding of the relationship by (i) illuminating hypothesized greater negative impacts in population subgroups exposed to more severe impacts of the GR and (ii) explicitly controlling for confounding by individual differences in age-related changes in health over time. Analyses overcome limitations of prior work by (i) employing individual-level data that avoid concerns about ecological fallacy associated with prior reliance on group-level data, (ii) using four waves of data before the GR to estimate and control for underlying individual-level age-related trends, (iii) focusing on objective, temporally appropriate health outcomes rather than mortality, and (iv) leveraging a diverse cohort to investigate subgroup differences in the GR's impact. Innovative individual fixed-effects modeling controlling for individual-level age-related trajectories yielded substantively important insights: (i) significant elevations post-GR for blood pressure and fasting glucose, especially among those on medication pre-GR, and (ii) reductions in prevalence and intensity of medication use post-GR. Important differences in the effects of the GR are seen across subgroups, with larger effects among younger adults (who are likely still in the labor force) and older homeowners (whose declining home wealth likely reduced financial security, with less scope for recouping losses during their lifetime); least affected were older adults without a college degree (whose greater reliance on Medicare and Social Security likely provided more protection from the recession).

Normal values of otolith function tests and age-related changes

Objective:To explore the normal values of otolith function tests and agerelated changes in health volunteers.Method: One hundred and seventyone health volunteers were distributed to seven age groups, all subjects accepted otolith function tests, including fundus photography, static subjective visual vertical(SSVV), cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential(cVEMP)and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential(oVEMP), the fundus photographs was used to measure the discfovea angle(DFA). DFA, SSVV and VEMPs were analyzed and compared among groups. Result: For DFA and SSVV,there were no significant differences either between different ages or between the two eyes in one individual（P>0.05）. For cVEMP, the detection rate declined with age over 60 years old（P<0.01）; the cVEMP threshold increased with every 20 years old(P<0.05); and the cVEMP amplitude decreased with every 10 years old(P<0.05),however, there was an exception that no significant difference was found between 41-50 years old and 51-60 years old groups（P=0.93）;the cVEMP P1 latency prolonged with age over 70 years old（P<0.01）.For oVEMP, the detection rate also declined with age over 60 years old（P<0.01）; the oVEMP threshold was lowest at the age less than 30 years old and the largest threshold was found at the age over 70 years old（P<0.01）; consistently, the oVEMP amplitude was found largest at the age less than 20 years old and lowest at the age over 60 years old(P<0.05).The P1 and N1 latencies were found significantly longer in the group of over 70 years old than other groups（P<0.01）.No significant difference was found between both sides in one individual for oVEMP threshold,amplitude or latency (P>0.05). Conclusion: In health volunteers,there were no obvious aged related changes in DFA and SSVV. However,the detection rate, threshold, amplitude and latency of cVEMP and oVEMP greatly changed with age.

Examination of Age Variations in the Predictive Validity of Self-Rated Health.

The high predictive validity of self-rated health (SRH) is a major strength of this widely used population health measure. Recent studies, however, noted that the predictive validity varies across population subgroups. The aim of this study is to examine respondents' age as a moderator of SRH predictive validity with respect to subsequent mortality risk. Using data from the National Health Interview Survey-Linked Mortality Files (NHIS-LMF) 1986-2006, we estimate Cox proportional hazard models of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for adults aged 45-84 years as a function of their health ratings (N = 574,008). The data show significant age moderation of the predictive validity of SRH across all levels of ratings: the hazard ratios for mortality decline by about a half between the ages of 50 and 80 years. This attenuation appears primarily among earlier birth cohorts; there is no significant age attenuation in more recent cohorts-however, this may be in part attributed to the earlier ages when the respondents are observed. The findings of declining predictive validity of SRH across age imply that individuals may evaluate their health differently as they age. The results also suggest caution in using SRH to capture age-related health changes in the older population.

Stereotypes Associated With Age-related Conditions and Assistive Device Use in Canadian Media.

Newspapers are an important source of information. The discourses within the media can influence public attitudes and support or discourage stereotypical portrayals of older individuals. This study critically examined discourses within a Canadian newspaper in terms of stereotypical depictions of age-related health conditions and assistive technology devices (ATDs). Four years (2009-2013) of Globe and Mail articles were searched for terms relevant to the research question. A total of 65 articles were retained, and a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of the texts was conducted. The articles were coded for stereotypes associated with age-related health conditions and ATDs, consequences of the stereotyping, and context (overall setting or background) of the discourse. The primary code list included 4 contexts, 13 stereotypes, and 9 consequences of stereotyping. CDA revealed discourses relating to (a) maintaining autonomy in a stereotypical world, (b) ATDs as obstacles in employment, (c) barriers to help seeking for age-related conditions, and (d) people in power setting the stage for discrimination. Our findings indicate that discourses in the Canadian media include stereotypes associated with age-related health conditions. Further, depictions of health conditions and ATDs may exacerbate existing stereotypes about older individuals, limit the options available to them, lead to a reduction in help seeking, and lower ATD use. Education about the realities of age-related health changes and ATDs is needed in order to diminish stereotypes and encourage ATD uptake and use.

Possible selves and depressive symptoms in later life.

The pursuit of personal goals has been linked to general psychological well-being; however, less is known about the association with depression in later adulthood when individuals are contending with age-related changes in health and social relationships. We explored the connection between both health- and social related goals (as measured by possible selves) and depressive symptoms in a sample of 85 community-dwelling older adults who ranged in age from 60 to 92 (M = 74, standard deviation = 7.5). Participants took part in face-to-face, semistructured interviews in which they responded to measures of possible selves (future images of oneself), health, and depressive symptoms. We found that the presence of health-related, but not social-related, possible selves was significantly associated with fewer reported depressive symptoms. Additionally, the presence of health-related fears was specifically linked to fewer reported depressive symptoms. These findings suggested that the promotion of and investment in health-related personal goals may be useful in off-setting depressive symptoms in older adults, as well as indicated a potential benefit of a disease prevention focus regarding health in later life. Finally, the results may have implications for potential clinical interventions in addressing late-life depression.

A greater decline in female facial attractiveness during middle age reflects women’s loss of reproductive value

Facial attractiveness represents an important component of an individual’s overall attractiveness as a potential mating partner. Perceptions of facial attractiveness are expected to vary with age-related changes in health, reproductive value, and power. In this study, we investigated perceptions of facial attractiveness, power, and personality in two groups of women of pre- and post-menopausal ages (35–50 years and 51–65 years, respectively) and two corresponding groups of men. We tested three hypotheses: (1) that perceived facial attractiveness would be lower for older than for younger men and women; (2) that the age-related reduction in facial attractiveness would be greater for women than for men; and (3) that for men, there would be a larger increase in perceived power at older ages. Eighty facial stimuli were rated by 60 (30 male, 30 female) middle-aged women and men using online surveys. Our three main hypotheses were supported by the data. Consistent with sex differences in mating strategies, the greater age-related decline in female facial attractiveness was driven by male respondents, while the greater age-related increase in male perceived power was driven by female respondents. In addition, we found evidence that some personality ratings were correlated with perceived attractiveness and power ratings. The results of this study are consistent with evolutionary theory and with previous research showing that faces can provide important information about characteristics that men and women value in a potential mating partner such as their health, reproductive value, and power or possession of resources.

O.2. Workshop: Age-related changes in health in European populations&lt;subtitle&gt;Organised by: Erasmus MC, Department of Public Health, The Netherlands and Division of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch-Institute, Germany&lt;/subtitle&gt;

O.2. Workshop: Age-related changes in health in European populations&lt;subtitle&gt;Organised by: Erasmus MC, Department of Public Health, The Netherlands and Division of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch-Institute, Germany&lt;/subtitle&gt;

O.2. Workshop: Age-related changes in health in European populations

O.2. Workshop: Age-related changes in health in European populations