Age Of Seedlings Research Articles

Evaluation of New Rice Varieties under Delayed Transplanting on Yield Parameters and Nutrient Uptake in North Coastal Zone, India

A field experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil at the college farm of Agricultural College, Naira, Srikakulam to study the yield and yield attributes of old aged seedlings as influenced by different varieties in a split-plot design, comprised of three age of seedlings (30, 45 and 60 days old) assigned to main Plots and eight varieties (V1: MTU-7029, V2: BPT-5204, V3: MTU-1061, V4: MTU-1121, V5:MTU-1223, V6:MTU-1224, V7:MTU-1262 and V8:RGL-2537) were assigned to sub plots. Among the three age of seedlings for transplanting, planting of 30 days seedlings proved superior by recording higher growth parameters and yield structure, yield and economic returns compared to planting of 45 days and 60 days old seedlings. Among the varieties tested, the higher grain yield, straw yield and economic returns was noticed with MTU-1223 (V5) followed by RGL-2537 (V8) and MTU-1224 (V6). The differences in N uptake among the varieties may be attributed to genetic factors, as different rice varieties can have varying abilities to absorb and utilize nitrogen from the soil.

Effect of Castor Transplanting and Different Organic Manures on Nutrient Content, Uptake and Soil Fertility Status after Harvest of Castor (Ricinus communis L.) under North Gujarat Agro Climatic Conditions

An attempt was made to investigate the effect of castor transplanting and different organic manures on content, uptake and soil fertility status after harvest of castor (Ricinus communis L.) under North Gujarat agro climatic conditions. The field experiment comprised of four levels of age of seedling (A1: Two weeks old seedling, A2: Three weeks old seedling, A3: Four weeks old seedling and A4: Normal sowing) and four levels of source of manures (S1: No compost, S2: Vermicompost, S3: FYM and S4: Castor shell compost) laid out in randomized block design with factorial concept with three replication. Castor variety GCH 8 was used as a test crop. The result indicated that Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur content in castor seed did not differed significantly due to different age of seedling and different source of manures. But uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur were significantly higher under treatment A4 (Normal sowing) and S4 (Castor shell compost). The available nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and sulphur in soil were unaffected due to age of seedling and source of manures. However, organic carbon was found significantly higher (0.204%) with treatment S4 (Castor shell compost). Interaction effect of age of seedling and source of manures exhibited significant effect on content of sulphur and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium as well as sulphur.

Nursery production, acclimatization, and orchard transplantation of Argania spinosa: Evaluating the impact of costs and plant age

The depletion of the argan area over time underscores the importance of enhancing the quality of argan seedlings to support regeneration. Key factors such as seedling age and nursery techniques including shade, substrate, and container play a crucial role in improving seedling quality and ensuring successful transplantation. Our study assessed the impact of seedling age, shading, substrate composition, and container volume on argan seedling production during the nursery phase and their influence in the transplantation phase. The findings revealed 40% shade covering in 12- and 18-month-old seedlings exhibited the most growth potential, while unshaded compartments were suitable for 6-month-old seedlings. Substrates S1, S3 and S6 respectively, resulted in the highest quality seedlings overall, with S1 being the most effective for 6-month-old seedlings, and S3 and S6 showing more impact for 12- and 18-month-old seedlings. Furthermore, the use of larger containers contributed to the production of high-quality seedlings. Field results showed lower mortality rates across different seedling ages (3.1% to 9.3%) and revealed no significant difference among the combinations, except for seedlings produced under 40% shade, where the S3C3 combination followed by S1C2 in the 6-month nursery production period demonstrated the highest relative growth rate in shoot length. The relative growth rate in diameter reported its highest value in the S1C2 combination of 18-month and 6-month-old seedlings. A cost benefit analysis was carried out, which revealed that the cost-effective combination was S1C2, followed by S3C3 for 6-month-old nursery age under the 40% compartment.

Design and Testing of a Seedling Pick-Up Device for a Facility Tomato Automatic Transplanting Machine.

At present, tomato transplanting in facility agriculture is mainly manual operation. In an attempt to resolve the problems of high labor intensity and low efficiency of manual operation, this paper designs a clip stem automatic transplanting and seedling picking device based on the yolov5 algorithm. First of all, through the study of the characteristics of tomato seedlings of different seedling ages, the age of tomato seedlings suitable for transplanting was obtained. Secondly, the improved yolov5 algorithm was used to determine the position and shape of tomato seedlings. By adding a lightweight upsampling operator (CARAFE) and an improved loss function, the feature extraction ability and detection speed of tomato seedling stems were improved. The accuracy of the improved yolov5 algorithm reached 92.6%, and mAP_0.5 reached 95.4%. Finally, the seedling verification test was carried out with tomato seedlings of about 40 days old. The test results show that the damage rate of the device is 7.2%, and the success rate is not less than 90.3%. This study can provide a reference for research into automatic transplanting machines.

Performance of Cambodia’s made vegetable transplanter for two-wheel tractors under tillage conditions

<p>In Cambodia, vegetable crops are planted by hand, making it hard to meet local market demands. However, this production can be boosted by using a mechanical transplanter with two-wheel tractors to cut input costs, when introduced to farmers, while production and productivity can be accelerated. Thus, this research aimed to (1) evaluate the working performance of a locally made vegetable transplanter against manual planting and (2) compare plant survival rates. The study included fabrication, testing, modification, and experiments with farmers, starting from January 2023 to July 2024. The transplanter was fabricated, tested, and improved by the Royal University of Agriculture. Then, two experiments were carried out with a vegetable farming community in Tram Kak District, Takeo Province, Cambodia. Tomato was selected for the testing, choosing seedlings aged four weeks. The randomized complete block design (RCBD) was applied for both experiments with two treatments, manual planting and transplanter use, replicated four times. The results show that the working performance of the transplanter was six times faster than manual planting. Its speed, total field capacity, and planting rate were 1.03 km/h, 0.052 ha/h, and 27 plants/min, respectively, but missed planting was about 4%. Within-row spacing was similar (0.58 m), while using the transplanter made the plants incline at a steeper angle (63°), but could save 81.9% of time, when compared to manual planting. Both treatments had 100% plant survival rates evaluated one week after the transplanting. In short, using the transplanter can save both time and labor, but further assessment should be made with more kinds of fruit vegetable based on different seedling ages, so that the specifications can be confirmed, which is good for actual adoption for farmers.<strong></strong></p>

Productivity and Profitability of kharif Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Seedling Age and Nitrogen Management

Aim: The aim of the experiment is to know the effect of seedling age and nitrogen management on growth, yield attributes, yield and economics of kharif rice. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in split-plot design. Place and Duration of Study: Research Farm of Agricultural Research Station, Brinjhagiri, Chhatabar of Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar (Odisha), during kharif season of 2023. Methodology: Three seedling ages viz. S1: 3 weeks (21 days), S2: 4 weeks (28 days) and S3: 5 weeks (35 days) as main plot treatment and four nitrogen management strategies i.e. N1: 100% N through urea, N2: 50% N through urea + 50% N through neem cake, N3: 50% N through urea + 50% N through FYM and N4: 50% N through FYM + 50% N through neem cake as sub-plot treatments replicated thrice. The net plot size was 4m × 3m. Results: S2 resulted highest grain yield (4.74t ha-1) and straw yield (7.18t ha-1). N1 produced highest grain yield (4.54t ha-1) and straw yield (6.96t ha-1). Maximum net return (Rs.60367) and return per rupee investment (1.98) received from 4 weeks old seedling with 100% N through urea application. Conclusion: Transplantation of 4 weeks old seedling (28 days) and 50% N through urea + 50% N through neem cake can be recommended to achieve higher yield. Maximum net return (Rs.60367), gross return (Rs.121687) and return per rupee investment (1.98) received from 4 weeks old seedling with 100% N through urea application.

Assessing boro rice yield variances across varied seedling ages to address early flash flood vulnerabilities in the Haor area of Bangladesh

Haor is one of the most flood-prone areas of Bangladesh and it underlies in water for several months of a year. Boro rice cultivation in this area is challenging due to the flash flood. An experiment was conducted to examine the suitability and productivity of four rice varieties transplanted in different seedling ages. This experiment was carried out at Sunamganj district for two consecutive years of Boro season in 2021-22 and 2022-23. Four Boro rice varieties namely Binadhan-10, Binadhan-17, Binadhan-24, BINA dhan25, and three seedling ages (i.e., 30, 35 and 40 days old seedlings) were used as treatment in the experiment. It was conducted through a split-plot design with three replications placing seedling ages in the main plot and crop varieties in the subplot. Transplanting of 30 days seedlings of Binadhan-24 produced the highest mean grain yield of 7.8 t ha-1 and 8.2 t ha-1 while 35 days seedlings produced 7.6 t ha-1 and 7.7 t ha-1 respectively, in two consecutive years, the highest among all varieties. The maturity period among crop varieties varied due to the changes in seedling age as lower seedling age showed an earlier maturity period. So, transplanting of 30-35 days seedlings can be recommended for Binadhan-24 cultivation in the haor area. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 38(1): 41-52, 2024

Adaptability of Swiss Stone Pine (Pinus cembra) in Two Different Environmental Conditions of Romanian Carpathians

Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra) is a feasible solution for increasing the resistance of future mixed spruce–pine stands to windfall at the upper altitudinal limit of Romanian forests. This study aims to analyze the adaptability of ten full-sib families in two different environmental conditions and their evolution in time for predicting forward selection. At a seedling age of 33, evaluations were carried out for survival rate (Sr), growth (diameter at breast height—Dbh, and trees’ height), and branch traits, as well as for stem straightness. The high level of genetic variability, inheritance rate, and trait–trait correlations, registered in both trials, ensure the success of the breeding program. The Swiss stone pine shows a very good adaptation on high-sloping lands from the upper altitudinal limit of Romania’s forests, with the cross-pollinated (CP) families registering a 28.5% better survival in the Rodna trial (34° slope) compared to the Păltiniș experiment (7° slope). The consanguineous families registered only an 11% Sr in Păltiniș, while in the Rodna trial, the Sr was four times higher (in both trials, consanguineous trees were dominated). The juvenile–adult correlations of growth traits were significant, indicating that early selection could be efficient. The forward selection of the best 10% of CP families for Dbh could be applied, ensuring a 9% to 15% genetic gain.

Strawberry growth and dry matter partitioning due to fertigation systems

Strawberry cultivation possesses unique features, including the need for high-quality seedlings adapted to the cultivation environment and proper fertigation management. These elements influence plant growth and production. This study evaluated the growth and dry matter partitioning of strawberry plants of the cultivar "Albion" at different seedling ages (0, 14, 28... 196 DAT) using two fertigation methods: open-loop and closed-loop systems. Fifteen evaluations occurred throughout the cultivation cycle, spanning from planting to 196 days after transplanting (DAT), with the study replicated over two consecutive years. We evaluated dry matter partitioning among roots, stems, leaves, senescent leaves, flowers, commercial fruits, and non-commercial fruits. We also measured root volume and length, besides counts of leaves, flowers, and both commercial and non-commercial fruits. Despite no significant differences between fertigation systems for most variables, the closed-loop system shows promise, contingent on proper nutrient solution management. The partitioning analysis revealed that fruits, followed by leaves, were the primary consumers of photoassimilates.

Daily monitoring of the biopotential of wheat seedlings as a means of increasing the assessment of plant stress resistance

The results of studying the process of changing the biopotential of wheat seedlings of the Novosibirskaya 41 variety when exposed to elevated (43 °C) and reduced (8 °C) temperatures are presented. The experiments took place in 2020 and 2022. The automated system "AutoExpI" was used in the research. The data on the dynamics of plant biopotential resulting from identical temperature changes in the environment when the age of seedlings changes were obtained. The mean absolute maximum centered values (U max c) of the biopotential of seedlings aged 10 to 19 days when exposed to elevated and reduced temperatures in 2020 and 2022 were statistically analyzed using Statistica 6 software (Statistica 6). The regression relationships determined during the regression analysis of the biopotential indices under the action of elevated temperature are described with respect to the age of seedlings by second-order polynomials with correlation coefficient R = 0.997 at p = 0.072 for the results of the experimental studies in 2020 and R = 0.986 at p = 0.028 for the data for 2022. For the effect of reduced temperature, quadratic regression relationships were also obtained with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.995 at p = 0.1023 for the 2020 experimental results and R = 0.9998 at p = 0.00023 for the 2022 data. The closeness of the graphical representation of similar regression dependencies was noted, on the basis of which the algorithm was determined and expressions for correction of experimental data obtained in the process of prolonged experimental studies were obtained.

Optimum seeding density and seedling age for the outstanding yield performance of Japonica rice using crop straw boards for seedling cultivation.

Crop straw boards, a novel nursery material, has proven effective for cultivating dense, young rice seedlings suitable for mechanized transplanting, thereby saving labor. However, under high-density nursery conditions, the biomass accumulation and yield formation in rice vary with different seedling ages, necessitating exploration of optimal seeding densities and seedling ages to achieve high yields. This study aims to determine the appropriate seeding densities and seedling ages using crop straw boards to maximize rice yield. Over two years, field studies were conducted using crop straw boards for rice cultivation at seeding densities of 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 g/tray (labeled as D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5) and seedling ages of 10, 15, 20, and 25 days (labeled as A1, A2, A3, and A4).The results indicated that D4A2 significantly enhanced tiller number, dry matter accumulation, and photosynthetic capacity, resulting in a yield increase of 2.89% compared to the conventional method of D1A3. High-density and short-aged seedlings cultivated with crop straw boards can enhance rice yield by improving photosynthetic capacity and crop quality. This study emphasizes the importance of using crop straw boards for rice nursery practices, as well as selecting the appropriate seeding densities and seedling ages for optimizing rice production.

Onion Growth, Yield and Quality as Influenced by Planting Time and Seedling Age

Onion Growth, Yield and Quality as Influenced by Planting Time and Seedling Age

Conceptualization and development of a semi-automatic vegetable transplanter prototype for small landholdings

The process of seedling transplantation has significant importance within the realm of mechanical vegetable production in contemporary agriculture. A prototype of a two-row tractor-mounted semi-automatic vegetable seedling transplanter (SVT) was conceptualized and developed for small agricultural holdings. The functional behaviour of the prototype was examined with computer-aided design tools, and the various units of the prototype have been finalized. To develop the prototype, the feeding, metering, transplanting, drive train, and soil compacting/covering unit of the machine were developed and constructed using materials readily accessible locally. The machine has a set row-to-row spacing of 600 mm, and it may alter the plant-to-plant spacing when the machine's forward speed changes. The pace was customized to achieve the required 450 mm plant-to-plant spacing. A 12:1 speed reduction gearbox was used for the proper metering of seedlings. The effect of independent factors, namely tray cell type, feeding mechanism, soil covering/compacting wheel angle, and age of seedling, on the machine's actual field capacity (AFC) was examined. The prototype underwent preliminary field testing to assess the functional viability, and the functioning was satisfactory. The main effect of the feeding mechanism and soil covering/compacting wheel angle on AFC was statistically significant at 5 % for tomato and brinjal whereas their first-order interaction was found statistically significant on AFC for tomatoes. The findings demonstrate that this study's prototype can be marketed or used to further vegetable production studies.

Productivity and profitability of rice (Oryza sativa) varieties as influenced by age of seedlings in north-eastern Himalayan region

An experiment was conducted during boro (rabi) season of 2012–13 and 2013–14, at Gerua, Kamrup, Asom, India, to study the effect of different age of seedlings on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Ten treatment combinations of 2 different duration rice varieties, i.e. ‘Chandrama’ (175 days) and ‘Naveen’ (155 days), and 5 ages of seedlings (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 days) were tested. ‘Chandrama’ rice recorded significantly higher grains/panicle and 1,000-seed weight as well as grain yield (5.93 and 6.50 t/ha) over ‘Naveen’ rice. Days to 50% flowering decreased with the increment in age of seedling by 2–10 days, whereas total maturity duration increased by 6–28 days. In case of age of seedlings, 40 and 50 days old seedlings showed higher values of growth and yield attributes that reflected in grain yield. There was gradual yield decrease with increment in the age of seedling due to reduced values of tillers/m2 , filled grains/panicle. The yield penalty was non-significant in case of long-duration rice variety ‘Chandrama’, while in case of ‘Naveen’, there was significant reduction in grain yield when seedling age exceeded beyond 60 days. ‘Naveen’ rice with 40 and 50 days old seedlings recorded significantly higher grain yield over 70 and 80 days seedlings respectively. Earlier farmers using their own local rice landraces which were long duration and less affected by age of seedling but with development of new semi-dwarf, medium-duration rice varieties need to be transplanted at optimum age of seedling. Thus, the age of seedling can be extended up to 60 days for those rice varieties having long duration (>175 days) while for short duration (<155 days), it should not be extended beyond 50 days.

PENGARUH UMUR PINDAH TANAM BIBIT DAN APLIKASI BAKTERI FOTOSINTESA PADA SISTEM HIDROPONIK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL PAKCOY (Brassica rapa L.)

The focus of the research was to find and analyze the interaction between the effect of transplanting age of seedlings and the application of photosynthetic bacteria on the growth and yield of pak choy (Brassica rapa L.). This research activity was carried out at the ARD Farm Garden from December 2023 to January 2024. Factorial experiment (4 x 3) with a total of 3 repetitions in the research. The first factor is the treatment of transplanting age (S), namely: S0: age 10 DAS, S1: age 13 DAS, S2: age 16 DAS. The second factor is the treatment of folier application of photosynthetic bacteria 2ml/liter (F), namely: F0: control application, F1: folier application 3 DAT, F2: folier application 7 DAT, F3: folier application 10 DAT. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data statistically before carrying out further tests using the Honestly Significant Difference (BNJ) at the 5% level. The research parameters observed included; number of leaves, leaf width, crown weight, and harvest index. The research results showed that the best growth of pak choy was in the transplanting treatment at 16 DAS with folier application at 7 DAT. The research results showed that the best pak choy harvest was in the transplanting treatment at 16 DAS and folier application at 10 DAT.

Technical feasibility and economic benefit of combined shallot seedlings techniques in Indonesia

Abstract One of the important factors in the success of True Seed of Shallot (TSS)-based shallot production is the right seeding technology. The study aimed to obtain appropriate nursery techniques for producing high-quality seedlings to increase shallot productivity. The experiment was conducted in Cirebon Regency, West Java, Indonesia, from May to October 2021, using a factorial randomized block design with three treatment factors and three replications. They consisted of shallot varieties (V) (Trisula, Bima, Lokananta, and Maserati); seedlings age (U) (45 and 60 days); and seedling population density (P) (5, 7.5, and 10 g m−2 of TSS). The results revealed that seedling performance was negatively correlated to the bulb yield and revenue cost ratio (R/C). The use of young seedlings enhanced bulb production and R/C ratio in all varieties but had varied effects on cluster alterations in Maserati, Bima, and Trisula varieties. Young Lokananta seedlings prepared in the nursery at a seed density of 7.5 g m−2 proved to be the best treatment to generate the highest bulb production (39.92 t ha−1) and the highest R/C (3.62). Farmers are expected to implement seedling preparation techniques using young seedlings and managing seed populations in diverse varieties to maximize bulb production and R/C.

Economic analysis of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Local as affected by plug seedling age and pinching

Economic analysis of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Local as affected by plug seedling age and pinching

Puddled Soil Settling Period and Seedling Age Affect Growth, Productivity and Economic Benefits of Mechanically Transplanted Rice

Puddled Soil Settling Period and Seedling Age Affect Growth, Productivity and Economic Benefits of Mechanically Transplanted Rice

Effects of increased seeding density on seedling characteristics, mechanical transplantation quality, and yields of rice with crop straw boards for seedling cultivation

The high demand for labor during rice seedling cultivation and transplantation poses a major challenge in advancing machine-transplanted rice cultivation. This problem may be solved by increasing the seeding rate during seedling production while reducing the number of seedling trays. In this study, the commonly used combination of 150 g/tray with a 20-day seedling age in rice production was used as CK. Besides, some field experiments were conducted under seedling age conditions of 10 and 15 days from 2021 to 2022 to explore the effects of 250, 300, and 350 g/tray on the seedling quality, mechanical transplantation quality, yields, and economic benefits of rice. The cultivation of seedlings under a high seeding rate and short seedling age significantly affected seedling characteristics, but there was no significant difference in seedling vitality compared to CK. The minimum number of rice trays used in the experiment was observed in the treatment of 350-10, only 152-155 trays per hectare, resulting in a 62% reduction in the number of trays needed. By increasing the seeding rate of rice, missed holes during mechanical transplantation decreased by 2.8 to 4%. The highest yields and economic gains were achieved by the treatment of 300-15. These results indicated that using crop straw boards can reduce the application of seedling trays. On that basis, the yield of rice can be increased by increasing the seeding rate and shortening the seedling age of rice under the premise of ensuring seedling quality.

Effect of Infection Timing by Four Pythium spp. on Soybean Damping-Off Symptoms with and Without Cold Stress.

Pythium spp. cause damping-off of soybean, especially when soil conditions at or shortly after planting are cool and wet. Soybean planting dates continue to shift to earlier dates, so germinating seed and seedlings are exposed to periods of cold stress at a time which favors infection by Pythium, and seedling disease occurs. The objective of this study was to assess infection timing and cold stress on soybean seedling disease severity caused by four Pythium spp. prevalent in Iowa, namely P. lutarium, P. oopapillum, P. sylvaticum, and P. torulosum. Each species was used individually to inoculate soybean cultivar 'Sloan' using a rolled towel assay. Two temperature treatments (continuous 18°C [C18]; a 48-h cold stress period at 10°C [CS]) were applied. Soybean seedling age was divided into five growth stages (GS1 to GS5). Root rot severity and root length were assessed at 2, 4, 7, and 10 days after inoculation (DAI). At C18, root rot was greatest when soybean was inoculated with P. lutarium or P. sylvaticum at GS1 (seed imbibes water) and with P. oopapillum or P. torulosum at GS1, GS2 (radicle elongation), and GS3 (hypocotyl emergence). After CS, soybean susceptibility to P. lutarium and P. sylvaticum was reduced compared to C18 for inoculation at all GSs except GS5 (unifoliate leaf emergence). Conversely, root rot by P. oopapillum and P. torulosum was greater after CS compared to C18. Data from this study demonstrate that greater root rot, and consequently more damping-off, is likely if infection occurs at early germination stages before seedling emergence.