Women Age Range Research Articles

Economic Evaluation of Cervical Cancer Screening by HPV DNA, VIA, and Pap smear Methods in Indonesia.

Cervical cancer occurs 80% in developing country including Indonesia and take place in the first rank of incidence rate and third rank in mortality rate in Asian Pacific. Natural history of cervical cancer gives a potential to get accurate screening method. Cervical cancer screening m in Indonesia use VIA and Pap smear method for women in age range 30 to 50 years old. Recently, HPV DNA test has been recommended in international and national policy as primary screening method for cervical cancer. This research aims to asses cost-effectiveness and economic implications of specific cervical cancer screening modalities. Cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted from societal perspective. Cost data was collected from four hospitals in Indonesia. Direct medical costs were derived from discussions with an expert panel and hospital billing data, aligning with current practice guidelines. Direct and indirect non-medical costs were estimated from patient interviews. Effectiveness data for the screening methods were extracted from a systematic review of existing literature. Markov model design was used for cost-effectiveness analysis. Budget impact analysis used healthcare perspective method from its billing for cervical cancer patients. Cervical cancer screening costs are calculated using direct medical, non-medical, and indirect expenses. Regarding to cost-effective analysis by incremental cost-effective ratio (ICER), pap smear for every 3 and 5 years is more cost-effective than VIA. HPV DNA also has the potential to be cost-effective. The budget impact analysis investigates scenarios, with a focus on negotiation-based cost reductions for HPV DNA testing. Controlling HPV DNA tariffs at USD 8.76 proves cost-effective. In conclusion, pap smear is the most cost-effective modality, while HPV DNA has the potential to be cost-effective by reducing the unit cost. Despite favorable outcomes, challenges in implementation suggest a phased approach for resource equalization before full deployment.

Social Desirability and Perceived Stress: Impact on Self-Esteem of Women

Self-esteem plays a pivotal role in women's lives, influencing their self-esteem, resiliency, and general well-being. A good sense of self-worth enables women to negotiate problems more effectively, cultivates positive connections, and improves mental and emotional resilience in the face of societal pressures and adversity. This study examined the relationships between social desirability and stress levels and their impact on self-esteem of women. Social desirability and Stress levels were measured using the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale and Perceived stress scale respectively. Self-esteem was determined through the rosenberg self-esteem scale which assess the self-esteem levels in individuals. It measures both positive and negative feelings about oneself, providing a reliable measure of self-esteem across various populations and settings. A quantitative research approach was used for collecting data from a varying age range of women. (N=100) through self-report measures assessing the social desirability, perceived stress and self-esteem among women. To calculate the strength and direction of relation between the three variables, Pearson’s coefficients correlation was used. While the correlation between Social Desirability and Self-Esteem was not statistically significant (r = .159, p > .05), it hinted at a potential association between the constructs. Similarly, the weak positive correlation between Self-Esteem and Perceived Stress (r = .099, p > .05) suggested a trend wherein higher self-esteem may be linked to lower perceived stress levels. However, the most notable finding was the significant positive correlation between Social Desirability and Perceived Stress (r = .396, p < .01), indicating that individuals exhibiting socially desirable behaviors may experience elevated levels of perceived stress. These results lend support to the hypotheses positing significant relationships between social desirability and self-esteem, as well as between perceived stress and self-esteem in women. Understanding these associations can inform interventions aimed at promoting mental health, emphasizing the importance of addressing societal pressures and fostering healthy self-perceptions among women. More study is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying these associations and to examine potential routes for mitigating the negative impacts of social desirability on psychological well-being. .Keywords: Social desirability, Self-esteem, Perceived stress, Women.

Prevalence of Malnutrition and Associated Factors among HIV Seropositive Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy at the Regional Hospital, Buea, Cameroon

Introduction: Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients and HIV which infects CD4 cells causes immune suppression which can further be worsened by poor nutrition. More than 37.7 million people are living with HIV in the world out of which about 36 million are adults. Aims: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive adults on antiretroviral therapy at the HIV care and treatment center of the Buea Regional hospital, Cameroon. Study Design: A Hospital-based Cross sectional study design. Place and duration of study: Buea regional hospital at the HIV care and treatment centre, South West Region of Cameroon between April 2022 to June 2022. Materials and method: We included 139 HIV seropositive individuals (17 men, 177 women age range 26 to 59 years). Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric and clinical methods. A 24-hour dietary diversity was assessed using a questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: The prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among the participants were 1.4 %, 38.8%, and 24.4% respectively. In the bivariate analysis, sex of the participants (χ2 = 4.715, p = 0.030) and attendance to HIV-related counseling sessions (χ2 = 4.512, p = 0.034) were significantly associated with malnutrition. The mean dietary diversity score of the study respondents was 4.97±1.6 with only 37% of the respondents achieving a minimum dietary diversity. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the odds of those who received HIV-related counselling being malnourished(overweight) was 3.29 times more than those who did not receive HIV-related counselling (AOR=3.29, p=0.036). Conclusions: There is a high burden of overweight and obesity in the HIV population of the Regional Hospital Buea. The only factor independently associated to malnutrition(overweight) was uptake of nutrition related counselling. Majority of the HIV seropositive patients in the Regional Hospital Buea had a poor dietary diversity. Nutritional counseling should be an important part of persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) routine follow-up.

Postdate Pregnancy Maternal and Fetal Outcomes among Sudanese Women

Background: Postdated pregnancy is one of the most common obstetric problems associated with increased maternal morbidity, prenatal morbidity, and mortality. Pregnancy at 37-40 weeks of gestation is called the term from the last menstrual period. If the pregnancy exceeds 40 weeks, it is called a postdated pregnancy, but when pregnancy is prolonged beyond 42 weeks, it is called post-maturity or post-term pregnancy. Objective: This study aimed to determine the adverse effects of postdate pregnancy on mothers and fetuses. Methodology: This was a descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional, hospital-based study conducted at Omdurman Maternity Hospital from January 2018 to June 2018. An interview questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were collected by trained doctors in the labor room. One hundred and thirty-eight (138) postdated pregnant women were included in this study after obtaining informed consent through a structured questionnaire. Demographic and clinical data concerning personal history, booking status, mode of delivery, maternal complications, and fetal complications were recorded. Results: During the study period, 2751 women delivered, of which 138 were postdated deliveries, with a prevalence of 5%. Most women's age range was 31-34 years 48.6%). Their education level was mostly secondary school (42%). Primigravida 65%), booked were 75.4%. Previous history of postdate pregnancy was 34.1%, normal vaginal delivery was 79 .7%, cesarean section was 14.5%, and instrumental delivery 5.8%. Cesarean section indications were cervical dystocia (14.4%), cephalopelvic disproportion (9.5%), meconium-stained liquor with fetal distress (33.3%), pathological cardiotocography (CTC) (19%), and failure to progress (23.8%). Maternal complications included post-partum hemorrhage (PPH) (7.2%), perineal tears (.7%, cervical tears (1.4%), and postpartum infections (1.4%). Fetal complications were 14.5%, Shoulder Dystocia 2.9%, asphyxia (6.5%), and meconium aspiration (5.1%). The mean APGAR score was 1.1667, less than three in only 3.6%, and > 7 in 86.9%. Neonatal death was 3%. Approximately 18 neonates were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive care unit (NICU) and only five of them were admitted for more than one week. Conclusion: Postdate pregnancy prevalence in this study was 5%, which was associated with maternal risk of cesarean section delivery, instrumental delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, and postnatal infection.

Fertility and fertility preservation knowledge in Portuguese women

ABSTRACT Background Knowledge about fertility and factors affecting it, for example, the impact of age, seem to be lacking, even in highly educated populations. The same applies to fertility preservation knowledge, pointing to the relevance of increasing fertility preservation awareness and education among young women. Objective To describe general fertility knowledge and factors affecting fertility, fertility preservation knowledge and attitudes, and the desire to access more information on this topic in a sample of reproductive-age Portuguese women. Methods The sample comprised 257 Portuguese women aged 18–45, mostly single and nulliparous. A questionnaire was developed explicitly for this study and disseminated through social media advertisements. Results Career building/development and financial stability were the more endorsed options for delaying childbearing, with 90 (35%) and 68 (26.5%), respectively. Most participants considered becoming a mother important (n = 185; 72%). More than halve provided an incorrect answer regarding the age range of women being more fertile (n = 132; 51.4%) and the age range of fertility decline (n = 168; 65.4%). Participants were aware of the influence of lifestyle and sexual health factors as well as the effect of age. Oocytes cryopreservation was the technique participants knew more (n = 206; 80.1%), but 177 (68.9%) showed no interest in using it. Most participants agreed that fertility and fertility preservation information should be provided during medical consultations or at school. Conclusions More information regarding fertility and fertility preservation is relevant to ensure that more women can make informed decisions concerning their reproductive life.

An investigation into the age range of women having hysterectomy in district kullu an observational study

Hysterectomy is typically performed on women in their late perimenopausal and postmenopausal years. Indications for hysterectomy include menorrhagia, uterine prolapse, postmenopausal haemorrhage, etc. These symptoms in turn could be brought on by diseases such as endometrial cancer, fibroid uterus, adenomyosis, endometrial polyps, or even endometrial hyperplasia. Age-related pathologies differ from one another. Because of the negative effects of oestrogen loss, hysterectomies performed before the age of 40 should not include oophorectomies. Yet it's also perilous to leave behind an organ that could develop cysts or cancer. Hence, it's necessary to weigh the risks and benefits. Postmenopausal symptoms and their effects continue to be a source of concern that requires constant monitoring and appropriate management because the perimenopausal age group turned out to be the most common one to have a hysterectomy.

An investigation into the age range of women having hysterectomy in district kullu an observational study

An investigation into the age range of women having hysterectomy in district kullu an observational study

N07 A qualitative study on how patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease feel supported in managing their disease using an app

Abstract Background Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is incurable and, for most patients, lifelong treatment and regular follow-up is required. A close communication with healthcare professionals is crucial. Recent studies show that E- health technologies are promising tools for close monitoring and communication among patients with IBD. Especially mobile-health apps are becoming increasingly popular. Based on need assessment and user involvement, an IBD-app was developed to support patients’ communication with healthcare professionals. The aim of this study was to explore patients’ experiences on how they feel supported in managing their disease using this IBD-app. Methods A phenomenological hermeneutic approach based on qualitative methods was applied to obtain an understanding of the patients’ experiences on how they feel supported in managing their disease using an app. Individual telephone interviews with 12 outpatients were conducted. Participants were recruited from two outpatient clinics at the Departments of Medical Gastroenterology at Odense University Hospital and Hospital South West Jutland in Esbjerg. The analysis was based on condensation of meaning. The tool consists of five steps that allows the researcher to give, the opinions expressed by the informant, a shorter formulation. It summarizes long statements and record the main meaning in few words. Afterwards, the informants' statements are exposed to a critical commonsense and theoretical interpretation with the aim of a broader understanding. Results Twelve outpatients with IBD, including five men and seven women age range from 18-75, participated in individual telephone interviews. The analysis generated four themes on how they feel supported in managing their disease through an app. The patients feel supported when the app helps them to: (1) strength selfcare-management through empowerment (2) conserves autonomy through a flexible contact with healthcare professionals (3) obtain a care-relationship through access to healthcare professionals (4) obtain dialogue with healthcare professionals. Conclusion This study indicates that patients with IBD perceived an app developed to support patients’ communication with healthcare professionals as meaningful and supportive. The results suggest the usefulness of building in functionality to support empowerment, autonomy, care-relationships and dialogue. Further studies on efficacy and usability in a clinical setting, including health care providers, are needed.

Abstract B076: A qualitative exploration of women’s understanding of clinical research and decisions to participate: Improving diversity in clinical research

Abstract BACKGROUND: Twenty-nine years since the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Revitalization Act was passed to encourage minority participation in clinical trials (CTs), and yet there remains a deficit of minorities recruited into CT. This induces the idea that Women-of-Color (WoC) (Blacks, Latinas, Native Americans, Asians) are less likely to participate than their Northern/European White (NE/W) counterparts. Using a mixed methods study that included quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews, we dive into understanding how a diverse group of women understand and perceive CT, along with concerns and attitudes towards clinical research. METHOD: The interview script was designed to capture patients’ understanding and concerns of clinical research, reasons for agreeing or declining participation, and facilitators or barriers to participation. The CRAs were trained in establishing rapport with the patient, clearly communicating the questions, and probing for more elaboration of responses. Interviewees and interviewers were matched based on gender and race. A total of four CRAs conducted the interviews – two Asian CRAs interviewed the Asian participants, one Latina CRA interviewed Latinas and White, non-Hispanics, and one African American CRA who interviewed the African American participants. Structured individual interviews were conducted by trained CRAs. The audio-recordings of all interviews were transcribed word for word and reviewed for accuracy. Two independent coders then read and coded each transcript and extracted a set of quotes (phrases or sentences) that reflected the themes. RESULTS: A total of 44 women were accrued between August 2019 and February 2020. The racial/ethnic makeup include the following: 20 Latinas ([White/Hispanic] - one Salvadorian, one half Mexican/half Armenian, and 18 Mexican), 8 Asian (one half Chinese/half Japanese, one Indian, three Chinese, two Vietnamese, one Thai), 8 African American/non-Hispanic, and 8 White/non-Hispanic (two Iranian and 6 European). Age range of women were 27 to 71 years of age. Seventeen women declined participation. CONCLUSION: The in-person interviews highlighted feelings of cultural mistrust among the WoC participants and not in the NE/W participating in the study. The results highlight the influence of cultural mistrust as a barrier and the importance of diversity of the clinical research team in overcoming this barrier, particularly among WoC clinical trial participants. Of course, there is undeniable heterogeneity within the WoC population; each community is influenced by its own historical and present contexts that influence its relationship with the medical system. Approaches to overcome this barrier must address the specific needs of each community. Diversity of the clinical research team and the ability of the team to address culturally relevant beliefs can increase trial diversity. The generalizability, quality, and effectiveness of healthcare treatment requires diverse representation in all clinical trials. Citation Format: Veronica Jones, Noe Chavez, Vanessa M. Robles, Laura Kruper, Lily Lai, Amy Polverini, Lusine Tumyan, Lesley Taylor, James Waisman, Angelica Sanchez, Christine Thai, Tanya Chavez, Nikita Wright. A qualitative exploration of women’s understanding of clinical research and decisions to participate: Improving diversity in clinical research [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B076.

Screening Programs for Breast Cancer: Toward Individualized, Risk-Adapted Strategies of Early Detection.

Early detection of breast cancer (BC) comprises two approaches: screening of asymptomatic women in a specified target population at risk (usually a target age range for women at average risk), and early diagnosis for women with BC signs and symptoms. Screening for BC is a key health intervention for early detection. While population-based screening programs have been implemented for age-selected women, the pivotal clinical trials have not addressed the global utility nor the improvement of screening performance by utilizing more refined parameters for patient eligibility, such as individualized risk stratification. In addition, with the exception of the subset of women known to carry germline pathogenetic mutations in (high- or moderately-penetrant) cancer predisposition genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, there has been less success in outreach and service provision for the unaffected relatives of women found to carry a high-risk mutation (i.e., "cascade testing") as it is in these individuals for whom such actionable information can result in cancers (and/or cancer deaths) being averted. Moreover, even in the absence of clinical cancer genetics services, as is the case for the immediate and at least near-term in most countries globally, the capacity to stratify the risk of an individual to develop BC has existed for many years, is available for free online at various sites/platforms, and is increasingly being validated for non-Caucasian populations. Ultimately, a precision approach to BC screening is largely missing. In the present chapter, we aim to address the concept of risk-adapted screening of BC, in multiple facets, and understand if there is a value in the implementation of adapted screening strategies in selected women, outside the established screening prescriptions, in the terms of age-range, screening modality and schedules of imaging.

Nine healthy deliveries in four pregnant women with enzyme replacement therapy in Gaucher disease

Aim: Our aim is to present the pregnancy and delivery cases that occurred with successful enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in our female Gaucher patients, whom we have followed and treated for years. Materials and methods: We tried to retrospectively evaluate and present 9 pregnancy and delivery events that occurred with successful enzyme replacement therapy in 4 of our 32 Gaucher's disease (GD) patients, whom we have been following up and treated for years in our clinic. Patient monitoring parameters include regular clinical, biological, and radiological evaluations.We checked our Gauher patients regularly at regular intervals before and during pregnancy for their hemoglobin, platelet, leukocyte, ferritin, blood sugar and creatinine levels. Results: 4 of the 32 cases were children, age range (4-16 years), 16 women age range (22-68 years), 12 men age range (34-72 years). Four of our cases have not received treatment yet. 12 of the female cases are receiving regular enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) (3 months-14 years). Of the male cases, 9 were receiving enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) (3-9) and 3 were not taking medication. One of our cases gave birth to a total of 4 children, first twins and then two single children with an interval of 3 years. Two of our patients had two deliveries and one of our patients with both Gaucher's diseawe (GD) and systemic lupus erythematosus disease (SLE) gave birth. Pregnant patients came to check-ups more frequently during pregnancy and were followed up and treated with a multidisciplinary approach each time they came. The enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) treatments of the patients were increased during pregnancy as the patient gained weight, and the symptoms that increased during pregnancy were relieved by increasing the dose. Conclusion: As a result, in our study, we observed that there was a healthy and successful pregnancy and delivery with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), which was started at the appropriate time and given at the appropriate dose. Comprehensive studies involving more cases are required in this regard.

ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES AS PREDICTOR OF DEPRESSION AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR IN WOMEN

This research was conducted to find out adverse childhood experiences as predictor of depression and suicidal behavior in women, to find out relationship between adverse childhood experiences depression and suicidal behavior, explore that which Adverse Childhood Experience are more common in these women. A correlational research design was used. 300 women who had depression with suicidal attempts were taken from the psychiatry departments of different government hospitals of the Lahore. The age range of women was between 19 to 40 years. Both married and unmarried women were taken for the study. Demographic form, Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory were used. Results showed that Adverse Childhood Experiences predict depression and suicidal behavior, and it also indicated strong association between adverse childhood experiences, depression and suicidal behavior in women. Physical, emotional, verbal abuse and physical neglect were more common in women who had depression and suicidal attempts. Childhood adversities are predictors of depression in women with suicidal behavior and these adverse experiences are strongly associated with depression and suicidal attempts in Pakistani women. Parents do not give proper attention to their children. Majority of children had to face a variety of problems in their childhood. Proper mental health facilities are not available in Pakistan. It is required to give proper attention in this area to save our women from these problems. Keywords: Adverse, experiences, correlational, emotional abuse, physical neglect, suicidal behavior, mental health.

The Influence of Various Exercise Regimens for Improving Bone Health of Postmenopausal Women – A Review

Women of this era juggle with infinite responsibilities attempting to attain perfection in almost all roles they play. These engagements exhaust them leaving a shortfall for health care. Menstruation was the taboo behind womanhood restrictions which has become an easy go for women of this generation. Care and concern on the menstrual health happen only after they encounter problems. Postmenopausal bone health is one key problem that leads to critical conditions if un-attended. Aim: The purpose of this study was to review researches on various exercise regimens and identify best suitable effective exercise programs for enhancing post-menopausal bone health of women. Methods: To achieve the purpose of the study, 150 original research articles related to post-menopausal bone health of women published in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar databases were collected and reviewed. The inclusionary criteria set for this work were age range of women, type of exercise, bone health parameters, indication, contraindications, duration of the exercise and the exclusionary criteria were exercises for women who work night shifts, women with associated conditions and women post hysterectomy. Result and Discussion: Among the reviewed 150 articles, 28 articles suggest combined program to be the best suitable for Postmenopausal women. Conclusion: Postmenopausal aged women shall involve in 2 or 3 types of exercise to improve bone health and prevent osteoporosis post-menopausal. Yoga, swimming and resistance training are found to be the best exercise regimens to improve bone health of post-menopausal women.

The frequency of pregnancy recognition across the gestational spectrum and its consequences in the United States

The frequency of pregnancy recognition across the gestational spectrum and its consequences in the United States

CORRELATION BETWEEN HRCT SCORE AND SERUM FERRITIN IN COVID-19 PATIENTS WITH PNEUMONIA IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, MGM HOSPITAL AURANGABA

This study was aimed to correlate the HRCT score and serum ferritin in diagnosed cases of COVID19 patients with pneumonia.During the pandemic of COVID-19,there was sudden surge in the numbers of HRCT chest scans and along with this amongst the various laboratory investigations serum ferritin was done to observe the role of cytokines which helps in disease progression.The main purpose of this study was to correlate the severity of disease on HRCT chest scan with serum ferritin levels. Aim:To correlate the HRCT score and serum ferritin in diagnosed cases of COVID19 patients with pneumonia. Materials and methods: We included 59 patients (38 men, 21 women age range 18-78years) with documented COVID19 were reviewed. All patients underwent RTPCR tests and had a noncontrast HRCT scan done at presentation. Estimation of serum ferritin was analyzed by using chemiluminescence method.The subjects were divided into three groups:mild,moderate and severe on the basis of HRCT score. Each group's HRCT score correlated with serum ferritin. The details were recorded on a prestructured proforma. The Pearson correlation coefficient test was used for correlations, and p value less than 0.05 was defined as statistically significant.The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: Out of 59 patients,21 patients were included in the mild group,31 were included in the moderate group and 7 were included in the severe group.CT severity score was found to be positively correlated with ferritin levels (p < 0.001). Strong positive correlations were found between CT scores and serum ferritin in mild (r = 0.84),Moderate (r = 0.92) and severe group (r = 0.082)

Metacognizione e qualità della vita nella survivorship delle donne con diagnosi di cancro al seno

Aim of the study was to measure the belief and metacognition strategies trend in the survivorship of fertile women with breast cancer. We wanted to observe the metacognitive performance of young women went out primary treatment getting survivors; we wanted to assess the impact of metacognitive strategies in coping with survivorship in cancer patients who have been diagnosed at an early age. Seventy two women in age range 30-55 year olds (mean 48; sd= ±6) with breast cancer diagnosis participated in the study. Depression and anxiety, psychological distress and metacognitions thinking have been measured. Results evidenced age as vulnerable variable in emotions dealing with oncological post-treatment living (higher anxiety in young patients), but with some features: in our study, patients appeared resilient to the psychological distress and depression. Our finding showed that early diagnosis in early age and early stage of disease might be related to emotional trend starting from fragility in early post-treatment and then in survivorship it tends to get positively by resilient dynamics.

Is there an association of bone mineral density and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal Saudi women?

Several studies revealed an association between high bone mineral density (BMD) and the increased risk for developing breast cancer (BC). Aim: Explore if there is an association between BMD and BC risk in postmenopausal Saudi (PMS) women. Material and Method: In a retrospective cohort study of 1145 PMS women age range from 46 – 85 year (mean = 55 year). The average time period of menopause 4 years.We reviewed BMD of all patients performed between October 2012 and November 2018. All patients had BMD measurements of lumbar spine L2-L4 and right femoral neck in gm/cm². Results: The T-score was used for analysis of the results. Among the total patient studied 195 (17%) were found to have BC group 1 (G1) while 950 (93%) without BC group 2(G2). Analysis of lumbar spine T-score in G1 showed that: 29 % had osteoporosis, 37% osteopenia and 34% had normal BMD and in G2 40% had osteoporosis, 31% osteopenia and 29 had normal values. Results showed prevalence of osteoporosis in G1 was significantly lower than in G2 (p =0.002) while there was no significant difference between the two groups with osteopenia and normal BMD results (p = 0.06 and 0.205 respectively). Conclusion: PMS women with BC had higher BMD at time of diagnosis compared to their counterpart without BC.

Mental Stress and Multiple Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases with Regional Variations in Women of Urban and Rural Areas of Sindh, Pakistan

Introduction: The high prevalence of risk factors in women in developing countries of South Asia appears to have been translated into early and severe CHD in contrast to their counterpart in the first world nations, which has been related to obesity and insulin resistance and genetically determined increased lipoprotein Lp(a) levels. Mental stress due to urbanization, sedentary life style and physical inactivity may be the most important factor initiating obesity and the clustering of all other risk factors hypertension, dyslipidaemia and (WHR). These risk factors vary in different regions of South Asia. Aims and Objectives: Our aim of the study was to describe and analyse differences between the frequency of risk factors such as psychological stress due to, socio-economical aspects, life style especially physical activity, and health behaviours which may contribute in the course of CAD in women of both rural and urban areas of Pakistan because no such significant data is available in women with CAD. Study Design: This descriptive cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in Cardiology Department of Dow University of Health and Sciences Karachi, Pakistan, from March 2014 to March 2016 by filling a questionnaire and laboratory data. The study group comprised female subjects around 577 (Urban 347 {60.1%} and Rural 230 {39.9%}) women ranged from 25-65 years of age who underwent coronary angiography and had definite coronary atherosclerotic diseases. Our study was conducted by examining the psychological stress in women of both areas and its strength of association with frequency of other risk factors in female patients of urban and rural areas with definite CHD taking account the difference in age and education level into account. Result: Analysis of this study conducted at department of Cardiology in Dow University Karachi from March 2014 to March 2017 revealed that the women of rural area were comparatively more physically active then women of urban area. Prevalence of mental stress, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, higher BMI, hyperlipidaemia (especially TC) waist and hip circumference of both areas were found to be different after adjustment made for age. A considerable association was found between psychological stress and other factors in ischemic heart disease patients showing the p-value (p=0.043). Psychological stress was found 82% in both groups and (13%) women had no stress rated as normal more in rural (26%) vs (04%) in urban population. Physical inactivity in women with CHD was found in 92% urban in contrast to 45% in rural population, (p=0.009). Hypertension prevalence was more in urban 253 in comparison to 151 women in rural area. Diabetes Mellitus was also found more in urban than rural population, especially in age below 50, 79 (23%) urban vs 60 (26%) in rural population. Women beyond 50 years of age, 85 (24%) urban vs 64 (27%) rural area had prevalence of obesity comparatively higher in urban residents 71 (20%) than 44(%) in rural dwellers and 32 (9%) urban vs 16 (7%) in rural women in age range below 50 years. Higher waist circumstance was observed more in urban residents (4.8 cm) whereas BMI was more (1.8 unit) in women of rural area than urban women. Prevalence of smoking and nicotine chewing was relatively higher in urban population in below 50 years of age with 30 (09%) urban vs 13 (05%) in rural women and in age beyond 50, 11 (03%) urban vs 10 (04%) in rural women was witnessed. Average total cholesterol, serum triglycerides and LDL were found to be higher in urban compared to rural area residents and HDL was comparatively lower in urban area group. Mean cholesterol level was seen at average of 353 mg% in urban vs 223 mg% in rural population. Serum cortisol level showed significant variation in urban group 19.1 vs 14.2 in rural group (sample, as well as serum fibrinogen was raised more raised in urban population). Conclusion: Our study shows increased prevalence of mental stress and physical inactivity in female residents of urban area leading to Higher blood pressure, DM, dyslipidaemia and central obesity specially in Waist circumference than rural area. The mental stress induced by excessive demands of work at home and at working place with too little control is not unique to women of urban areas.

Abstract PS16-35: Microbiota and breast cancer in mexican women

Abstract Microbiota and breast cancer in Mexican womenStudy Type: ObservationalTime Perspective: Cross-SectionalThe human microbiome refers to the genes of the universe of microbes that inhabit our skinand mucosal surfaces. Epidemiological studies implicated that human microfloracontributes to 16% more of malignant neoplasms worldwide, either as a risk factor orcausative agent.Although hereditary and genetic factors represent 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases, 70%of them are due to a host of environmental factors. Migrant studies demonstrated that non-hereditary factors are the main drivers of international and inter-ethnic differences in theincidence and mortality of breast cancer. The environment contributes to the developmentof the disease; although, the factors involved are not well known, among the latter is theinfluence of microorganisms and, therefore, attention is recently being paid to themammary microbiota. This study hypothesizes that women with breast cancer havedifferences in the composition and functionality of breast microbiota compared to womenwithout breast disease.Inclusion and exclusion criteria. Women's age range of 25-70 years. Women with confirmedbreast cancer diagnosis scheduled for surgery as primary treatment (mastectomy orconservative surgery) surgically intervened with breast augmentation or reduction withoutbreast cancer and signed informed consent. Women with antecedents of cancer, or whohave received antibiotic treatment one month before recruitment, or any neoadjuvanttherapy, without breast surgery in the past for any reason. Immunocompromised patients.Pregnant patients or with the use of implants were excluded from the study.Sample size. Sixty women with confirmed breast cancer matched with 30 women withoutcancer, and 30 with benign breast disease. Three hospitals participated in the recruitment:Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Centro Oncológico Estatal ISSEMYM and Centromedico ABC.Method: DNA total of tissue samples was extracted using the Quick-DNA Miniprep Plus Kit(Zymo research Cat. D4068). 5 uL of DNA isolated of tissue samples were amplified with16S™ Metagenomics Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat. A26216) and were marked with IonXpress Barcode Adapter (Thermo Fisher Scientific cat. no. 4471250), purified with AMPureXP reagent (Beckman Coulter cat. no. A63881) and quantified with Ion Universal LibraryQuantitation Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific cat. no. A26217). After that, emulsion PCR wasprepared in the Ion OneTouch 2 System (Thermo Fisher Scientific). For sequencing, we usedthe Ion PGM Hi-Q view Sequencing kit (REFA30044) with chips 318 in the Ion torrent PGMinstrument (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Results: In this study, we employed 16s rRNA sequencing to analyze the bacterial profiles ofnormal, benign, and breast tumor tissues. We observed that the beta diversity between thethree types of tissues is similar, although patients showed significant differences in theabundance of specific bacteria genera depending on the tissue of origin. We determinedthat bacteria from the genera Burkholderia had a lower relative abundance in benign tissuesthan normal tissues, although these genera had a higher relative abundance in tumortissues. We found a more significant difference in the amount of bacteria between benignand tumoral tissues; we observed that the seven genera (Aeromonas, Alcanivorax, Burkholderia, Corynebacterium, Finegoldia, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus) are greaterintumortissueswhereasfivegenera: Cupriavidus, Microbacterium, Ralstonia, Renibacterium and Sphingomonas had alower relative abundance in tumoral tissues. This study suggests that bacterial beta-diversity does not change much among the analyzed tissues; however, it is specific bacterialgenera that change their relative abundance during tumor progression. Citation Format: Arely Berenice González Valdés, Juan Enrique Bargallo Rocha, Juan Manuel Medina Castro, Carlos Pérez Plasencia, Oliver Millan Catalan, Elvia Fernández Pérez, Antonio Daniel Martinez, David Cantú De León. Microbiota and breast cancer in mexican women [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS16-35.

An AAS Dependent Method for Quantitative Analysis of Essential Trace Elements from Blood Samples of Pakistani Female Breast Cancer Patients

Breast cancer is the second leading cancer in the world. The long-term exposure of some metallic compounds induces different forms of cancer, including breast cancer. Trace elements are essential metals for the physiological functions of the cell on a molecular level and also contribute in treatment of many diseases. The aim of study was to compare the level of essential trace elements, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and zinc in breast cancer patients with normal healthy adult women. Total forty-five patients (age range from 25 - 73 years) were included in this study and divided into three groups according to three different stages of breast cancer including tumor-II, tumor-III and tumor-IV. Blood was collected from all participants after taking history, clinical data and taking consent. However, about fifteen non-cancer healthy women in age range from 26 - 69 years were subjected to this study. The elemental concentrations were determined through atomic absorption spectrophotometer subsequent to microwave-induced acid digestion. The results of Na, K, Zn, Fe, Ca, were observed to decrease in blood samples of breast cancer patients as compared to non-cancer subjects. The results are reliable with other numerous literature reported studies, the efficiency, and deficiency of these trace metals may contribute an important role in the progress of breast cancer.