Children In Age Group Research Articles

A Review Of Autism Spectrum Disorder Detection Using Machine Learning

A neurological condition known as an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) profoundly impacts an individual's lifelong ability to engage and interact with others. ASD is an illness that can be recognized at early stages in a person's life and is often classified as a "behavioral disease" due to the presence of numerous symptoms that frequently manifest within the first two years of life, as per what most people believe about autism theory, these challenges typically emerge during childhood and endure into adolescence and adulthood [1]. In response to the growing popularity of medical diagnosis, machine learning techniques [2] are used to help doctors make better decisions about a person's health, extensive efforts have been made to leverage various algorithms, including Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Neural Networks, and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) [3], to predict and analyze ASD-related issues across different age groups—children, teenagers, and adults. These endeavors have been detailed in a research survey paper. These predictive models were assessed using the ABIDE dataset, which is openly accessible for research purposes. The study's findings underscore the effectiveness of CNN-based prediction models, which consistently outperformed other machine-learning techniques [4]. Notably, these models achieved impressive accuracy rates of 99.53%, 98.30%, and 96.88% for screening and diagnosing Autistic Spectrum Disorder in datasets representing adults, children, and adolescents, respectively

A Review Of Autism SpectrumDisorder Detection Using Machine Learning

A neurological condition known as an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) profoundly impacts an individual's lifelong ability to engage and interact with others. ASD is an illness that can be recognized at early stages in a person's life and is often classified as a "behavioral disease" due to the presence of numerous symptoms that frequently manifest within the first two years of life, as per what most people believe about autism theory, these challenges typically emerge during childhood and endure into adolescence and adulthood [1]. In response to the growing popularity of medical diagnosis, machine learning techniques [2] are used to help doctors make better decisions about a person's health, extensive efforts have been made to leverage various algorithms, including Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Neural Networks, and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) [3], to predict and analyze ASD-related issues across different age groups—children, teenagers, and adults. These endeavors have been detailed in a researchsurvey paper. These predictive models were assessed using the ABIDE dataset, which is openly accessible for research purposes. The study's findings underscore the effectiveness of CNN-based prediction models, which consistently outperformed other machine-learning techniques [4]. Notably, these models achieved impressive accuracy rates of 99.53%, 98.30%, and 96.88% for screening and diagnosing Autistic Spectrum Disorder in datasets representing adults, children, and adolescents, respectively.

The test of masticating and swallowing solids (ToMaSS): An investigation of applicability and clinical utility in children with orofacial myofunctional disorders.

Orofacial myofunctional disorders (OMD) are often associated with limitations of oral ingestion of solid food. The Test of Masticating and Swallowing Solids (ToMaSS) is a simple diagnostic tool to assess and quantify oropharyngeal efficiency while eating a standardised cracker. The objective of this study was to investigate the applicability and clinical utility of the ToMaSS in children with OMD. In this case-control study, data were collected from 18 children between 4 and 11 years with confirmed OMD. Inter-rater reliability and age effects on the ToMaSS parameters were investigated and the specific performance profile of the OMD children was identified. Inter-rater reliability was excellent for the ToMaSS parameters 'bites' (ICC = .999), 'masticatory cycles' (ICC = .961), 'time'(ICC≧ .999) and good for 'number of swallows' (ICC = .810). 'Masticatory cycles' and 'time' decreased as a function of age with a significant difference in the 'number of masticatory cycles' between the youngest (4-6 years) and oldest (10-14 years) participants (p = .006, Z = -2.739). Deviations from normative data in at least one of the four ToMaSS parameters were found in 90% of the OMD children with 'bites', and 'masticatory cycles' predominantly corresponding to the performances expected in typically-developing children in younger age groups. The ToMaSS is a reliable diagnostic instrument and clinically useful to detect limited efficiency of oral solid bolus intake and specific impairments in chewing function and duration of food intake in children with OMD. Our data suggest that OMD is associated with delayed development of efficient solid bolus preparation.

Long term results in children underwent nuss procedure preschool with pectus excavatum: Real-world study with propensity matching

BackgroundIt is controversial when surgery should be performed for pectus excavatum (PE). The study retrospectively compared the long-term prognosis in PE children undergoing the Nuss procedure at the age of 4–6 versus those performing surgery at the age of 12–14. Methods178 patients were included in the retrospective real-world research. Clinical Characteristics were collected at baseline. The endpoint of the study was set as the last follow-up at the age of 18 in outpatient services. Satisfaction and complication rate were set as the primary outcome and were collected at the endpoint. Hospital stay post-surgery and analgesia dosage were regard as the secondary outcome. To reduce potential bias between two different age groups, propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was analysized. ResultsThe oral analgesic dosage of children in the 4–6 years old age group is significantly lower than that of the 12–14 years old group (0.70/kg, 0.30–1.50/kg versus 1.50/kg, 0.90–2.30/kg, P < 0.001), and children in the younger age group are discharged earlier. There was no difference in overall satisfaction (89.1 %, versus 88.20 %, P = 0.99) and recurrence rate (7.2 %, versus 6.8 %, P = 0.99) between the two groups of when they reach the age of 18. ConclusionsPerforming Nuss procedure at the age of 4–6 does not affect the overall long-term satisfaction of the child or increase the long-term recurrence rate. Surgical intervention in children with pectus excavatum preschool can provide a better postoperative experience in hospital compared with intervention in adolescent.

An exceptionally large wave of M. pneumoniae infections among children in Tianjin post COVID-19 pandemic.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a persistent lowering of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae), which is commonly found in children with respiratory tract infections (RTIs). However, in 2023, we observed an unusually high number of M. pneumoniae infections among children from Tianjin, the second largest city in northern China. This study sought to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of children with RTIs caused by M. pneumoniae in northern China post COVID-19, in order to provide a theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Between January 2019 and December 2023, a total of 78,886 children with respiratory infections from General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University were included in this study. A rapid immunochromatographic assay kit was used to test for M. pneumoniae specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) in these patients. The relevant clinical data of M. pneumoniae-positive cases were also collected, and analyzed by SPSS software. Out of the 78,886 samples collected, a total of 11,268 tested positive for M. pneumoniae specific-IgM antibody. The average positive rate was 14.3% in the past 5 years. In the year 2023 alone, there were 5,870 M. Pneumoniae positive cases, surpassing the combined count from the previous 4 years. The incidence of M. pneumoniae had significantly surged since September 2023, peaking at 1,717 cases in November 2023, with a notable surge during the fourth quarter. The prevalence of M. pneumoniae infection was primarily observed among children aged 4-6 years and 7-9 years both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, a noticeable increase was observed among children aged 10-14 years after the pandemic ended. Boys exhibited a lower positive rate (13.19%) compared to girls (15.56%). In addition, the proportion of pneumonia cases in 2023 was significantly higher than that in previous years (P<0.001). Our study revealed that following a prolonged global lowering of M. pneumoniae since the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant outbreak had emerged in northern China since September 2023. The proportion of M. pneumoniae positive children in the older age group increased in 2023 compared to that observed in 2019. Additionally, there was an increase in the proportion of pneumonia among M. pneumoniae positive cases in 2023 compared to the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period.

Adherence to gluten free diet and problems faced by children with celiac disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT Introduction: Celiac disease (CD) in children can be associated with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) as both share autoimmune etiology. Mainstay of treatment in celiac disease is total avoidance of gluten in diet whereas treatment in child with both the diseases will be Insulin therapy, exercise along with gluten free diet (GFD). There is dearth of literature regarding adherence to GFD and barriers for children with both T1DM and CD. Methods: A questionnaire-based study was done at a tertiary care institute so as to compare the self-reported gluten adherence and the problems faced by children with dual diseases (TIDM and CD) and CD alone. Thirty children of age group 5-14 years each withType 1 DM and CD (T1DMCD group) and celiac disease (CD group) were selected consecutively. A questionnairewas filled by asking questions from either children (above 8 years) or parents (below 8 years) and the results were compiled, compared and further analysed. Results: Baseline demographic parameters were comparable in both the groups. Gluten adherence was found to be worse in T1DMCD group as compared to CD group. Greater number of problems were experienced by children with both TIDM and CD as compared to children with CD alone (P &lt; 0.05). Financial burden more so in T1DMCD group, unawareness about disease and benefits of GFD, less availability and social isolation were found to be the most significant barriers to diet adherence. Conclusion: As these children face dual diseases, they should be made more aware regarding benefits of GFD. Such information is valuable to primary care physicians for better management and rehabilitation of children suffering from these chronic diseases.

Assessment of Severity and Pattern of Early Childhood Caries Using ICDAS II Criteria: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Early childhood caries is highly prevalent worldwide. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System incorporates both the non-cavitated and cavitated carious lesions with acceptable reliability. The objective of the present study was to assess the severity and pattern of early childhood caries among children visiting outpatient department of a dental college in Nepal. The study also aimed to compare the severity and pattern based on individual tooth type. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among children of age group 24-71 months in primary dentition stage. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System II criteria was used to detect dental caries, and its severity and pattern. The ethical approval was taken from the institutional ethical committee (IRC Ref. No.: 1, 36, 2079/2080 IRC PDCH 2022 21).Results: The dental cries in children of age group 48-60 months was 1338 (33.46%) and dentinal caries (Code 5) was observed in 112 (8.37%). Multi-surface caries was 644 (16.15%), and occlusal surface caries was 481 (12.06%). Among the study population, 227 (5.69%) of the teeth assessed were associated with restoration and sealants. Enamel caries among the maxillary second molars (55/65) (Code 3) was in 94 (23.5%), and the dentinal caries (Code 5) in maxillary central incisors (51/61)was in 90 (22.78%). Conclusions: Majority of the children enrolled in the study had multiple cavitated and non-cavitated carious teeth involving different surfaces. Severity and pattern of caries also varied among individual tooth type.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE FORMATION OF INTELLECTUAL SKILLS OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN THROUGH DEVELOPMENTAL GAMES

In this article, the theories of the formation of intellectual skills of preschool children are substantiated and presented from a practical point of view through the results of practice. In the preschool period, they revealed the possibilities of developing intellectual skills of the child through developing games. The concept of intelligence and intelligence is currently in widespread use and is becoming one of the most relevant topics. In accordance with the period of technological rapid development and globalization of our time, in accordance with demographic growth, new changes are observed in our society. In this regard, the types of skills and abilities that should be present in the younger generation are increasing. In the upbringing and training of preschool children, the focus is on the problem of educating a competitive generation through the development of the child`s physical, communicative, cognitive, intellectual, creative skills, research abilities. In the period from four to five years, the child experiences an important stage, perception and desire to learn the new, the author notes the scientifically sustained theories, the features of the experimental research are analyzed quantitatively and qualitively. The article presented a list of developmental games as effective tools for the development of intellectual skills of children of the adult group. It is written on the basis of the state program for the development of educational system Republic of Kazakhstan and the concept, and for the correct organization of intellectual skills, it is necessary To know the laws and possibilities of physiological development in a child. As noted in the article, the analysis of the content and methods of sensory education scientifically substantiated the development of perception and institution, the sequence of formation of logical thinking, revealed the psychological and pedagogical features of developing games in the formation of intellectual skills of children of preschool age group.

Household job insecurity, food insufficiency, and children’s mental health needs: Household Pulse Survey in June 2023

BackgroundEconomic hardships have far-reaching implications for families with children, impacting their well-being and development during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has led to household financial problems following job loss and reduced income. As parents or caregivers face financial difficulties, children may experience emotional distress through heightened anxiety and a sense of helplessness. This study examined the effects of household job insecurity and food insufficiency due to the pandemic's aftermath on the mental well-being of children in the United States.MethodThis study utilized data from the Household Pulse Survey (HPS) during June 7–19, 2023 (Phase 3.9). The prevalence and effect of job insecurity, delineated by recent household job loss and employment status, and food insufficiency, measured through levels of food insufficiency, were analyzed across households with different age groups of children: under 5 years, 5–11 years, and 12–17 years, with an overall perspective on children under 18. We calculated unweighted observations, survey-weighted proportions, and survey-weighted 95% confidence intervals to analyze the impact of job insecurity and food insufficiency on children’s mental health treatment needs.ResultsThis study highlighted differences in economic hardships due to household job insecurity and food insufficiency across households with children in multiple age groups. There were almost twice as many respondents with no work in the last 7 days (33.68%) compared to those who experienced job loss within the last 4 weeks (14.82%). Additionally, 51.68% of respondents reported food insufficiency over the last 7 days, with more than half of the households experiencing food insufficiency due to the inability to afford more food. Mental health treatment needs among children were significantly higher in households experiencing job loss and food insufficiency. The need for mental health support for children increased with age in households facing job loss or no employment.ConclusionsThis study enhances our understanding of post-pandemic economic hardships and their influence on children’s mental health needs across different age groups. By identifying disparities and patterns, policymakers and practitioners can design targeted interventions to address employment opportunities and food access in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Providing mental health treatments is crucial, especially for children aged 5–11 and 12–17, who are at higher risk of experiencing emotional distress due to household economic hardships.

Trends in Vaccination Coverage among Children Aged 2-6 Years in Tennessee Counties, 2017-2023.

Background/Objectives: This study examines trends in county-level vaccination coverage before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic among children aged 2-3 and 4-6 years in Tennessee, with a focus on rurality; Methods: Data from the Tennessee Immunization Information System (January 2017 to September 2023) were analyzed for vaccination coverage in children in both age groups. The study categorized the COVID-19 pandemic into three periods: pre-pandemic (P1: January 2017 to December 2019), stay-at-home (P2: January 2020 to May 2021), and reopening (P3: June 2021 to September 2023). Vaccination trends were stratified by vaccine type, rurality, sex, race and ethnicity; Results: During P1, there were no significant changes in trends of vaccination coverage percentages in both rural and urban counties for both age groups. However, vaccination coverage declined significantly during P2 and P3 compared to P1 for most vaccines, except for influenza, which initially increased but later declined. Rural counties experienced a more pronounced decline compared to urban counties during P2 and P3 for both age groups. Within rural and urban counties, vaccination coverage was higher among white children compared to black children, and among non-Hispanic compared to Hispanic children. There were higher coverage percentages in age group 4-6 for all vaccines, except for influenza, compared to 2-3 year group; Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated disparities in childhood vaccination coverage, particularly in rural areas. These findings highlight the need for targeted public health interventions to address barriers to vaccination and ensure equitable access to vaccines for all children.

Systematic Assessment of Family Service Barriers to Support Youth Engagement with Health and Social Care

Family characteristics and service barriers influence children’s access to health and social care. Systematic assessment of family service barriers may help practitioners in their efforts to support family engagement with needed services. To address this need, this study utilized data from a 12-week service navigation intervention to examine associations between family characteristics, service barriers, service need, and service access. Twenty-nine caregivers of youth under age 18 participated. Pre-test measures included a family demographic questionnaire, service barriers checklist, and family service plan. Post-test outcome measures were the type and number of services accessed in the family service plan. At baseline, participants reported an average of 10 barriers to care. The family characteristics, caregiver age, child age, and community group involvement, were associated with a greater number of service barriers. Over the course of the intervention, the service barrier “provider waitlists” was associated with an increased service access, while having a male child was associated with a decrease in service access. Results indicate families experience multiple service barriers and specific family characteristics influence service access. Systematic assessment of service barriers and consideration of family characteristics can assist practitioner efforts to support youth and family engagement with health and social care.

COVID-19 immunization status in children compared to their parents: a retrospective review at an upstate NY medicine/pediatrics practice

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between parent and child COVID-19 immunization series completion using vaccine records.MethodsA cross-sectional chart review was performed on parent and child patients at the Albany Medical Center Internal Medicine and Pediatrics practice. Patient and parent demographic data, COVID-19 immunization status, and health care worker status was collected. Patient data was further separated into 2 cohorts to account for vaccine eligibility among child age groups, with 5–11 years and 6 months-4 years cohorts. Chi square or Fisher’s exact test was used where appropriate.ResultsAcross both cohorts, 371 child patients were identified and cross-matched with corresponding parents. Neither cohort offered evidence linking child immunization series completion with the child’s race, ethnicity, or county of residence. However, rates of series completion were higher for children with private insurance versus public options in both the 5–11 years and 6 months-4 years cohorts (both p < 0.001). Children were more likely to be immunized against COVID-19 if their parents were fully immunized against COVID-19 (both p < 0.05). Children aged 6 months-4 years were more likely to be immunized against COVID-19 if their parent was a health care worker (p = 0.038).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates a significance between child insurance status, as well as between parental vaccination status and child vaccination status. Only children under 5 years were more likely to be vaccinated against COVID-19 if their parent was a health care worker.

Статистические аспекты обращений детей за стоматологической помощью при острой зубной боли.

The study analyzes the characteristics of the treatment of children with acute toothache in dental departments. The object of the study was the medical records of dental institutions in St. Petersburg. The subject of the study is the treatment of children of different age groups. The time period of the study is from 2010 to 2023. Relevance. The study of pediatric dentistry issues related to intense toothache occupies a special place in many studies. This is largely due to the age characteristics of children, who, due to their lack of development of communication skills, are not able to independently control what is happening. Analyzing applications to dental clinics, special attention should be paid to the fact that a significant part of patients are children suffering from acute toothache. This phenomenon highlights the importance of a statistical study of the causes and sequences associated with the need for dental care among the younger generation. Focusing on aspects related to children’s dental care for acute toothaches opens up access to a deep understanding of the problem and the development of strategies to overcome it. The study of statistical data can reveal certain trends, which, in turn, will help to develop more effective methods of prevention and treatment of dental diseases in children. The purpose of the study: the study of statistical aspects of children’s requests for dental care for acute toothache. Materials and methods of research: analysis of scientific and practical literature, generalization, statistical and analytical analysis. As a result of the research, a review of scientific, practical, statistical information was carried out, an empirical study was conducted, and the author’s conclusions were given. Based on the analysis, which affected the frequency of children’s visits to dental institutions, the main reasons for such visits were identified. At the top of the list are preventive measures that emphasize parents’ awareness of the importance of taking care of their child’s dental health, as well as indicating the effectiveness of educational programs in the field of dentistry. They are followed by an urgent need to consult a specialist due to severe toothache caused by a variety of causes, among which there may be diseases such as pulpitis or periodontitis. The analysis of data for the period from 2010 to 2023 revealed the immutability of the main reasons for dental office attendance and the quantitative characteristics of such requests, which confirms the constant relevance of this issue

Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air samples from Hanoi urban areas, Vietnam, and its implications for inhalation exposure.

Sixteen PAHs in ambient air samples collected from residential and roadside areas in the Hanoi metropolitan were investigated. Total PAH concentrations in the ambient air samples ranged from 45.0 to 451ng/m3. Among PAHs, phenanthrene was found at the most abundant and highest levels. The distributions of PAHs in the ambient air collected in the dry season were on average 26% higher than in the wet season. The PAH concentrations in the air samples collected from the traffic areas were significantly higher (about 2.7 times) than those in the residential areas, indicating that these chemicals originated from motor vehicles. According to vertical, the PAH concentrations found in the ambient air samples collected from the ground floor were significantly higher than on the upper level, however, there was not much difference when going higher (from 24m (8th floor) to 111m (37th floor)). The human exposure doses were estimated for two age groups (adults and children) based on the measured PAH concentrations, the inhalation rates, and body weights. The estimated exposure doses to PAHs through inhalation for adults/children were 1.13/2.86 (ng/kg-bw/d) (residential areas) and 3.24/8.18 (ng/kg-bw/d) (traffic areas), respectively. The average lifetime excess cancer risk (ECR) from inhalation exposure to PAHs was 3.0 × 10-4 at the traffic areas and 1.4 × 10-4 at the residential areas. These estimated exposure doses were above the acceptable level of the California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (1*10-6).

БРОНХИАЛЬНАЯ АСТМА У ДЕТЕЙ ГРОДНЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ. РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСЬ, ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТЬ, МНОГОЛЕТНИЕ ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ТРЕНДЫ ДИНАМИКИ

Background. Bronchial asthma is the most widespread chronic nonspecific lung disease in children. Monitoring the prevalence of asthma is an important part of a set of measures aimed at preventing and effectively treating the disease. Purpose of the study. To study the long-term dynamics of the main epidemiological indicators of the overall and primary incidence of asthma in the child population of the Grodno region. Material and methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of the indicators of the overall and primary incidence of bronchial asthma in children of the Grodno region. The study period was 1999-2023 years for children aged 0-14 years and 2008-2023 years for children of 15-17 years old. Results. The long-term average standardized indicator of the overall incidence of bronchial asthma in children aged 0-14 years (1999-2023) was 597.13 (95% CI: 562.88-631.37), that of primary incidence – 79.94 (95% CI: 67.52-92.37) per 100,000 children of the corresponding age. The long-term average incidence of bronchial asthma in children aged 15-17 years (2008-2023) was 1157.69 (95% CI: 1070.69-1244.71), that of primary incidence – 44.29 (95% CI: 33.52-55.05) per 100,000 children of this age. In the age group of 0-14 years, the overall incidence of bronchial asthma was dominated by children aged 10-14 years, the primary incidence – by children of 5-9 years old. The long-term epidemic dynamics were characterized by a moderately pronounced tendency towards an increase in the standardized indicator of the overall incidence in children aged 0-14 years (average growth rate =+1.32%) and those aged 15-17 years (average growth rate =+2.87%), stabilization of the indicator of primary morbidity in children of 0-14 years old (average rate of decline = -0.49%) and a downward trend in the rate of primary morbidity (average rate of decline = -3.48%) in children aged 15-17 years. The levels and average long-term trends in the dynamics of indicators in individual territorial and administrative districts of the region have been established. The trends in the dynamics of asthma incidence rates in the administrative territories of the region during the analyzed period were multidirectional and had varying degrees of stability. The cartograms of the territorial distribution of bronchial asthma incidence rates in children of the Grodno region in the periods 1999-2023 (0-14 years) and 2008-2023 (15-17 years) are presented. Conclusions. The reasons for the established patterns in changes in the incidence of bronchial asthma in children of different age groups and those living in different territories require further study.

Oral manifestations of COVID-19 in children: a narrative literature review

COVID-19 triggers an acute inflammatory response in organs, tissues, tongue mucosa, and salivary glands. Some symptoms such as lesions on the tongue and oral mucosa, oral pseudomembranous candidiasis, pharyngitis, taste alteration, gingivitis, canker sores, and even multisystem inflammatory syndrome have been reported in children with COVID-19. Early diagnosis of oral manifestations improves patients' prognosis and quality of life. A narrative literature review was conducted based on studies published in PubMed and LiLacs from January 2020 to April 2024, related to oral manifestations in COVID-19 in children. Of the 68 articles found, 7 were selected after analysis. The main manifestations presented were: abscesses, mucositis, ulcerative lesions, gingivitis, pseudomembranous candidiasis, mucosal lesions, lip and tongue fissures, hemorrhagic crust, inflammation of salivary glands, lip swelling, and reactive infectious mucocutaneous eruption. The selected articles showed that these oral manifestations of COVID-19 can affect children in various age groups, serving as indicators of the disease and signs of worsening infection.

Moderators of movement behaviour changes among Canadian toddlers and preschoolers throughout the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Primary objectives were to examine: (1) changes in movement behaviours (i.e., outdoor play (OP), organized physical activity (PA), screen time (ST), sleep) across the first 2 years of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) among Canadian toddlers and preschoolers, and (2) intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and policy moderators of change in movement behaviors. Participants were 341 Canadian parents of children (start of study: 1-4 years; 48% female). Participants completed online questionnaires regarding their children's movement behaviours and intrapersonal, interpersonal, and community factors at five time-points before and throughout the pandemic (T1-T5). Data from government websites were also used for some community and policy factors. Linear mixed models were conducted. Compared to pre-COVID-19 (T1): OP was on average 30 min/day higher at T2 and T3; organized PA was on average 62, 44, and 37 min/day lower at T2, T3, and T4, respectively; ST was on average 67, 17, 38, and 52 min/day higher at T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively; and sleep was on average 30, 36, and 82 min/day lower at T3, T4, and T5, respectively. Significant moderating variables were observed for OP (parental education, parental work inside home, COVID-19 restriction severity), organized PA (children's sex, started kindergarten, nonparental care, parental education, household income, parental employment status, house type, indoor home space and support for PA), ST (nonparental care, parental marital status) and sleep (children's T1 age group, started kindergarten, parental place of birth, parental employment status). All movement behaviors changed across the first 2 years of COVID-19 but patterns and moderators were behaviour-specific. Children from lower socioeconomic status families had the least optimal patterns.

Recent trends and disparities in 24-hour movement behaviors among US youth with mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental conditions

BackgroundMeeting 24-h movement behaviors (24-HMB: physical activity [PA], screen time [ST], and sleep [SL]) recommendations may be associated with positive health outcomes among youth with specific mental, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental (MBD) conditions. However, temporal trends and disparities in meeting 24-HMB guidelines in these higher-risk groups have not been investigated, hampering the development of evidence-based clinical and public health interventions. MethodsSerial, cross-sectional analyses of nationally National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) data (including U.S. youth aged 6–17 years with MBD conditions) were conducted. The time-trends survey data was conducted between 2016 and 2021.The prevalence of 24-HMB adherence estimates were reported for the overall sample and for various sociodemographic subgroups. The subgroups analyzed included: age group (children[aged 6 to 13 years], adolescents[aged 14 to 17 years]), sex, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. ResultsData on 52,634 individuals (mean age, 12.0 years [SD,3.5]; 28,829 [58.0 %] boys) were analyzed. From 2016 to 2021 the estimated trend in meeting PA + ST + SL guidelines declined (−0.8 % [95%CI, −1.0 % to −0.5 %], P for trend <0.001), whereas meeting none of 24-HMB guidelines increased (2.2 % [1.8 % to 2.6 %], P for trend <0.001). White participants, children, and boys reported higher estimated prevalence of meeting full integrated (PA + ST + SL) guidelines. DiscussionThe temporal trends observed in this study highlight the importance of consistently monitoring movement behavior among MBD youth and identifying variations by sociodemographic groups in meeting 24-HMB guidelines for health promotion within these vulnerable groups.

Research on metacognitive strategies of children's self-regulated learning.

Learning involves numerous self-regulatory processes, and self-regulated learning includes a few metacognitive strategies. Metacognitive skills start to develop at a very young age, though preschool children face some challenges while using metacognitive strategies. The study primarily aims to explore how young students are using metacognitive strategies in their daily activities and how effective they are. The sample of the study is 15 students from a public kindergarten in China, with ages ranging from 3 years to 6 years. The investigation is qualitative in nature and has employed a case study research design. It involves an observational study along with an interview with the teachers. From observational data and content analysis of the interviews, it is revealed that young children do use metacognitive strategies in their regular class activities, which vary according to their age. Teachers' support is found to be essential, especially for this age group of children, for effective use of these strategies. Moreover, it is also seen that metacognitive strategies are also important in developing social skills among young children. Consequently, the findings of this research have significant implications, especially for the teachers and parents who support the children and use metacognitive interventions for their holistic development.

Experimental Study: The Impact of Traditional Team Games on Gross Motor Locomotor Skills and Social Skills of Elementary School Children

Background: In the 21st century, children often prefer modern video games, which can lead to decreased physical activity and increased screen time. This lack of physical activity can result in poor motor skills and social skills among children. Motor and social skills are crucial for the development and growth of primary school children. Locomotor gross motor skills focus on walking, running, jumping, and skipping, which help children improve movement during physical activities. Social skills help children communicate with peers, understand friends, establish cooperation, and build healthy interpersonal relationships. It is believed that traditional games can help children aged 10‑12 improve their motor and social skills. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the impact of traditional team sports on optimizing locomotor gross motor skills and social skills in children aged 10‑12 years. Design/methodology/approach: This research study utilized a quasi‑experimental research method. The traditional games used in the study were gobak sodor and bakiak team. The study focused on children aged 10‑12 years. The instruments used for assessment were the Test of Gross Motor Development‑2 (TGMD‑II) for evaluating gross motor ability and a social skills questionnaire. The data were analyzed using a t‑test at a 5% significance level. Results and Conclusion: The analysis results of the first few t‑tests showed that the t‑count value (16.102) was greater than the t‑table value (2.093), and the p‑value (0.000) was less than 0.05. This indicates that there is an effect of traditional team games on the gross motor development of children aged 10‑12 years. The results of the second t‑test analysis also indicated that the t‑count value (14.912) was greater than the t‑table value (2.093), suggesting an effect of traditional team games on both gross motor abilities and social skills of children in the same age group. In the third t‑test analysis, the t‑count value was greater than the t‑table value, indicating differences between the experimental group and the control group. This suggests an effect of traditional team games on the development of gross motor skills and social abilities of children aged 10‑12 years.