Age Of Seedlings Research Articles

Weed control and sustainable rice production through rice intensification system and conventional practices of weed competition periods and age of transplanted seedlings

Rice is an important cereal crop of global interest based on its daily uses. It was observed that the average yield of rice is low than its potential production due to the traditional growing techniques and weed intensification. Recently, the rice intensification system (RIS) has emerged as an alternative to the conventional rice cultivation system. A two-year field study was carried out to investigate the impact of seedling age (14, 21 & 28 days) and the weed competition periods (weedy check, 20, 40, 60, 80 DAT and weed-free throughout the growing season) in rice cultivated through RIS. Weedy check and weed-free for the growing season were kept as a control treatment. The results of our study revealed that a maximum dry weight (108.7 and 111.79 gm-2) and weeds density (101.7 and 110.6 plants m-2) of weed recorded in weedy check plot where 28 days old seedlings was transplanted while minimum dry weight (11.01 and 10.3 gm-2) and weeds density (9.7 and 10.9 m-2) were achieved in plots where 21 days old seedlings were transplanted and remain weed free. It was noted that weed density and weed dry biomass were gradually increased with increasing weed competition period at all ages of the rice seedling. Purple nutsedge (C. rotundus) exhibited maximum relative proportion in total weed’s density and dry biomass and also ranked first by weed summed dominance ratio (WSDR). Agronomic yield and yield contributing traits such as number of fertile tillers per hills (58.1 and 56.0), plant height (130.5 cm and 125.6 cm), kernels per plant (186.4 and 179.4), straw yield (7.8 t ha-1 and 7.5 t ha-1) and kernel yield (5.2 and 5.0 t ha-1) were maximum in plot that remained weed-free throughout the growing season with a seedlings age of 21 days during 2010 and 2011 respectively. Percent yield losses were minimum in plots with 21 days old seedling transplantation and at 20 days of weed competition period. Hence, present study concludes that 21 days old fine rice seedlings should be transplanted and weeds should be controlled within 20 DAT under SRI for effective weed control to avoid yield losses.

IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT SPESIES ASSOCIATED WITH AVOCADO SEEDS (Persea americana Mill)

Avocado (Persea americana Mill) is a fruit plant that has high nutritional value and is relatively economical. Efforts to increase the production of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill) are still often constrained by pests and diseases. This study aims to determine the types of insects associated with avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill) and the level of damage to avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill) due to insect pests in Seeds Garden of the Melati Women Farmer Group 2, Ranowulu District, Bitung City. This study used a survey method, namely direct observation (visual) of pests that attack avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill). This research is a descriptive research with survey method. Observation activities by direct observation on avocado plant seeds (Persea americana Mill). Insects were identified using an insect identification book guide. The results of identification and direct observation at the Seeds Garden of the Melati Women Farmers Group 2, Ranowulu District, Bitung City, found 3 orders consisting of 4 insects, namely the Ordo Orthoptera Wood Grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis) and Green Steamed Grasshopper (Atractomorpha crenulata), Ordo Homoptera White Dompolan Tick (Planococcus citri), Ordo Hemiptera Bapak Pucung (Dysdercus cingulatus). The results showed that the percentage of seeds attacked by insect pests in the Seeds Garden of the Melati Women Farmer Group 2, Ranowulu District, Bitung City with a seedling age of 1-10 months was 36.66% and a damage rate of 26.97% of the total seeds of the 30 seeds that had been observed and included in the moderately damaged category.

EFFECT OF SEEDLING AGE AND SEEDLING NUMBER PER HILL ON YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF TRANSPLANTED AMAN RICE (BR23)

The effect of seedling age and seedling number per hill on yield and yield contributing characters of Transplant Aman rice in Khulna region was investigated from July to December 2002.The treatments included in the experiment consisted of 4 seedling age (viz.15, 25, 35 and 45 day old seedling) and 5 seedling number hill-1 (viz. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). It was found that 25 day old seedling produced the tallest plant (118.87 cm), highest number of total tiller hill-1 (33.02), number of effective tiller hill-1 (30.37), longest panicle length (25.85 cm), highest number of grain panicle-1 (154.33), grain yield (5.14 t ha-1) and harvest index (43.28). Number of seedlings hill-1 had significant effect on plant height, total tillers hill-1, effective tillers hill-1, number of grains panicle-1, 1000 grain weight, grain yield and harvest index. The highest number of total tillers hill-1 (34.25), effective tillers hill-1 (32.11), number of grains panicle-1 (161.72), grain yield (5.19 t ha-1) and harvest index (45.72%) were found when two seedlings were planted hill-1. The highest value for 1000 grain weight (23.67g) was recorded when one seedling was planted hill-1. It was evident that two seedlings hill-1 with 25 day old seedling showed better performance in respect of growth and yield of rice.

Effect of nitrogen concentration and cotyledons on nitrogen preference in seedlings of Cedrus atlantica Manetti

The organic matter constitutes the most important source of nitrate and ammonium in coniferous forest soil, which are the two major nitrogen forms used by plants. The preference and/or adaptation of one N-form over another by seedlings genotypes is a determinant factor in the success of reforestation programs, not only for cedar species but any other forest essence. In a controlled growth chamber, the seedlings of two provenances of Cedrus atlantica M. (Gouraud and Moudmame) are grown on natural soil or on organic matter fertilized with different N-form and concentration. Our results show a high nitrogen requirement and a different preference towards nitrogen forms which is mainly manifested at secondary roots. On the other hand, variations in the cotyledons affect the growth and the response of the seedlings to the nitrogen form and thus reveal different forms of adaptation to nitrogen nutrition which are linked to the cotyledons and to the age of seedlings. The growth response of C. atlantica to nitrogen form and concentration is discussed in light of the effect of the provenance and cotyledons. Taken together, these results suggest that knowledge of the nitrogen requirements of the different genotypes of C. atlantica at the juvenile stage could be a good tool for successful reforestation of this forest species.

Growth and yield of short duration Aman rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars as influenced by age of seedlings

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during the period from July to December 2019 to study the effect of cultivar and seedling age on the performance of short duration transplant Aman rice. The experiment comprised four Aman rice cultivars, viz., BRRI dhan49, BRRI dhan56, BRRI dhan66 and BRRI dhan71, and four seedling ages viz. 20, 25, 30 and 35-day old seedlings. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results of the study showed that growth, yield and yield contributing characters were significantly influenced by cultivars, seedlings age and their interactions. At growth stage, BRRI dhan49 with 20-day old seedlings produced the tallest plant (57.67 cm and 67.33 cm, respectively), the highest number of total tillers hill-1 (15.00 and 13.67, respectively) and total dry matter (8.03 g m-2 and 11.50 g m-2, respectively) at 30 and 50 DAT. At harvest, the highest number of total and effective tillers hill-1 (12.82 and 12.00), longest panicle (24.50 cm), highest number of grains panicle-1 (128.80), heaviest 1000-grain weight (23.17 g), highest grain yield (5.35 t ha-1) and highest harvest index (51.69 %) were obtained from the cultivar BRRI dhan66. While, thirty-day old seedlings produced the highest number of total and effective tillers hill-1 (13.46 and 12.70), longest panicle (24.67 cm), highest number of grains panicle-1 (136.90), highest grain (5.62 t ha-1) and straw yields (5.81 t ha-1) and harvest index (51.67 %). In case of interactions, BRRI dhan66 with 30-day old seedlings produced the highest number of total and effective tillers hill-1 (14.67 and 13.97), longest panicle (26.00 cm), highest number of grains panicle-1 (146.7), highest grain yield (6.31 t ha-1) and highest harvest index (52.72 %). So, result of the present study reveals that BRRI dhan66 with 30-days old seedlings was found to be the best for obtaining maximum grain yield.

Effect of Seedling Age on Growth and Yield of Local Aman Rice Varieties in the Low Land Area of Southwestern Coastal Bangladesh

Suitable variety and optimum seedling age are important agronomic decisions for better productivity of rice particularly in the low land area. A field experiment was conducted at the experiment field of Agrotechnology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh during aman season (monsoon) to investigate the effect of seedling age on growth, yield attributes and yield of different local aman rice varieties in the coastal low land area of southwestern Bangladesh. Four different seedling ages (15, 30, 45 and 60-days old) and three local rice varieties (Ranisalute, Jatai balam and Basful balam) were used as experimental treatments. The experiment was arranged in a factorial randomized complete block design and replicated thrice. Earlier age seedling (15 days) substantially influenced the growth parameters but yield attributes and yield were significantly higher with 30-days old seedlings yet no significant variation with 45-days old seedling. 30-days old seedling produced 8-32% more grain yield than other seedling ages. Among the varieties, the highest plant height, yield components and yield were achieved from Ranisalute yet the yield variation was only 3-5%. From the findings of this experiment, it can be concluded that Ranisalute variety with the use of 30-days old seedling is better for low land area of southwestern coastal Bangladesh.

RESPON TANAMAN SELEDRI (APIUM GRAVIOLENS L.) TERHADAP PEMBERIAN PUPUK BOKASHI PADA UMUR BIBIT YANG BERBEDA

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of bokashi fertilizer dose and seedling age and their interaction on the growth and yield of celery plants. This research was conducted in Banjar Candikuning 2, Candikuning Village, Baturiti District, Tabanan with an altitude of 1255 m above sea level. The study was conducted from November 22, 2021 to January 26, 2022. This research is a pot experiment using a basic design, namely Randomized Block Design with a factorial pattern. The treatments given were the dose of bokashi fertilizer and the age of the seedlings, each treatment was repeated three times.The interaction between bokashi fertilizer dose treatment and seedling age (N x U) had a very significant effect (P < 0.01) on most of the observed parameters, except for the oven dry weight of the top of the plant, oven dry weight of the bottom of the plant and oven dry weight. total plants that showed no significant effect (P 0.05). The highest total plant fresh weight was obtained at a dose of 1.0 kg of bokashi fertilizer at the age of 25 days after seedling (N2U1) of 7.40 g, an increase of 482.67% from the lowest yield of treatment with a dose of bokashi fertilizer without fertilizer at the age of 30 seeds. hss (N0U2) which is 1.27 g.Bokashi fertilizer treatment with a dose of 1.0 kg (N2) gave the highest total plant oven dry weight of 0.44 g, while the lowest was obtained in the treatment without fertilizer (N0) only 0.09 g or an increase in yield of 388.89 %. The seedling age treatment gave the highest total oven dry weight of the plant at the seedling age of 25 hss (U1) which was 0.35 g or an increase in yield of 45.83% compared to the 30 hss (U2) seedling age treatment which gave the total oven dry weight of the plant only. of 0.24 g

Growth and Yield of Kohlrabi as Influenced by Organochemical Sources of Potassium and Age of Seedlings

The experiment was carried out at the “Horticulture Farm” of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during November 2019 to February 2021 to study the effect of different organochemical sources of potassium and age of seedlings on growth and yield of kohlrabi. The experiment consisted of two factors. Factor A: Four organochemical sources of potassium viz., K1= 100% vermicompost, K2= 50% MP + 50% vermicompost, K3= 50% MP + 50% mushroom spent compost and K4= 50% vermicompost + 50% mushroom spent compost and Factor B: Three seedling ages viz., S1= 20 days age of seedlings, S2= 25 days age of seedlings and S3= 30 days age of seedlings. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were recorded on growth, yield components and yield of kohlrabi and significant variation was observed for most of the studied characters. Under this investigation, it was revealed that the highest yield (38.44 t ha-1) was obtained from the treatment combination K2S2 (50% MP + 50% vermicompost + 25 days age of seedlings). On the other hand, the lowest yield (19.78 t) was obtained from the treatment combination of K1S1 (100% vermicompost + 20 days age of seedlings). So, it revealed that the K2S2 treatment combination appeared to be best for achieving the higher growth and yield of kohlrabi.

Seedling age of Abies georgei var. smithii reveals functional trait coordination in high-altitude habitats in southeast tibet

Functional trait-based plant ecology is often used to study plant survival strategies and growth processes. In this work, the variation regularity of functional traits and their correlations were studied in Abies georgei var. smithii seedlings of different seedling ages found along the altitude gradient (3,800–4,400 m) in Sejila Mountain, Southeast Tibet. The following functional traits of seedlings in five age classes were determined: above-ground functional traits∼leaf thickness (T), leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf dry matter content (LDMC); below-ground functional traits∼specific stem length (SSL), specific root length (SRL), specific root surface area (SRA), root tissue density (RTD), and root dry matter content (RDMC). Results showed that (1) except for LDMC, most of the functional traits of the seedlings at different altitudes showed a regular change trend over time. The changes in traits caused by seedling age had significant effects on other traits (p < 0.05). Altitude only had significant effects on T, LA, SLA, SRA, RTD, and RDMC (p < 0.05). (2) The correlation between the above- and below-ground traits was more significant in 5-6-year-old seedlings than in other age classes (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that LA and SLA were the dominant traits of fir seedlings in five age categories Pearson correlation analysis indicated a correlation between RTD and above-ground traits, thus validating the correlation between the above- and below-ground traits of seedlings of Abies georgei var. smithii of different ages. (3) Available potassium, total potassium, and total organic carbon (TOC) had the greatest influence on the traits of 5-6-year-old seedlings. This study revealed that the functional traits of Abies georgei var. smithii seedlings at different altitudesdynamically change with seedling age. The findings help in understanding the growth strategies of seedlings during early development. Future research on the combination of soil factors and seedling traits will provide a theoretical basis for artificial cultivation and protection of native vegetation.

Effect of different transplanting dates and age of seedlings on the performance of rice variety RNR 15048 in Odisha

A field experiment was conducted on RNR 15048 rice variety during Kharif (June-November) 2021 at Experimental Farm, M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of technology and management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha on sandy loam soil with four dates of planting and three age of seedlings in split plot design with three replications. The treatments consisted of four dates of transplanting (29th July, 7th, 17th and 27th August, 2021) as main plot and three age of seedlings (35, 25 and 15 days old seedlings) as sub-plot. The grain and biological yield and the growth parameters (plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, and yield attributes - number of panicles, and number of spikelets and filled spikelets per panicle and panicle length) were significantly higher in the crop transplanted on 29th July over that observed with 7th August, 17th August and 27th August dates of transplanting. The extent of a reduction in grain yield with delayed plantings in 7th, 17th and 27th August was 12, 20 and 31% over that recorded in 29th July transplanted crop. The grain, straw and biological yield and number of spikelets and filled spikelets and panicle length did not vary differ significantly among crop transplanted with different aged seedlings. The experimental results suggested that, the RNR 15048 rice variety transplanted on 29th July, 2021 by using 25-day old seedling resulted in higher growth, yield and economics as compared to that planted late and using older or younger seedlings.

Evaluation of thermal indices and their relationship with crop growth and yield as influenced by transplanting dates and seedling age in rice variety RNR 15048 grown in South Odisha

A field experiment was conducted with rice variety RNR 15048 at Experimental Farm, M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology & Management, Paralakhemundi, Gajapati district, Odisha to evaluate heat efficacy of the crop transplanted under four dates (29th July, 7th, 17th and 27th August, 2021) with three age of seedlings (35, 25 and 15 days) during Kharif season of 2021. The heat units, i.e., Growing-degree days (GDD), Photothermal Units (PTU) and Heliothermal Units (HTU) were computed at different crop phenological stages. Accumulated values of GDD, PTU, HTU and growth parameters (CGR and NAR) were always higher on 29th July transplanted crop compared to others. Among different seedling ages, transplanting 25 days aged seedling recorded higher heat units and growth rates than over-aged (35days) and younger (15days) seedlings throughout the crop growth. CGR and NAR were significantly influenced by the transplanting dates (D) and the age of seedlings (A) while the interaction between D x A was found to be non-significant. The heat units (GDD, PTU and HTU) were found to be significantly positively correlated with CGR, TDM and grain yield at different crop growth stages, where r values were found to be highly significant during panicle initiation to flowering (60 to 90 days) and flowering to maturity stages (90 days to harvest). Heat use efficiency (HUE) for grain and straw yields were higher with 29th July transplanted crop as well as with use of 25 days old seedling. It is concluded that transplanting of RNR 15048 rice variety on 29th July using seedlings of 25 days enables efficient utilization of weather parameters such as sunlight and heat (in terms of temperature) in different phenological stages (seedling to final harvest) through a higher accumulated GDD, PTU, HTU as well as HUE values that would result in better crop growth and yield.

Effect of Crop Geometry and Age of Seedlings on Its Growth, Flower Yield and Quality of Statice (Limonium sinuatum L.) under Prayagraj Agro Climatic Conditions

The objective of this study is to find out the most suitable treatments for plant growth and flower yield and quality of Limonium (Limonium sinuatum L.) under prayagraj agro climatic conditions. The study was carried out at Experimental field, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.), India during Rabi season 2021-2022. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with 8 treatments which is replicated thrice. The first factor consists of four different levels age of seedlings i,e. 25,30,35,40 days old seedlings, second factor with two different spacings 45×60 cm and 30×45 cm. In Growth parameters, T7 (40 days seedlings + spacing of 45×60 cm) recorded significantly highest number of leaves (80.49), leaf length (32.20 cm), plant spread (45.65 cm2) Whereas, plant height was recorded significantly highest (84.80 cm) in T6 (35 days seedlings + spacing of 30×45 cm). In photosynthetic characteristics, the maximum leaf area (66.09 cm2), leaf weight (24.94 gm) and chlorophyll content (97.90 SPAD UNITS) was recorded in T7 (40 days seedlings + spacing 45×60 cm). In flowering parameters, the minimum number of days for flower stalk initiation (47.28 days) and flower duration (45.72 days) was recorded significantly in T7 (40 days seedlings + spacing of 45×60 cm) whereas, the length of flower stalk was recorded significantly highest (80.07) in T6 (35 days seedlings + spacing of 30×45 cm).The maximum yield with superior quality of flower stalks/plot was obtained significantly highest (80.22) in T6 (35 days seedlings + spacing of 30×45 cm). In post-harvest parameters the vase life of statice flower placed in water recorded maximum (8.69 days) in T6 (35 days seedlings + spacing 30x45 cm), whereas vase life of statice flower placed in 2% sucrose (14.35 days) and self-life (63.33 days) of flower was recorded maximum in T7 (40 days seedlings + spacing of 45x60 cm).

Effect of Different Age of Seedlings and Nitrogen Levels on Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season (2021) at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Allahabad (U.P.). The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture. The treatment consisted of T1­- 14 Days age seedlings + Nitrogen 100 kg/ha, T2- 14 Days age seedlings +Nitrogen 110 kg/ha, T3-14 days age seedlings + Nitrogen 120 kg/ha, T4­- 21 Days age seedlings + Nitrogen 100 kg/ha, T5- 21 Days age seedlings +Nitrogen 110 kg/ha, T6-21 days age seedlings + Nitrogen 120 kg/ha, T7­- 28 Days age seedlings + Nitrogen 100 kg/ha, T8- 28 Days age seedlings +Nitrogen 110 kg/ha, T9-28 days age seedlings + Nitrogen 120 kg/ha. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design, with 9 treatments replicated thrice. Results revealed that maximum plant height(100.40 cm), number of tillers per hill (14.80), plant dry weight(53.06 g/plant), panicle length(32.30 cm), panicle per m2(320), no of panicle per hill (10.70), no of filled grains per panicle (165), test weight(26.40g), grain yield(4.16t/ha), stover yield(6.24t/ha), gross return (INR 1,11,904.00), net return (INR 78,275.400), B:C ratio (2.33) was recorded and significantly influenced with the treatment 21 days age seedlings +Nitrogen 120 kg/ha. Therefore, the treatment 21 days age seedlings + Nitrogen 120kg/ha was found more productive and cost effective.

Influence of Different Age of Seedlings and Micro Nutrient Management Practices on Growth and Yield Attributes of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under System of Rice Intensification

Background: The age of the seedlings at transplanting is a crucial component in achieving uniform rice stands since it influences prospective agronomic features. A micronutrient is the relative amount of a nutrient necessary for plant development. It participates in metabolic activities, enzymatic mechanisms. As a result, all of these, directly and indirectly, contribute to plant growth and development. The growth of rice depends on both the age of seedlings and micronutrients. So, based on the above considerations, we conducted our experiment entitled “Influence of different age of seedlings and micronutrient management practices on growth attributes and yield attributes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under system of rice intensification.” Methods: An experiment was conducted at experimental research farm Rampur, Selaqui, Doon PG College of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, Dehradun during kharif season of 2016. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with twelve treatments and was replicated thrice viz., in which factor A consists of different age of seedlings viz., 14 days, 21 days and 28 days and factor B consists application of micronutrients at different days viz., 0.5% ZnSO4, FeSO4 at 20 and 30 DAT. Result: The results of the study revealed that the 14 days age of seedling with the foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 at 20 and 30 DAT resulted in maximum plant height, no. of tillers/m2 and highest grain and straw yield.

Characteristics of panicle stem growth and flowering period of the parents of hybrid rice in machine-transplanted seed production

<p id="C3">To study the characteristics of panicle and stem growth and flowering period of restorer line and sterile line under mechanized transplanting mode, and to analyze the reasons for the difficulty of parental flowering period meeting under mechanized transplanting mode Chenghui 727×Shu 21A and Yahui 2115×Yixiang 1A were selected as the materials, and the field experiment was carried out from 2019 to 2020 in this study. Two transplanting methods and seedling ages were determined. Leaf age dynamics, panicle stem growth dynamics, and heading dynamics of restorer line and sterile line were investigated, and the effects of different treatments on the growth and development of panicle, stem and leaf, and flower state of the restorer line and sterile line were statistically analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The total number of leaves in mechanical transplanting parents decreased by 0.3-0.8 leaves in restorer lines while the sterile line added 0.1-0.4 leaves. Meanwhile, the total number of leaves in restorer lines decreased with the decrease of seedling age, while there was no significant change in the total number of leaves of male sterile lines. (2) The growth process of panicles, stems and leaves of restorer lines in mechanical transplanting was delayed by 2-5 days, while that of sterile lines was delayed by 5-10 days. The panicle differentiation of restorer lines began after jointing, while the panicle differentiation of sterile lines began 5-10 days after jointing. The panicle differentiation duration of restorer lines and sterile lines did not change significantly. The young ear growth curves of all treated parents were well fitted with Logistic curves (<italic>R</italic>²&gt;0.99). (3) The duration from seeding to heading of machine transplanting parents was longer than that of artificial transplanting parents. The effect of lengthening seedling age was the same as the change of transplanting method and the response of sterile lines to transplanting method and seedling age was more significant than that of restorer lines. (4) The flower encounter index of long seedling age under artificial transplanting in each combination was 100%, and the flower encounter was the best. Flowering encountering index was between 40%-60% of long seedling age under mechanical transplanting and short seedling age under artificial transplanting, followed by flowering status. However, the flowering index of the short seedling age combination of Chenghui 727 × Shu 21A and Yahui 2115 × Yixiang 1A was 0 and 18.18% under mechanical transplanting, respectively, indicating that the absent of flowering date seriously. In conclusion, the growth and development of ear, stem, and leaf of parents were delayed under mechanized transplanting mode, and the prolonged seedling age aggravated the growth and development lag phenomenon of parents. There were some differences in the growth, development, and flowering characteristics between restorer lines and sterile lines under different transplanting methods and seedling ages. The difference in the response of restorer lines and sterile lines to cultivation measures was the main reason for the absence of flowering dates of parents.

Effect of seedling age on productivity and profitability in traditional rice landraces

A field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, with an objective to study the effect of seedling age on productivity and profitability in rice landraces under irrigated rice ecosystem. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The treatments in main plot were three age of seedlings viz., 15, 20 and 25 days old seedlings and in sub plot eight rice landraces viz., Chandikar, Kuliyadichan, Kuruvaikalanjiyam, Norungan, Nootripathu, Black Kavuni, Red Kavuni, Njavara and CO(R) 50 (one high yielding variety). Observations were recorded on growth parameters such as plant height, tiller numbers and dry matter production. The yield attributes like productive tillers, total spikelet, filled grains, unfilled grains, spikelet sterility percentage, thousand grain weight, grain yield and straw yield were recorded at the time of harvest. From the study it was observed that 15 days old seedlings in all the eight rice landraces and one high yielding variety, recorded higher growth and yield attributes. In rice landraces, Red Kavuni recorded higher grain, straw yield and B:C ratio. Based on quality parameters, CO(R) 50 rice variety and landraces viz., Red Kavuni, Black Kavuni, Nootripathu, Chandikar recorded optimum values and were suitable for cooking purpose.

Growth analysis of short duration transplanted Aus rice (cv. Parija) under three agronomic practices

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to investigate the growth of short duration transplanted Aus rice (cv. Parija) under three agronomic practices. The study comprised of two nursery seeding densities viz. 40 and 80 g seeds m-2, three ages of seedlings viz. 20, 30 and 40-day old, and three levels of seedlings hill-1 viz. 2, 4 and 6 seedlings hill-1. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. For individual treatment effects, the highest plant height, number of tillers hill-1, total dry matter, leaf area index and crop growth rate were found when seedlings were raised @ 40g seed m-2 and 30-day old seedlings were transplanted @4 seedlings hill-1. In interaction, the highest number of tillers hill-1 (13.00) and total dry matter (22.93 g) at 45 DAT, and crop growth rate (6.71 g m-2 day-1) at 15-30 DAT were obtained from the interaction among 40 g seed m-2 × 30-day old seedlings × 4 seedlings hill-1. On the other hand, the tallest plant (73.27 cm) at 45 DAT was found from the interaction among 80 g seed m-2 × 30-day old seedlings × 4 seedlings hill-1, while the highest leaf area index (2.87) was recorded from the interaction of 40 g seed m-2 × 30-day old seedlings × 2 seedlings hill-1 at 50 DAT. Considering both the significant individual and interaction treatment effects on the growth parameters, the use of 40 g seed m-2 × 30-day old seedlings × 4 seedlings hill-1 could improve the growth performance of short duration transplanted Aus rice (cv. Parija). Therefore, a nursery seeding density of 40 g seed m-2 and 30-day old seedlings transplanting with 4 seedlings hill-1 appears as the promising combination in respect of growth performance of short duration transplanted Aus rice (cv. Parija).

Effect Of Seedling Age on Growth And Yield of NERICA 4 Rice

The age of seedlings at transplanting is an important criterion in rice production as it primarily contributes to the number of tillers produced per hill and significantly affects growth and grain yield of rice. We examined the effect of seedling age at transplanting on growth and yield of NERICA 4 rice to ascertain the suitable age that will give optimal growth and yield. Four seedling ages (treatments) namely 14 Days (14DAS), 21 Days (21DAS), 28 Days (28DAS) and 35 Days (35DAS) were transplanted at the experimental field of Tsukuba International Center (Field A-1-3) in Tsukuba city of Japan, in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Plant length, tiller number and leaf color were monitored from 20 days after transplanting till heading stage. Yield and yield components were analyzed at physiological maturity. &#x0D; Seedling age at transplanting had a significant effect on plant length, tiller number and leaf color but had no significant effect on yield and yield components. 14DAS seedlings had special ability to increase number of tillers (13), overall plant length at heading (106.9cm), number of panicles per square meter (266.6) and harvest index (0.46). Along with 21DAS seedlings, 14DAS seedlings recorded a lower grain yield (4.9 ton/ha) than 35DAS seedlings (5.0 ton/ha) due to a lower ripening ratio (64.8% for 14DAS and 66.6% for 21DAS) and lower 1,000 grain weight (19.0g and 20.5g respectively). 28DAS seedlings had the lowest yield (4.6 ton/ha) due to lowest number of panicles per square meter (229.6), lowest number of spikelet per panicle (105.7) and lowest ripening ratio (66.2%). In terms of panicle length, 35DAS obtained a higher value than 14DAS which was the lowest. It was observed that ripening ratio, 1000 grain weight and panicle length tend to increase with age of seedlings, but the differences were statistically insignificant. The study showed that transplanting seedlings older than 14 days does not significantly increase paddy yield and its components. However, there is an opportunity of significantly increasing the yield and yield components of 14DAS seedlings by increasing the amount of Nitrogen fertilizer applied at panicle initiation.

Morphological and Mechanical Characteristics of Onion Seedlings Insight to Mechanized Transplantation

Background: Onion is a widely accepted as vegetable as well as spice crop, sharing a 14.31 lakh ha area with 267.3 lakh MT production in 2020. Improved management structure and healthy seedling are important factors in overcoming the cause and even developing effective transplanter. The information of morphological properties is essential before designing modern farming equipment. Methods: Present study focuses on the properties and age of seedlings for automated transplanting, five majorly cultivated varieties of onion Light red gavran, N-53 Nasik red, AFDR, KSP-117 and Nafed were selected. The morphological (height, weight, diameter) and mechanical (compressive strength and static coefficient of friction) properties were measured under 10 days intervals to compare 30-70 days seedling. Result: Bulb and stem diameter were in the range from 2.82 to 3.82 mm and 0.86 to 2.12 mm, respectively. The model was found significantly different with concerning days. Plywood and aluminium had less influence on the seedling’s outer surface moisture content. The morphological parameters and compressive strength increased while a static coefficient of friction reduced with an increase in the age of the seedling. Regression and ANN (using FFBP method) models were developed for the prediction of compressive strength of seedling stem as well as a bulb with respect to the age and diameter. The ANN model was found best with the coefficient of determination of 0.76. It is concluded that 60 and 70 days, seedling is best suited for mechanical or automated transplanting.

Alpha acids content in Czech hops from the harvest of 2021 – forecast, reality, trends

From the brewing and commercial point of view, the content of alpha acids is one of the most important quality parameter of hops, which is subject to significant annual fluctuations. The established system for evaluating the content of alpha acids in Czech hops consists of pre-harvest and harvest predictions and a detailed analysis of reality based on the analysis of all purchasing lots of raw hops. It is differentiated according to varieties and hop growing areas. This article presents the results of the 2021 harvest, discusses the influence of weather conditions, the age of hop gardens and virus-free seedlings on the harvest results, and the relationship of predictions to reality. The average content of alpha acids in the majority Saaz variety in the Žatec, Úštěk and Tršice areas was 4.45, 4.20 and 3.36% by weight in the original respectively. In all areas, the alpha acids content has been significantly affected by the age of the hop growths. The total production of alpha acids in hops harvested in the Czech Republic in 2021 was 414.5 tons. The harvest is the highest in the last 25 years; the result is due to the combination of two factors, both high yield per hectare and high alpha acids content.