Age In Indonesia Research Articles

The Urgency of Civic Education and Religious Character Education for Early Childhood in Indonesia

Discussing the urgency and relevance of civic education and religious character education from an early age has several challenges as well as opportunities. The research in this paper is qualitative with an analytical descriptive approach using documentation methods. The general objective of this study is to understand not only the urgency but also the relevance of citizenship education and religious character education from an early age in Indonesia? What are the challenges and opportunities for implementing civic education and religious character education for an early age in Indonesia? In general, strengthening civic education and religious character education from an early age in Indonesia is still important because this is part of a process that has never been completed. This is relevant to the spirit of change and sustainability from era to era. In this case, the challenges can be said to be not small. More than that, the opportunity may also be greater to be optimized for the realization of unity in diversity and the progress of the nation.

Anti-Mullerian hormone levels in female cancer patients of reproductive age in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study

Background: Efforts in reproductive preservation for cancer patients have become one of the important aspects of cancer management. In fact, decline in reproductive function is known to occur after exposure to anti-cancer treatments. Measuring anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels is known to be the best parameter in predicting ovarian reserves, which indicates reproductive function. In total, 68% of cancer survivors of reproductive age who underwent anti-cancer treatments suffer from infertility. Meanwhile, ovarian reserves also decrease with increasing age. There is ongoing debate on whether the ovarian reserves of cancer patients could be reduced long before exposure to anti-cancer therapy. Therefore, it is important to know whether ovarian reserves in cancer patients decrease before or after anti-cancer therapy. This can help predict the reproductive function in such cases and the effectiveness of ovarian preservation efforts. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, comparing the AMH levels of 44 female cancer patients of reproductive age before cancer therapy, to 44 non-cancer patients of reproductive age (age matched) . The AMH was determined from blood.The biological ages from both groups were adjusted using the Indonesian Kalkulator of Oocytes. Results: The median age in both groups was 28 years old. The AMH levels in the blood of the cancer group were found to be significantly lower in contrast to those in the non-cancer group (1.11 [0.08-4.65] ng/ml vs. 3.99 [1.19- 8.7]; p- value <0.001). Therefore, the biological age in the cancer group was 10 years older than that of the non-cancer group, indicating that ovarian aging occurs earlier in cancer patients. Conclusions: AMH levels of cancer patients of reproductive age were already reduced before cancer therapy, given an older biological age, in contrast to that of the non-cancer patients. Proper counseling and implementation of fertility-preserving methods is highly recommended in this group of patients.

Aksi Bela Islam: islamic clicktivism and the new authority of religious propaganda in the millennial age in Indonesia

The great Islamic mass rally which well known as “Aksi Bela Islam (Defending Islam action) 212” in Indonesia has always been claimed as the triumph of Islamic activism. This action continue to be voiced through social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and so forth with the jargon “ 212 spirit “. The voluminous actions of “Aksi Bela Islam 212” sound like an authoritative propaganda jargon which are exhaled to spread the Islamic identity through the internet. Along with the proliferation of online Islamic activism, some major questions emerge about: (1) whether online religious discourse is an authoritative source that gives Muslim society an authority in religious propaganda; (2) to what extent the proliferation of online Islamic activism has shaped the new Islamic propaganda authority? The objective of this article is to examine the discourse of Islamic activism in the online public sphere which makes the internet and online social media as a new vehicle in the transformation of traditional-modern Islamic propaganda authority for technologically literate generation. The article highlights some transformations of traditional religious propaganda authority to the new one which appropriated with the technological advancement. Using political sociology approach, this article will maps an Islamic online activism, which is termed as Islamic clicktivism, and its relation to the religious propaganda authority. The finding of this article reveals that Islamic clicktivism can be an authoritative method in shaping religious and political discourses. Finally, this article argues that Islamic social movement in the millennial age – especially in the post 212 movement – has consistency to play a role in political contestation through the Islamic clicktivism. Gerakan aksi masal Islam yang dikenal dengan Aksi Bela Islam di Indonesia selalu diklaim sebagai kemenangan aktivisme Islam. Menyusul Aksi Bela Islam dalam ranah gerakan sosial, wacana serupa juga disuarakan melalui gerakan aktivisme secara daring yang disebarkan melalui berbagai media social seperti Facebook, Twitter dan Istagram dengan jargo “spirit 212”. Aksi berjilid-jilid dari Aksi Bela Islam ini terdengan seakan menjadi jargon propaganda otoritatif yang dihembuskan untuk menyebarkan identitas Islam melalui internet. Seiring dengan fenomena proliferasi gerakan-gerakan Islam daring tersebut, beberapa pertanyaan muncul: pertama, apakah diskursus keagamaan daring menjadi sumber otoritatif yang memberikan otoritas kepada masyarkat Muslim dalam hal propaganda agama? Kedua, sejauh mana proliferasi aktivisme Islam daring membentuk otoritas propaganda keagamaan baru? Sasaran dari artikel ini adalah menguji wacana aktivisme Islam di ruang public daring yang menjadikan internet dan media social daring sebagai kendaraan baru dalam transformasi otoritas propaganda keagamaan dari tradisional ke modern bagi kalangan melek milenial yang melek teknologi. Artikel ini menyoroti beberapa trasnformasi propaganda keagamaan tradisional menuju modern yang disesuaikan dengan perkembangan teknologi. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi-politik, artikel ini memetakan aktivisme Islam daring, yang diistilahkan dengan Islamic clicktivism, dan hubungannnya dengan otoritas propaganda keagamaan. Temuan artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa kliktifisme Islam dapat menjadi metode otoritatif dalam membentuk wacana keagamaan dan politik sekaligus. Pada akhirnya artikel ini menegaskan bahwa gerakan social Islam di era milenial – khususnya pasca gerakan 212 –secara konsisten mengambil peran dalam kontestasi politik identitas dengan menggunakan kliktifisme Islam.

Intake of iron and inhibitor are not related with anemia on the premarriage women

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;: One of the most frequent nutritional problems in Indonesia occurs is anemia due to iron deficiency. Forty-nine point one percent of women of childbearing age in Indonesia are anemic. Especially on groups of women of childbearing age are usually preparing themselves for married and will become a mother. Factors causing anemia among others insufficient iron intake and high absorption of Fe inhibitors (tannin, phytate, and oxalic acid). If the bride is married to status anemia will affect the birth of a less qualified generation.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives:&lt;/strong&gt; To know the relationship between iron intake and Fe inhibitor with the incidence of anemia in the bride in the District Area Bantul Yogyakarta. type of research conducted was observational research using a cross sectional design. Number of study subjects as many as 68 respondents in the bride with the picking technique the sample uses quota sampling that meets the inclusion criteria and exclusion. Data collected were data of iron intake and Fe Inhibitors. The data were obtained by interview using SQFFQ. Statistic test used were Mann Whitney and Chi Square test with level of 90% confidence.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;: The incidence of anemia was 44.1%. Based on the results there was no significant difference between the mean intake of Fe anemia group with anemia not with (p = 0.387). There is no Tanin intake differences were significant between the anemia group and the not anemia with (p = 0.512). There was no difference in intake of Fitat was significant between the anemia group and the non-anemic with (p = 0.335). There was no significant difference in intake of xalates between groups of anemia with no anemia with (p = 0.537). Based on Chi Square Test as well it was known that there is no significant relationship between intake of Fe and Fe inhibitor with anemia incidence (p&amp;gt; 0.05)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;: There was no significant relationship between intake of Fe and Fe inhibitor with anemia incidence&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;KEYWORDS:&lt;/strong&gt; anemia, iron intake, inhibitor Fe, prospective bride&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Anti-Mullerian hormone levels in female cancer patients of reproductive age in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Efforts in reproductive preservation for cancer patients have become one of the important aspects of cancer management. In fact, decline in reproductive function is known to occur after exposure to anti-cancer treatments. Measuring anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels is known to be the best parameter in predicting ovarian reserves, which indicates reproductive function. In total, 68% of cancer survivors of reproductive age who underwent anti-cancer treatments suffer from infertility. Meanwhile, ovarian reserves also decrease with increasing age. There is ongoing debate on whether the ovarian reserves of cancer patients could be reduced long before exposure to anti-cancer therapy. Therefore, it is important to know whether ovarian reserves in cancer patients decrease before or after anti-cancer therapy. This can help predict the reproductive function in such cases and the effectiveness of ovarian preservation efforts. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, comparing the AMH levels of 44 female cancer patients of reproductive age before cancer therapy, to 44 non-cancer patients of reproductive age (age matched) . The biological ages from both groups were adjusted using the Indonesian Kalkulator of Oocytes. Results: The median age in both groups was 28 years old. The AMH levels in the cancer group were found to be significantly lower in contrast to those in the non-cancer group (1.11 [0.08-4.65] ng/ml vs. 3.99 [1.19- 8.7]; p- value <0.001). Therefore, the biological age in the cancer group was 10 years older than that of the non-cancer group, indicating that ovarian aging occurs earlier in cancer patients. Conclusions: AMH levels of cancer patients of reproductive age were already reduced before cancer therapy, given an older biological age, in contrast to that of the non-cancer patients. Proper counseling and implementation of fertility-preserving methods is highly recommended in this group of patients.

Association between Frequency of Internet Access and Knowledge of Danger Signs in Pregnancy among Women of childbearing Age in Indonesia

Association between Frequency of Internet Access and Knowledge of Danger Signs in Pregnancy among Women of childbearing Age in Indonesia

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP IBU TERHADAP PENGGUNAANKB METODE KONTRASEPSI JANGKA PANJANG (MKJP) DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS PARAMASAN KABUPATEN BANJAR, MARTAPURA

Long-term contraception method (MKJP) is a type of contraception that is very effective for avoiding births, regulating birth intervals and not affecting sexual relations that can last for 3 years to a lifetime such as IUD, Implants, MOW and MOP. Long-term contraceptive methods (MKJP) have proven to be the most effective way to reduce pregnancy rates, but until now MKJP has not yet become the choice of the majority of couples of reproductive age in Indonesia. Kabupaten Banjar, Martapura are still included in the regions where the coverage of MKJP KB is low, it can be seen in the achievement figures which show a significant decrease in 2015 reached 6.6%, in year 2016 reached 7.0% and in year 2017, only 2.3%. This research is a quantitative study with a cross sectional approach. The population and sample are mothers with criteria for women of childbearing age (WUS) as family planning acceptors who visit and seek treatment at Puskesmas Paramasan Kabupaten Banjar. A large sample of 60respondents. Data was collected by interview using a structured questionnaire, the results of data collection were analyzed using univariate and bivariate statistics with a chi square test using a computer program with a significance value (α)≤0.05. The results of the univariate analysis showed that the majority of respondents did not use MKJP KB, most of the respondents had sufficient knowledge and most respondents' attitudes were sufficient. Bivariate analysis showed that there was a correlation between knowledge of the use of MKJP KB (p-value =0.001) and there was a relationship between attitudes towards the use of MKJP KB (p-value =0.000).It is recommended for agencies to be concerned about the need for cross-sector cooperation in an effort to increase respondents' knowledge and attitudes about the advantages and disadvantages of using MKJP KB.It is expected that with the increased knowledge held by respondents about MKJP KB, then the attitude of respondents in contraceptive use for KB MKJP is expected to be better.And will affect the increase in the number of MKJP KB use.

Subnational regional inequality in the public health development index in Indonesia

ABSTRACTBackground: Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal of ‘ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages’ necessitates regular monitoring of inequality in the availability of health-related infrastructure and access to services, and in health risks and outcomes.Objectives: To quantify subnational regional inequality in Indonesia using a composite index of public health infrastructure, services, behavioural risk factors and health outcomes: the Public Health Development Index (PHDI).Methods: PHDI is a composite index of 30 public health indicators from across the life course and along the continuum of care. An overall index and seven topic-specific sub-indices were calculated using data from the 2013 Indonesian Basic Health Survey (RISKESDAS) and the 2011 – Village Potential Survey (PODES). These indices were analysed at the national, province and district levels. Within-province inequality was calculated using the Weighted Index of Disparity (IDISW).Results: National average PHDI overall index was 54.0 (out of a possible 100); scores differed between provinces, ranging from 43.9 in Papua to 65.0 in Bali. Provinces in western regions of Indonesia tended to have higher overall PHDI scores compared to eastern regions. Large variations in province averages were observed for the non-communicable diseases sub-index, environmental health sub-index and infectious diseases sub-index. Provinces with a similar number of districts and with similar overall scores on the PHDI index showed different levels of relative within-province inequality. Greater within-province relative inequalities were seen in the environmental health and health services provisions sub-indices as compared to other indices.Conclusions: Achieving the goal of ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages in Indonesia necessitates having a more focused understanding of district-level inequalities across a wide range of public health infrastructure, service, risk factor and health outcomes indicators, which can enable geographical comparison while also revealing areas for intervention to address health inequalities.

PERAN KELENGKAPAN IMUNISASI DASAR DALAM TUMBUH KEMBANG ANAK USIA 1 – 3 TAHUN DI POSYANDU DEWI SAWITRI KARTASURA

Background: Child development is a very important part. The percentage of underweightunder five years of age in Indonesia at 2017 was 17.8%. Children's vulnerability to thedisease can affect children's growth can be reduced either by giving immunizations.Children who get complete immunization will have strong immunity and becoming healthychildren, where the conditions favor the optimal development of the child. At PosyanduDewi Sawitri there are children immunized incomplete and growth are not in accordancewith his age.Purpose and benefit: To determine the role of complete basic immunization in childdevelopment. The benefits of the research are highlighted the importance of a completebasic immunization in children as one of the efforts to promote growth and developmentof children.The subject of study: 56 children aged 1-3 years in Posyandu Dewi Sawitri Kartasura.Method Research of analytical observation, correlation design with cross sectionalmethod. Sampling is purposive sampling. The data obtained were analyzed with ChiSquare test with p = 0.05.The Result of Research: Have shown that children with a complete basic immunization of40 children (71.4%), did not complete 16 children (28.6%). Children with optimal growthof 37 children (66.1%), is not optimal 19 children (33.9%). Children with developmentalcorresponding 46 children (82.1%), do not fit in 10 children (17.9%). The results of theanalysis of complete basic immunization role in the growth of children using Chi Squaretest was obtained p = 0.026 (p &lt;0.05), which means Ha accepted, and role in childdevelopment obtained p = 0.001 (p &lt;0.05), which means Ha accepted.Conclusion: Complete basic immunization role in growth and development of the child.Keywords: Completeness of immunization, child development, child growth

THE ROLE OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION TEACHERS OF EARLY AGE IN THE ERADICATION OF ILLITERACY IN INDONESIA

Teachers are educational heroes. Progressive retreat of educational practices in a country is also determined by the role of the teacher. In this context, it is necessary and important to evaluate and discuss further how the portrait of reality (das sollen) and ideality (das sein) concerning teachers of Islamic religious education of early age in Indonesia. Therefore, this study focuses on the teacher's problem between ideality and reality. This study was written using qualitative data that derived from references and literature books, news, journals and opinions in mass media and other relevant sources in this study. This research focuses on the following important questions: Firstly, what and how is the role of early Islamic education teacher in literacy eradication in Indonesia? Second, how are the supporting factors and obstacles to the role of early Islamic education teachers in literacy eradication in Indonesia? Thirdly, what are the solutions and policy recommendations on the role of Islamic education teachers in literacy eradication in Indonesia? Keywords: PAI Teachers, Illiteracy, Ideality and Reality

Contaceptive use spacing after childbirth with contraception failure: IDHS 2012 analysis

Contraceptive use after childbirth and contraception failure: an analysis of Indonesia Demographic Health Survey 2012PurposeThis research aimed to evaluate the use of contraception after childbirth with contraception failure. MethodsThis research was an observational study using IDHS 2012 with a retrospective cohort design. Married women who got pregnant while using contraceptives were the unit of analysis. Statistical analysis used survival analysis with stratified Cox Regression methods.ResultsAnalysis showed a higher failure rate in the traditional contraceptive methods such as coitus interruptus and periodic abstinence. The failure rate of the contraceptive method implant in Indonesia was higher by 10 times the global failure rate. Women who had used contraceptive for 33-48 weeks and &gt;48 weeks after childbirth had higher risk of pregnancy with contraceptive failure (respectively HR=1.25; 95% CI: 0.63-2.47 and 1.91; 95% CI: 1-3.67), respectively. Other factors influencing the contraceptive failure were age and met or unmet needs.ConclusionContraceptive use after childbirth is associated with contraceptive failure among woman of childbearing age in Indonesia. Providers of contraceptive implants may introduce additional variations of implantable contraceptives in Indonesia and are supported by qualified health personnel.

HUBUNGAN HIGIENE SANITASI DENGAN KEJADIAN INFEKSI Soil Transmitted Helminths PADA PEMULUNG DI TPS JATIBARANG

SANITATION HYGIENE RELATIONSHIP WITH INFECTION SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS OF SCAVENGERS IN TPS JATIBARANG . Worming often be found in all parts of Indonesia, especially in conditions of poor sanitation and lack of hygiene individually. A deworming still causes much of the population in Indonesia by the Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) is a group of intestinal nematode life cycle through the soil media. According to the Depkes, the prevalence of worm infection in 2006 for all ages in Indonesia between 40% -60%. The location of this research waste (TPS) in the Jatibarang region which is a central polling station in the city of Semarang with sanitary conditions of slums. The results of the study in 2005, known as much as 47.5% of scavengers in TPS Jatibarang experienced some worm infection and type of infection. Knowing the purpose of the research for sanitary hygiene related to infection Soil Transmitted Helminths TPS Jatibarang scavengers in the city of Semarang. Based on the research results, mainly scavengers TPS Jatibarang Semarang District has sanitation hygienic environment so well that the incidence of worm infection on a scavenger TPS Jatibarang 100% negative implemented. The data obtained are presented descriptive.

Faktor Sosiodemografi yang Memengaruhi Pemilihan Metode Kontrasepsi

Long term contraception entered into government programs. Government suggested to use long term contraception effectively to postponing pregnancy, spacing of birth and terminating fertility. In fact, couples of reproductive ages in Indonesia were likely to still choose short-term contraceptive than long-term contraceptive. This research analyzed sosiodemografi factors that aff ecting the selection of contraception method in Gading Public Health Center Tambaksari Surabaya. This research used analytical study with case control design. Research population totaled 84 respondents. Sampling technique used simple random sampling and got 42 cases and 42 controls. The variables were sosiodemografi factors. Data were analyzed using that multivariate logistic regression with a level of signifi cance value α = 0,05. The results showed four signifi cant variables were age (p=0,018), education (p=0,024), occupation (p=0,008), parity (p=0,034), also status of women (p=0,002. Sosiodemografi factors such as age, occupation, parity and status women aff ect the injection contraceptive acceptors did not choose long acting contraception method in Tambaksari Surabaya Gading Public Health Center. The granting of complete information about all types of contraception is important so that the fertile age couples can choose contraception that suits their need.

Determinan yang Berhubungan dengan Pemberian MP-ASI Dini pada Bayi Usia 0-6 Bulan

SDKI (2012) said the distribution of MP-ASI early age in Indonesia: 0-1 months of 49,3%, at the age 2-3 month of 51%, and age 4-5 months of 73%. If complementary feeding given at the age of under six months, digestive system of infants have not having enzymes to digest food, digestion and kidney worked havier, can lead cough, diarrhea, colic, and allergic.The lowest percentage of the scope breastfeeding exclusive was at Puskesmas Rumbai Pesisir, about 37,27 %. This study was to know factors that deals with the provision of premature complementary feeding on children aged 6-0 months in the work area of Puskesmas Rumbai Pesisir Pekanbaru. This study was analytic design cross sectional. Population were all the mother who have a baby aged 6-0 months, total population were 1135 people, and 92 as total sample. Data were analyzed by test chi-square (α<0,05). Results were obtained the majority of respondents knowledgeable good 67 people (72,8%), educated low as many as 68 people (73,9%), does not work as many as 69 people (75%) and family income high 53 people (57,6%). Statistical tests chi-square revealed that there were relation between knowledge and education with the premature complementary feeding. And there was no related between work and family income with give premature complementary feeding. Expected health workers can cooperate with healthcare and community figures in providing information or tutoring directed regarding the provision of complementary feeding time.

Design and Development Game Chinese Language Learning with Gamification and Using Mnemonic Method

In globalization era, many people interested to learn Chinese language. It caused by potential of China’s economic growth in the world. Chinese language has introduced to children in early age in Indonesia. But sometimes learn Chinese language was difficult to them, which will make them feel boring. This paper has purpose to help children learn Chinese language using gamification and mnemonic method into game content. Briefly, gamification is process that adopt game elements to apply into non-game context and mnemonic is strategy to increase memory with various ways. Both in gamification and mnemonic method have applied in previous paper which the conclusion showed positive result in learning environment. This game refers to primary school, which students in 6-12 years old. The conclusion in this paper show that the developed game by authors can interest children to learn Chinese language based by pre-test and post-test result.

Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia: a qualitative and quantitative study

Background Breast milk is the best and most ideal food for babies because it contains all nutrition needed for their optimal growth and development. Babies who receive breast milk will have strong immune system, good brain development, and closer emotional bonding with their mothers. Considering the importance of breast milk, Indonesian government has been campaigning to endorse exclusive breastfeeding up to six months in the last four years. To date, there is no national data available to evaluate the exclusive breastfeeding program. Therefore, Indonesian Pediatric Society (IDAI) conducted a national survey on breastfeeding to investigate exclusive breastfeeding rate in Indonesia.Objective To find out the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia.Methods This study included 22 provinces in Indonesia and targeted on mothers with infants aged 0-11 months. For the quantitative portion of the study we used simple random sampling design to get the prevalence from the population. For the qualitative interview data we used a stratified random sampling design to ensure that each infant age group was well represented. Survey location in each province was selected based on defining the capital city to be urban area and its sub-urban areas to be rural. This study was performed between October – November 2010.Results We found that the prevalences of breastfeeding among baby 0-11 months was quite high which were 91%, 86%, and 72% in infants aged 0-3 months, 0-6 months, and 6-11 months, respectively. Interestingly, the prevalence of breastfeeding in urban area was higher than in rural area for infants aged 6-11 months. However, despite the high prevalence of giving breast milk, less than half of mothers gave breast milk exclusively, to babies aged 0-3 months and to those aged 0-6 months. The awareness to exclusively breastfeed was greater for urban mothers than for rural ones in those with infants aged 0-6 months. Mothers with high socioeconomic status had the highest prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding. The prevalence of breastfeeding without formula was still the highest up to 12 months but the role of giving formula was increasing especially in rural area. The prevalence of breast milk introduced as the first milk was around 60%. Java and Sumatra had lower prevalence of breast milk introduced as the first milk compared to Kalimantan and Sulawesi. We also found that mothers started giving solid food from an early age, especially in rural areas. With increasing age, the frequency of giving breast milk declined in both urban and rural areas.Conclusion The overall prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of age in Indonesia was 49.8%. Maternal unemployment and high family socioeconomic status were associated with longer duration of breastfeeding.

METAL AGE AND ITS PROBLEMS IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN

Abstract. Metal age in Indonesia is the period when humans were familiar with metalworking. In general, metaltools were used for either everyday or ritual purposes. However, there are also metal tools which are used asideofacts as well as technofacts. The results of a number of archaeological researches in South Kalimantanindicate that data of metal tools are very few. Therefore, the determination on the earliest use of metal tools andthe varieties of its use has not been comprehensively understood. This paper discusses a number of archaeologicalresearches in Kalimantan in the effort to identify problems related to metal culture. The research method used inthis study was descriptive and inductive reasoning. Data were collected by studying research reports of the Centrefor Archeology, Banjarmasin, literatures on metal culture in Indonesia as well as metal tools references of thecollection of Lambung Mangkurat Museum. The results showed that metal age sites in South Kalimantan aresettlements indicated by material cultures of fragments of iron tools or iron slag. Besides fragments of iron, neitherthe complete artefacts nor the chronology, have been identified yet.

Impact of Near Work Activity on Visual Acuity among Junior High School Students

Background : Uncorrected refractive error is experienced by at least 45 million productive-aged adults (aged 16–45 years old) and 13 million children (aged 5–15 years old), and being the main cause of visual impairment in children worldwide and third cause of blindness in any age in Indonesia. Near work activity is estimated as one of environmental risk factor causing this refractive error, leading into decreased visual acuity. This study was conducted to analyse the impact of near work activity on visual acuity among junior high school students in Jatinangor Methods : This study was conducted in junior high school in Jatinangor, using cross sectional method. Total of 147 subjects were screened for visual impairment using Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) tumbling E chart and assesed for near work activity using questionnaire-guided interview method after informed consent had been obtained. Data were analysed using unpaired-T test and Mann-Whitney test. Results : Total diopter hours of near work activity among the group with visual acuity ≥6/18 and group with visual acuity <6/18 showed no significant difference (p=0.329), with latter group had less time-spent in near work activity. Similarly, each activity such as reading, watching TV, and using computer also showed no significant difference , except for playing games where the group with better visual acuity had shown significantly longer time spent than another group (p=0.018). Conclusions : Near work activity does not have impact on visual acuity among junior high school students, except for playing games.[ AMJ .2016;3(1):38–42] DOI: 10.15850/amj.v3n1.700

Habits Drinking Ordinary Water Can Prevent Hypertension

Hypertension, as the third cause of death, besides stroke and tuberculosis, amounts to 6.8 percent of the proportion of deaths at all ages in Indonesia. The prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia has reached 31.7 percent of the total adult population. Estimated, there are 76 percent of cases of hypertension in people who have not been diagnosed. Drinking enough ordinary water will help maximize the function of the body organs, in order to work optimally, so that the body metabolism will run well and normal. For smokers this amount shall be increased by half. The purpose of research was to know the effect of drinking water and other factors on the prevention of hypertension in working area Puskesmas Pasirkaliki Bandung. Design study was case control. The number of samples is 156 people, with a ratio of 1:1 (between cases and controls). Data were collected by interviewing. The bivariate analysis used chi square test, and multivariate analysis used logistic regression. The result of drinking enough ordinary water at least 6 cups a day contributes to prevent hypertension. For those who are still healthy, habit of drinking ordinary water is recommended at least 6 cups (1500 ml) per day. But for people who already have hypertension, heart and kidney diseases should be adjusted to the excretion organ.

Analysis of the Family Life Surveys in Indonesia: The Contribution of Wheat Flour Fortification to Reducing Anemia

Mandatory fortification of wheat flour with electrolytic iron, zinc, thiamine, riboflavin, and folic acid became effective in Indonesia in 2002. There have been no longitudinal evaluations of the effectiveness of wheat flour fortification on reducing anemia. This study estimated the contribution of wheat flour fortification to the change in anemia prevalence from the period before to after the introduction of mandatory fortification. The Indonesia Family Life Survey is a longitudinal study that followed over 30,000 Indonesians from 1993 to 2008. Data from 5,828 non‐pregnant women of child‐bearing age with hemoglobin measurements in 1997, 2000, and 2007 were analyzed. Anemia prevalence was calculated, adjusting for smoking status and altitude. Logistic regression was used to predict the effect of confounders on anemia status. Anemia prevalence significantly decreased (p&lt;0.0001) from the pre‐fortification period during 1997‐2000 (34.0%) to the post‐fortification period in 2007 (25.2%). The main variable of interest, whether a household purchased flour‐containing foods, was not significantly associated with anemia status. Wheat flour fortification does not appear to have significantly contributed to the reduction in anemia prevalence among women of child‐bearing age in Indonesia. It is recommended that the fortification iron source be changed from electrolytic iron to a more bioavailable form and that fortification iron, zinc and folic acid levels be increased. Funding: FFI, MI, Emory, SEAMEO‐RECFON.