Age Gradations Research Articles

Melia dubia Cav. wood properties vary with age and influence the pulp and paper quality

ABSTRACTVariations in wood properties such as basic density, tissue proportion, fibre dimensions and their derived indices, cellulose and lignin content of Melia dubia at five age gradations were examined to evaluate the suitability of the species for pulp and paper production. The study showed that basic density, fibre proportion, fibre length, cell wall thickness, slenderness ratio, solids factor, cellulose and lignin content increased with tree age. However, vessel proportion, fibre width and lumen width decreased. Most of the wood properties were found suitable for making good quality pulp and paper at the age of 4 and 5 years in comparison to other hardwood species among five age gradation. Hence, harvesting at fourth and fifth year of age is suggested in M. dubia for high pulp yield and better paper quality.

Лексичні засоби позначення дитячого віку в писемних пам’ятках української мови ХVІ-ХVІІІ ст.

Research devoted to childhood as a social-cultural phenomenon has become more active in present-day science. Scientists study some peculiarities of the perception of child and childhood by society in different historical epochs, try to fix childhood limits and to define age periods within child age, and make a conclusion that in many cases, periods of man's life are correlated with social roles of people rather than with biological age, and they were formed under the influence of social institutes developing together with the evolution of society. The present paper analyzes lexical means used in written records of the Ukrainian language in the 16th-18th centuries to denote child age and express the concept of an age differentiation of childhood. The written records of the Ukrainian language of different genres in the mentioned period were the sources of the research: e.g. business language records, P. Berynda's dictionary, religious texts, sermons, and poetic works. Lexical units expressing child age to denote childhood as an age period of man's life and general names originating from colloquial language and taken from Church Slavonic were used to denote children. Written sources confirm an active use of hypocoristic forms. The lack of a clear classification of childhood into separate age periods is seen in the system of children's names. Most of the general names denoting children did not represent an age gradation of childhood and only some words were special names of a child expressing an age characteristic: those were the names of a newly-born child and a baby. Some adjectives combination with nouns to denote children indicated a relative age characteristic (little, minor) but the contexts in which phrases with the adjective little were used did not give a reason to distinguish between a little child and a young man. In several sources, a seven-year period was classified as a special stage in a child's life, first of all, due to religious practice. According to Christian tradition, a child was considered to have no sins until the age of 7 since he or she cannot distinguish between good and bad. After that, he or she had to shrive. In secular practice, the age of 7 became the time when a child would be sent to an educational institution. The texts of pedagogical orientation prove the synonymy of common names denoting children with special names of the individuals who get education. A differentiation according to an age characteristic “adulthood” vs. “minority” can be seen clearly, which is explained by the legal status of an adult and, correspondingly, is expressed by the corresponding lexical denotations. The vocabulary denoting this age period is mostly represented by sources written in business language. One can see that lexical semantics, with help of which child age is marked in records of the Ukrainian language in the 16th-18th centuries, gives a general concept of childhood common for Ukrainian and European social communities of that time.

“If I Can Offer You Some Advice”: Rapport and Data Collection in Interviews Between Adults of Different Ages

Reflexively analyzing interactions between myself (young adult woman) and 150 adult research participants, I explore how interviewees responded to the interviewer's perceived age in combination with other social identity categories. Addressing a gap in scholarship on adult‐adult interview interactions, this article examines how age gradations, in combination with other axes of similarity or difference, affect researcher‐interviewee rapport and data acquisition. Racial similarity, regardless of age, unlocked access to the topic of race/ethnicity. Age intersected with gender such that women within a decade of the woman interviewer's age assumed similarity and were communicative. In interviews with similarly‐aged heterosexual men, awareness of sexuality inhibited answers around intimacy. With older interviewees, gender similarity bridged the age chasm with women. In contrast, age and gender difference inspired older men to act paternalistically and give unsolicited advice. Even among adults, interviewees' classification of the interviewer's age contours the interactional dynamic, impacts data acquisition, and reproduces social distinctions.

Age gradation of optical density of bone tissues of the heel bones in the period of postnatal anthogenesis

Age gradation of optical density of bone tissues of the heel bones in the period of postnatal anthogenesis

Carbon Sequestration Potential of Teak Plantations of Different Agro-Climatic Zones and Age-Gradations of Southern India

Carbon sequestration potential of teak plantations in different agro-climatic zones of Southern India, viz. Northern Dry Zone, Northern Transition Zone, and Hilly Zone were studied. Teak plantations belonging to three age gradations viz. 10, 15 and 20 years were considered for the study. Above ground biomass was computed based on volume estimation and wood density after considering three 10 x 10 m plots. Carbon sequestration potential of teak plantations on farmlands differed significantly with respect to agro-climatic zones and age. Teak plantations raised on the farmlands of Northern Transition Zone had significantly higher above ground biomass than that in Northern Dry Zone and Hilly Zone at all the three age-gradations. Consequently, total above ground carbon sequestered was also significantly higher among the teak plantations of the Northern Transition Zone (247.47 t/ ha) than that in Hilly Zone (157.60 t/ha) and NDZ (103.73 t/ha). For obvious reasons total amount of carbon sequestered was significantly higher in 20-year plantations (330.00 t/ha) than in 15-year (108.53 t/ha) and 10-year plantations (70.27 t/ha). Perhaps optimal average annual rainfall of 749 mm and medium black soil in Northern Transition Zone have contributed to the higher biomass in teak. Poor rainfall in Northern Dry Zone (<585 mm) and poor soil conditions (lateritic formations) in Hilly Zone must have contributed to the poorer growth of teak in these zones. key words: Teak, Carbon sequestration, Biomass, Farmlands.

INDIGENOUS PRACTICES AND SOCIO-ECONOMICS OF ARECA CATECHU L. AND PIPER BETEL L. BASED INNOVATIVE AGROFORESTRY IN NORTHERN RURAL BANGLADESH

ABSTRACT An agroforestry system based on Areca catechu L. and Piper betel L. has been gradually developed by farmers of northern rural Bangladesh since the late 1980s. This paper explores the indigenous practices and the socio-economics of this agroforestry system, seen as a promising land use strategy in the region. Data were collected by interviewing household members and visiting their agroforestry plots as well as by focus group discussions in five villages of Panchagarh district. Results indicate that farmers allocated a portion of their farmland along with homesteads for Areca and betel-based agroforestry because they felt it was both sustainable and profitable. Sustainability was ensured by the presence of different Areca and betel leaf age gradations in the plantations and by buoyant product markets. Variation was observed among farmers regarding land allocation, tree density, income, and marketing of products. Though poor farmers had less land at their disposal, they allocated the same proportion of their land to agroforestry as did the largest land holders. Poor farmers' agroforestry plots had the highest Areca tree density and also derived the highest income per hectare. Net income per farmer was directly proportional to the amount of land allotted to agroforestry.

Should I Go, or Should I Stay?: Adolescence, School Attainment, and Parent-Child Relations in Italian Immigrant Families of New Haven, 1900-1940

The first reaction [of the southern Italian immigrant parent] to the American school system was based on the immigrant's discovery of a group, which, though evidently adult in physical growth, was a child-group since it attended school and indulged in childish activities like playing ball. One of the quiet cultural transformations of the twentieth century in the United States has been the widespread consensus over the meaningfulness of age gradations among children and youths. Joseph Kett's important book on the history of the idea of adolescence examined the first significant triumph of experts in promoting the concept of human development in American institutional life. Who could have predicted at the dawn of the twentieth century the swift success of the “adolescent idea” and the subdivision of stages in growing up that has occurred since? Certainly the rise of the expert and the medicalization of “deviance” have contributed significantly to the broad acceptance of age gradations and the developmental perspective. But schooling, the most pervasive of all modern institutions has had the greatest influence on the willingness of Americans to think through novel categories of cognitive, emotional, and physiological growth and well-being in young people. While the passage and enforcement of compulsory schooling and a concomitant need to make distinctions among children's school performance (which led to age-grading) established the framework for thinking about pupils developmentally, it was the voluntary extension of schooling that proved the true measure of parents' willing adoption of the developmental view. The critical period of growth in schooling beyond the minimum required by law occurred between 1910 and 1940, when high school attendance grew dramatically. One factor in its expansion was the invention of the high school “drop out,” which both constituted and reflected the spread of the idea that high school was within the reach of every girl and boy and that every child, moreover, should want to attend high school.

Age gradations in vocalization and body weight in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata).

449 syllables in 174 food calls of Japanese monkeys of various ages were analyzed spectrographically. The fundamental frequency bands were divided into 55 frequency modulation patterns. The percentage of harsh syllables changed with age class among adults. Although the duration of syllables did not change with age, the maximum fundamental frequency and the minimum fundamental frequency showed age-related changes. Both were distinctly decreased by 6-8 years of age and thereafter the decline was far more gradual. Body weight also increased up to 6 years of age for females and 8 years for males, thereafter stabilizing for both sexes. The matching in age-related changes between fundamental frequency and body weight indicates that it is increase in size of the vocal folds with physical growth that lowers the fundamental frequency.

Sex Differences and Age Gradations in Vocalizations of Japanese and Lion-tailed Monkeys (Macaca fuscata and Macaca silenus)

Synopsis. Vocal repertoires of male and female non-human primates can differ by pres? ence or absence of sounds, acoustic form, and function or usage. Examples of sex-specificity in vocalizations are taken from field studies of two macaque species that differ in social organization and habitat. They are used to illustrate sex-specific acoustic patterns and vocalizations that are employed in socially different fashion by males and females. Some vocal sex differences develop from sounds shared in common by young animals of both sexes while others arise late in life by an acoustic pattern suddenly emerging only in males. Differences may be due to sexual selection, social suppression, morphological fea? tures, or because vocal sounds are linked to circumstances experienced by only male or female adults. The relation between social usage of some vocalizations by adults and youngsters affords insights into their signal value and into the underlying state of the vocalizing animal.

The Galapagos Rift at 86° W: 4. Structure and morphology of hydrothermal fields and their relationship to the volcanic and tectonic processes of the Rift Valley

The Angus camera system is used to investigate the detailed structure and morphology of the active hydrothermal vent fields of the Galapagos Rift. Precision navigational data are combined with microtopographic information and detailed geological and biological observations obtained from an analysis of the color bottom pictures to create a series of three‐dimensional models for each vent field. The five isolated vents are distributed along the southern boundary of a fissure wedge that cuts along the active axial high. All but one vent occur in pillow terrain. The fifth vent is at the contact between a pillow flow and sheet flow. Vents range in size from 400 m2 to 1600 m2 and are spread out along 2.8 km of a lineated fissure system that trends 095°. They are spaced at intervals ranging from 250 m to 1600 m with an average separation of 700 m. Vents are bound by tectonic features such as fissures or small throw faults. The egress of water is localized in small pockets within the fields. These zones of egress are distinctly unfissured. Instead, the water emanates out of rock to rock brecciated contacts. These thermal pockets range from 15 m to 40 m in diameter and are characterized by large concentrations of benthic fauna. On the basis of animal communities the fields may be divided into two different types, the western and the eastern groups. The two western fields are predominantly populated by clams (Vesicomyidae) and mussels (Mytilidae). The eastern three fields are dominated by tube worms (Vestimentifera), mussels, serpulid worms, and the spherical, colonial animal dandelion. The positioning of the vents on the fissure wedge implies a tectonic propagation and age gradation up and down the rift. At any one time, adjacent segments of the rift valley may be in different stages of a volcanic and tectonic cycle. As cooling of a central magma intrusion occurs, fissures propagate toward the remaining heated core, opening up pathways for the egress of heated bottom water. Cooling continues and the outermost vents die out. Precipitates block passages, capping the terrain. As extension continues, the very oldest sector of the valley will fracture. The incipient stress drop generates the eruption of a new magma center down strike from the former center, thus ensuring a volcanic and tectonic periodicity in space and time up and down the rift valley.