Age Of Household Head Research Articles

Impact of hybrid variety adoption on the performance of rice farms in Bangladesh: A propensity score matching approach

Cultivating hybrid rice variety has the potential to fulfill the ever-increasing demand for rice in Bangladesh due to its high yield. This study is intended to explore the determinants and impact of hybrid rice variety adoption on the yield and technical efficiency (TE) of Bangladeshi rural rice farms. The stochastic frontier production has been employed to approximate production frontier and TE using 15,952 rice plots from Bangladesh. This study has addressed self-selection into the hybrid variety choice by using propensity score matching (PSM) that adjusts observed selection bias, potentially influencing decisions to choose a hybrid variety and TE. The marginal effect of the Probit model reveals that farm size, education, subsidy card, irrigation access, irrigation machinery ownership, and non-farm business have positively while drought risk and household head age have negative influences on choosing a hybrid variety. We found that the hybrid rice variety adopters is significantly 6.24% more efficient and 12.03% higher frontier predicted yield than their counterparts. The average treatment effect on the treated also confirms that adopting a hybrid variety significantly impacts rice yield and TE. The primary and significant source of the varietal yield gap (19.3%) was differences in endowments (6.7%) and coefficients (12.1%). Fertilizer, irrigation, seed, clay, and clay loam soil have significantly contributed to explaining the difference and is critical in closing the existing yield gap. Policy implications include introducing hybrid rice varieties by motivating farmers through extension services, price policies, and irrigation services can help achieve desirable yield and enhance farm efficiency.

THE SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL SECURITY IN RURAL AND URBAN AREA OF PAKISTAN DURING COVID-19

Food insecurity and health is turning out to be one of the biggest issues of the world especially in the pandemic. Developing countries are particularly affected badly from the problem of food insecurity and malnutrition. Food and nutrition (macro and micro nutrition) status was assessed by using the calories and nutrition intake method in the rural and urban areas of district Faisalabad and food security index was used to estimate the absolute food security status. Primary data set about 500 households were collected from the rural and urban areas. The results show that calories and macronutrient’s security status was better in the urban areas while the situation of micro nutrients was better in rural areas. It was found 49 percent households in rural areas and 43 percent households in urban areas were food and nutrition secure. The impact of covid-19 was evident in urban areas especially in low-income households and people who earn daily wages. The regression analysis showed that prevalence of disease, Education, household income, family size, number daily intake meals, age of household head and land size were significant impact on the food and nutrition security status in both rural and urban areas.

The Impact of Social Capital on Multidimensional Poverty of Rural Households in China.

Getting rid of multidimensional poverty is both the people's wish and the direction of governance. Based on 2018 China Household Tracking Survey (CFPS) data, this paper identifies household multidimensional poverty in rural areas using a combination of the MPI index and the A-F method. The relationship between social capital and multidimensional poverty was also empirically analyzed using a Logit model. The results showed that: (1) 1599 multidimensional poverty households were identified, the incidence of multidimensional poverty was 24.94%, and the multidimensional poverty index was 0.103. In terms of poverty incidence, the three highest indicators of poverty incidence are adult education, health, and chronic diseases, reaching 42.06%, 37.65%, and 29.90%, respectively, and mainly concentrated in the education and health care systems. (2) Social capital can significantly reduce the probability of multidimensional poverty in rural households. Among them, social network significantly and negatively affects the occurrence of multidimensional poverty in rural households, social trust in neighbors has a significant negative effect on multidimensional poverty in rural households at the 1% level, and social prestige is positively related to multidimensional poverty in rural households. (3) Age of household head, household size, and income from working outside the home are significantly associated with multidimensional poverty in rural households. This paper expands the scope of social capital theory research and provides new perspectives and empirical evidence for alleviating multidimensional poverty.

DETERMINANTS OF RICE FARMERS’ REVENUE IN NORTH – CENTRAL, NIGERIA

Rice feeds a lot of people, supports so many agrarians and crucial to our global environment. This study contributes to providing insights into the determinants of rice farmers’ revenue in North – Central, Nigeria, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used in the selection of 995 rice farmers. Primary data were obtained on respondents' characteristics through the use of a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results showed that the majority of the respondents formal education (81.4%). The mean household labour size was 11 persons, household head age was 46.3 years, rice farming was 19.5 years, rice farmland size was 2.6 hectare while the average number of times of extension agents visits was once, credit amount accessed was 0.16 million Naira and the revenue gotten from rice production/hectare was 0.52 million Naira respectively in a planting season. Linear Regression showed that at p < 0.05, household labour size (β = 0.04), household head age (β = 0.05, rice farming years of experience (β = 0.04), number of times of extension agents visits (β = -0.43), number of times of credit access (β = -0.48), credit amount accessed (β = 0.26) and the rice farmland size (β = 0.11) significantly determines rice farmers’ revenue generated from rice production in the area. The study concluded that the characteristics of the rice farmers are an important contributors in determining the rice farmers’ revenue generated from rice production in the area. It was recommended that there should be more consistent visits of the extension agents to the rice farmers and regular credit access to funds for rice production as this will increase their revenue generated from rice production.

Mitigating crop raiding by forest elephants and baboons at Kibale National Park

AbstractIn Africa, most protected forests are in densely human‐dominated landscapes where human–wildlife conflict is intense. We documented farmer perceptions and responses to crop‐raiding wildlife from Kibale National Park, Uganda. Crop raiding was mostly (95%) by baboons (Papio anubis) and elephants (Loxodonta africana). While the financial loss caused by baboons and elephants did not differ, elephants were perceived as more damaging. Guarding and trenches were perceived as the most effective deterrent strategies for baboons and elephants, respectively. Distance from the park boundary and household income were significantly associated with a greater likelihood of crop raiding. Distance from the park, household head age and the species that raided crops, influenced whether a household applied one or more deterrent strategies. Households headed by women or older adults were most vulnerable, experiencing greater losses to raiding. Patterns of human–wildlife conflict around Kibale forest are complex, but the extent of crop damage was mostly determined by distance from the park and farm socio‐economic status and thus their ability to mitigate or deter raiding. Managing crop raiding requires collaboration between the park and affected farmers to ensure that mutually managed deterrent methods, such as trenching (elephants) and guarding (baboons), are effectively shared, applied and maintained.

Energy Preferences for Household Cooking in Burundi

In this study, we aimed to investigate use patterns and determinants of household fuel in Burundi. There is limited information in the open literature on the uses and determinants of household fuel in Burundi. In the study, we employed data on Burundi’s most recent Demographic and Health Surveys, with the data subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that 11.9% of the sampled households had access to electricity. About 86.3% of the respondents in the rural communities relied on firewood for cooking, whereas 67.2% of households in the urban setting relied on charcoal for cooking. Electricity was used across the wealth stratum regardless of income levels. Firewood was used across the wealth stratum, albeit with higher consumption recorded from the poorest to the richer wealth stratum. The chi-square analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between the place of residence, electricity access and cooking fuel type. Multiple regression analysis results indicated that the type of residence, gender of household head, age of household head, wealth index, and highest education level influence the cooking fuel used. These results have implications for household cooking fuel policies and sustainability, and it is recommended that the government invest in improved cooking stoves and clean fuels such as LPG and biogas.

Awareness and Perceptions of Climate Variability Adaptation among Forest-adjacent Communities in Mau Forest, Kenya

Adequate knowledge of climate variability is essential for the success of any adaptation or mitigation efforts. Thus, a study was conducted to investigate the levels of awareness and perceptions on the adaptation of climate variability among forest-adjacent communities (FACs) in Mau Forest, Kenya. Data for the investigation was generated through the administration of 313 questionnaires across randomly selected forest-adjacent households. Of the entire questionnaire, 311 were analysed, while two were returned uncompleted and therefore discarded. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted. Descriptive analysis showed that 96% of the respondents had knowledge of climate variability, while 4% claimed no knowledge of it. Nearly two-thirds of respondents (65%) reported that they receive weather information, with media (electronic and print) cited as the most common (63%) source of this information. As regards frequency of information, those respondents who get information about climate variability occasionally constituted 60%, while 29% of respondents received information frequently. However, 14% of respondents rarely received any climate-related information. Respondents who received climate-related information occasionally (sometimes) constituted 56%. Alternatively, respondents reported that they obtained weather information from agricultural extension officers (17.6%) and Kenya Forestry Service (KFS) officials (15.3%). The perceptions of the farmers that they had observed erratic weather patterns with a general decline in rainfall and an increase in temperatures were corroborated by scientific data as a trend analysis on rainfall and temperature data over a 20-year period mirrored the farmer’s perceptions. A logistic regression model was fitted to determine the socioeconomic factors that influence farmers’ choice of adaptation to climate variability. The ANOVA test results (F-test) show that overall, the logistic regression model was significant (df = 310, p = 0.002). Results of the model revealed that household head age (df = 310, p = 0.015), household head years of residency (df = 310, p = 0.034), and farming experience (df = 310, p = 0.024) were all significant factors that influence FACs’ decision to adopt to climate variability either positively or negatively. This study therefore recommends for more awareness creation and training of FACs of East Mau on how to identify and deal with changing climatic conditions.

Determinants of Adoption of Artificial Insemination for Dairy Production: In Case of Zala Woreda, Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Despite Ethiopia possessing the largest number of livestock in Africa, its benefit to the country and dairy holder farmers was small. Though the government introduced Artificial Insemination (AI) technology to improve this contribution, but the adoption of AI by dairy farmers was still low. The objective of the study was determinant factors affecting adoption of AI technology for dairy farmers in Gofa zone zala woreda. In this study both qualitative and quantitative data from Primary and secondary sources was collected. Survey questionnaires were used to collect raw data from AI adopters and non-adopters. AI adopters were selected by using purposive sampling because all sampled household heads were the only adopters in the study area whereas non-adopters were selected by using random sampling. The data was analyzed by using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics and binary regression model were used for analyzing data. A binary logit model was used to analyze the determinants of adoption of AI technology. Totally eleven variables were included in the model of which age of household head, training on AI, and frequency of DA contact were found significant at 1% (P<0.01) probability level. On the other hand household head’s educational level, access to AI information, and distance from AI center were significant at 5% (P<0.05) probability level. Finally an effort should be given by the woreda government and livestock and fishery development office in increasing rural adult education, expanding AI center, strengthening DA's regular contact with dairy farmers, strong and appropriate information should be disseminated and training on AI technology should be given, which widens the knowledge of farmers on the technology.

Determinants of rural poverty in Kwara State, Nigeria

An increasing number of rural communities are experiencing persistently high poverty rates. The study therefore examined the determinants of rural poverty in Kwara State. A three-staged random sampling technique was used to select one hundred and fifty (150) respondents while data was collected using structured questionnaires. The data generated from the survey were analyzed using Descriptive statistics, Foster Greer and Thorbecke approach and Logistic regression model. The result of the descriptive analysis shows that most of the rural households were headed by males (80%), majority (81.33%) were married, and had a mean age of 53.60 years with majority (86.67%) of them not having access to credit facilities. The average monthly income of the respondents in the study area stood at ₦37193.33 while the mean per capita household expenditure was ₦17008.25 per month. The poverty status at household level revealed that 56% of the rural households are poor while 44% are not poor. The determinants of household poverty revealed that household size (p<0.01) is a positive and significant predictor of the probability of being poor while access to credit (p<0.1) and per capita income (p<0.05) are negative and significant predictors of the probability of being poor. Gender, marital status, educational status, and age of household head are non-significant predictors of the probability of being poor. It was therefore recommended that quality credit accessibility and participation in skills acquisition programmes through diversification should be encouraged due to their capability of improving the household income of the poor.

Determinants of Highland Bamboo (Yushania alpine) Culm Market Supply in Semen Ari District, South Omo Zone of Southern Ethiopia

Bamboo is among the most significant nontimber forest products that can potentially support Ethiopia’s economic development and environmental protection. However, its potential is constrained by limited understanding of its importance and market development. Thus, this study was conducted to fill the knowledge gap by identifying factors affecting highland bamboo culm market supply in Semen Ari district of the South Omo zone. Multistage sampling technique was employed to draw 183 bamboo producer households from three randomly selected highland bamboo producing sites. Household surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews were used to collect data. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression model. The result indicated that market information, extension service, land allocated for bamboo production, the experience of households in selling bamboo products, market distance, family size, sex of the respondent, and age of household head were variable that significantly affected the supply of bamboo culm to the market. Hence, enhancing the production and productivity of bamboo products through extension, regular training for farmers concerning the processing of bamboo products, improving the relationships of value chain actors, and improving infrastructure could increase producers’ revenue as well as the marketed supply of highland bamboo culms.

Determinants of household adoption of solar energy technology in Seychelles in a context of 100% access to electricity

Seychelles is among four countries in the African continent with 100% access to electricity, of which over 90% of the energy is generated from fossil fuels. The energy transition is a crucial enabler of sustainable development and climate resilience. Therefore, this study seeks to understand the determinants of solar PV uptake based on a stratified random sample of 130 households on Mahe Island, Seychelles. We applied logistic regression and descriptive statistics to analyze the driving factors of a household decision regarding the adoption of a solar PV system. Results indicated that access to credit and monthly household income influenced the adoption of solar PV systems at the 1% significance level. Independent variables such as gender, age, and education of household heads, including family size that were significant in other studies, were not significant in the current study. Cost-saving (100%), energy security (91.7%), and environmentally friendly perceptions (76.7%), and access to loans (56.7%), were chief among the motivational drivers of the 60 households that had adopted solar PV systems. Whereas, for the non-adopters, the four most essential barriers cited were cheap electricity (82.9%), high initial cost (65.7%), existing loans (52.9%), and long payback time (40.0%). For the communal approach to solar PV systems in Seychelles to be successful, the adoption barriers that occur at the level of households should be considered.

Analysis of the Market Participation and Consumption of Vigna unguiculata in Ibadan Metropolis of Oyo State, Nigeria


 This study was carried out to analyse the market participation and consumption of Vigna unguiculata in Ibadan Metropolis of Oyo State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from a total of 300 households in 4 Local Government Areas of the State using multistage sampling technique. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and double-hurdle regression model. Age of household head, sex of household head, marital status, years of household head education and primary occupation of household head influenced market participation while years of education, total expenditure, price of cowpea and its attributes such as weevil damage tolerance and presence of foreign particles influenced consumption of cowpea. This study recommends that for consumers to participate in the market and consumption of cowpea, then research and breeding institutes should endeavor to develop cowpeas with the required qualities; and that policy makers should target policies that are pricing-related through subsidization.

An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Household Demographics on Diarrhea Morbidity in Children Aged 0 to 48 Months in Namibia.

Many of the simple and low-cost child diarrhea morbidities interventions, such as adequate home care, access to health care services, and improved sanitation and hygiene practices, are far beyond the reach of many households in developing countries, and Namibia is not an exception to this. In this study, a quantitative cross-sectional study design using a multivariable log-binomial model was used to examine the effect of household demographic characteristics on diarrhea morbidity in children aged zero to 48 months using data collected from the 2013 Namibia Demographic and Health Survey. Household demographic characteristics such as household's wealth index and main language spoken at home had lower risks on child diarrhea morbidity, while characteristics such as age of household head, toilet facilities shared with other households, current age of child, residency of the child, and child vaccination status had higher risks. The Namibian government, together with nongovernmental organizations, should make necessary vaccines interventions compulsory to prevent diarrheal diseases during the first few years of the child's life and continuously enhance initiatives that invest in good sanitation and hygiene infrastructure within Rukwangali- and Lozi-speaking communities in the country.

How does land renting-in affect chemical fertilizer use? The mediating role of land scale and land fragmentation

Chemical fertilizer overuse poses a significant challenge for sustainable agriculture and food safety. Against this background, land transfers that raise farmers' resource allocation efficiency and achieve scale agricultural operation are especially valuable. Based on survey data from 12 rice-producing provinces in the south of China during the period between 2018 and 2019, this paper employs the control function approach to explore the impact of land renting-in on chemical fertilizer use. The results show that land renting-in reduces the usage of chemical fertilizers by 50.34%. The fertilizer-reduction effect is weakened with farmers who have received cultivated training but enhanced with farmers who have purchased crop insurance and farmers who hold more household assets. It is interesting to note that the reduction effect of land renting-in remains stable with an increase in household head age. Furthermore, the marginal treatment effects suggest that the reduction effect of land renting-in is significant for those rice farmers with high resistance to rent in cultivated land. Finally, we find that both land scale and land fragmentation play a mediating role between land renting-in and chemical fertilizer use. Our analysis emphasizes the importance of land transfer in fertilizer reduction and the need for policies that improve the willingness to land transfer to reduce environmental pollution and ensure food safety.

Gender Determinant on Multidimensional Poverty Index: Evidence from Indonesia

Poverty measurement from a non-monetary aspect is needed as low-income individuals are not always multidimensionally poor, and vice versa. The focus should also be on the gender determinant potentially related to the inequality in wage, labour market, and the return of education, which can influence the household’s ability to achieve a higher standard of living and alleviate poverty. This paper discovers the contribution of gender determinants to multidimensional poverty conditions in Indonesia. This paper used logit estimation using National Socioeconomics Survey (Susenas) 2018. The data show that approximately 10% of the Indonesian population is considered vulnerably poor, and severely poor is 3%. The vulnerably and severely poor individuals are mostly measured from years of schooling, health insurance ownership, and assets ownership. Moreover, we find that variables of household size, dependency ratio, and household head age are the better explanators of poverty’s vulnerability. However, those variables cannot explain severe poverty among female- and male-headed households, even though female-headed households are more prone to falling into poverty situations. Then, the decomposition results show that our selected variables explain the probability of being vulnerable poor. However, the probability of being severely poor is largely determined by unobservable behaviour domination not included in the study.

Livelihood diversification choices of forest dwellers in Onigambari Forest Reserve, Oyo State, Nigeria

The study assessed the livelihood diversification choices of forest dwellers in Onigambari Forest Reserve, Oyo State, Nigeria. A multi-staged sampling technique was used to select ninety-five (95) respondents while data was collected using structured questionnaires. The data generated from the survey were analysed using descriptive statistics and a multinomial logistic regression model. The descriptive result revealed that a slight majority (52.63%) of the households were headed by males and that the average age of the respondents stood at 54.4 years with 86.32% of them having a formal education. Farming is the predominant occupation in the study area with the majority (54.74%) of the household engaged in a combination of farm and non-farm activities, 30.53% of them engaged in only non-farm activities. The factors influencing the choice of non-farm strategy are: having at least secondary education (p<0.01) which was positive and significant while the gender of household head (p<0.01) was negative and significant. Concerning the choice of the combination of farm and non-farm strategy as a livelihood option, marital status (p<0.01) and having at least secondary education (p<0.05) were positive and significant while age of household head (p<0.01) was negative and significant. The study, therefore, recommended the promotion and intensification of technical and financial capacity of the dwellers to undertake conservation-friendly diversification approaches as an alternative strategy to minimize forest exploitation and dependence.

The effects of individual and community-level factors on community-based health insurance enrollment of households in Ethiopia.

IntroductionCommunity-based health insurance (CBHI) is a type of volunteer health insurance that has been adopted all over the world in which people of the community pool funds to protect themselves from the high costs of seeking medical care and treatment for the disease. In Ethiopia, healthcare services are underutilized due to a lack of resources in the healthcare system. The study aims to identify the individual and community level factors associated with community-based health insurance enrollment of households in Ethiopia.MethodsData from the Ethiopian mini demographic and health survey 2019 were used to identify factors associated with community-based health insurance enrollment of households in Ethiopia. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used on a nationally representative sample of 8,663 households nested within 305 communities, considering the data’s layered structure. We used a p-value<0.05 with a 95% confidence interval for the results.ResultThe prevalence of community-based health insurance enrollment in Ethiopia was 20.2%. The enrollment rate of households in the scheme was high in both Amhara (57.9), and Tigray (57.9%) regions and low (3.0%) in the Afar region. At the individual level; the age of household heads, number of children 5 and under, number of household members, has land for agriculture, has a mobile telephone, receiving cash of food from the safety Net Program, Owning livestock, and herds of farm animals, wealth index, and at the community level; the region had a significant association with community-based health insurance enrollment.ConclusionBoth individual and community-level characteristics were significant predictors of community-based health insurance enrollment in households. Furthermore, the ministry of health, health bureaus, and other concerning bodies prioritize clusters with low health insurance coverage to strengthen health system financing and intervene in factors that negatively affect the CBHI enrollment of households.

Can Collecting Water Fees Really Promote Agricultural Water-Saving? Evidence from Seasonal Water Shortage Areas in South China

Under the influence of the extreme climate, South China frequently experiences a seasonally arid climate, resulting in seasonal water shortages, and threatening local food and water security. To cope with climate change, agricultural water-saving is inevitable. However, compared with the North, South China is rich in water resources, farmers’ water-saving awareness is weak, and most areas do not charge water fees, so it is difficult to promote agricultural water-saving; therefore, farmers’ agricultural water-saving behavior is worth discussing. Based on a survey and empirical analysis, this study identifies the key determinants of farmers’ agricultural water-saving behavior, particularly to verify whether collecting water fees helps to promote agricultural water-saving. A structured questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 660 farmers in South China with seasonal water shortage. A binary logistic regression model was used to examine the determinants. The results revealed that 15.30% (101) of farmers paid agricultural water fees, 26.97% (178) of farmers had agricultural water-saving behavior, and among these, 43.82% (78) of farmers paid agricultural water fees. The results indicated that water fee collecting, water resource dependence, agricultural water service satisfaction, and water-saving policy publicity positively and significantly influenced farmers’ agricultural water-saving behavior, while farm size and age of household head showed a negative influence. Results also revealed that collecting water fees can indeed promote agricultural water-saving in seasonal water shortage areas of South China. This study recommends that policy makers take measures to improve agricultural water charges policies, strengthen irrigation services, and increase the publicity of agricultural water-saving policies.

Unequal age-based household carbon footprint in China

ABSTRACT Controlling household consumption is an essential means to achieve carbon neutrality in China, and population ageing has an important impact on its structure. Since older people exhibit different consumption patterns than younger people, an increase in the proportion of aged people affects overall consumption patterns. This paper adopts an input–output model to reflect the heterogeneity in the consumption structure and household carbon footprint of different age groups, followed by a simulation of the future household carbon footprint. The results find that in China, the total household carbon footprint shows an inverted U-shape with age, with the lowest total carbon footprint coming from aged households (age of household head 65 and above) and the highest total carbon footprint from middle-aged households (age of household head 45–54). The average household carbon footprint decreases with age, with aged households remaining the lowest. Aged households, however, have the highest share of the direct carbon footprint. Interestingly, urban households of all ages have a higher carbon footprint than rural households, with the largest difference being among aged households. The projection results show that based on demographic changes, although the average household carbon footprint of elderly households in China is low, as the number of elderly households increases, the total carbon footprint of elderly households will be sizable and need to be taken seriously. Key policy insights The total carbon footprint of elderly households will become more significant and sizable as the number of elderly households increases. Urban life is more carbon-intensive, and China’s urbanization is leading to an increase in the carbon footprint. Aged households require more attention in future climate policies. Targeted, consumption-based climate policies are necessary for carbon reduction in China and will have relevance in other countries with similar consumption structure and demographic trends, e.g. with ageing or rapidly urbanizing populations.

Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Tobacco Farming in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Tobacco production and curing cause a threat to the environment through injudicious use of pesticides, imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers, and excessive consumption of local firewood. Keeping all this in retrospect, this study has been designed to assess the impact of tobacco farming on family workers, and witness on spot involvement of children and nursing/ expecting mothers in tobacco-related health-hazardous tasks. General objective of the study is to document both the positive and negative environmental and socioeconomic externalities of tobacco production in the study area. It is based both on primary data and secondary statistics. Primary data has been collected from sixty farmers for the tobacco season 2021; including forty contract and twenty non-contract sample farmers. Farmers conceive that tobacco farming has a bad impact on human health (93 %), and causes degenerative deforestation and resource depletion (68 % each). Use of Green Tobacco Sickness gloves and Personal Precautionary Equipment was reported by eighty and sixty-two percent of the farmers, respectively. Impact of the disease on the workers’ health was reported by thirty-five percent of contracted farmers, and 90 percent of non-contracted ones. Thus, the impact of the disease on human health was severe on non-contracted farms, mainly due to little or no use of Personal Precautionary Equipment. Cost of Personal Precautionary Equipment per season at the contracted farms was much higher (US$ 18.0) than at non-contracted ones (US$ 2.0). While the treatment cost of Green Tobacco Sickness or other agrochemical-related diseases of contracted farming households was 2.5 times lower than non-contracted ones. As per the results of the double log Ordinary Least Squares regression model about medical treatment cost, the coefficient of age of household head and use of Personal Precautionary Equipment have negative expected signs and are statistically significant. Laboratory tests of soil and water samples have revealed hazardous levels of Sodium Chloride and Dissolved Oxygen in canal water, which indicate imbalanced use of fertilizers by the growers and leaching of excessive nutrients below the root zone. Tobacco companies’ contracted growers were found to have less occupational health hazards. Thus, raising awareness among tobacco growers about the importance of adopting precautionary measures and use of Personal Precautionary Equipment can reduce the negative effects of tobacco farming.