Facial Aging Research Articles

Periocular Aging Across Populations and Esthetic Considerations: A Narrative Review

As the face ages, the skin, fat, muscle, and fascia descend, and the underlying bone, cartilage, and teeth may lose mass. Oculofacial aging is a multifactorial process that is influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. This review summarizes the patterns of oculofacial aging that are observed across populations, including variations in periorbital hollowing, eyelid ptosis, and skin elasticity. Evidence indicates significant variability in aging patterns between sex- and race-based subgroups. Nonetheless, there remains a paucity of research on the progression of aging in some under-studied demographic groups. Signs of oculofacial aging often become apparent to patients well before these changes reach full maturity in later years, leading many to seek early esthetic interventions. Others may present with more advanced signs of aging, motivating a diverse range of therapeutic options. We discuss minimally invasive esthetic interventions to mitigate the signs of aging, which may include botulinum toxin injections, dermal fillers, applied energy-based treatments (e.g., lasers), and emerging techniques such as micro-focused ultrasound and platelet-rich plasma therapies. We review evidence on outcomes related to patient satisfaction and quality of life following esthetic interventions for oculofacial aging. Finally, we outline ethical considerations and challenges faced with the delivery of esthetic surgery, including treatment complications and the influence of social media. This review provides a comprehensive overview of oculofacial aging patterns, its management, and important considerations for the provision of esthetic oculofacial treatment.

Stuck acupuncture combined with facial acupuncture for 22 cases of facial cosmetology

To observe the clinical efficacy of stuck acupuncture combined with facial acupuncture for facial cosmetology. A total of 22 female patients with symptoms of facial aging were treated with stuck acupuncture combined with facial acupuncture. Stuck acupuncture was applied at bilateral Taiyang (EX-HN5) through Xiaguan (ST7), Jiache (ST6) through Daying (ST5) and Yingxiang (LI20)，once a week. Facial acupuncture was applied at Yintang (GV24+), ashi points (nasolabial fold) and bilateral Yangbai (GB14), Quanliao (SI18), Sibai (ST2), Xiaguan (ST7), Dicang (ST4), Jiache (ST6), Daying (ST5), Renying (ST9), twice a week. Four weeks were required. The global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS) score after treatment, wrinkle severity rating scale (WSRS) score before and after treatment were observed. The quantitative analysis of skin characteristics was performed before and after treatment. After treatment, of the 22 patients, 3 cases had complete improvement, 15 cases had obvious improvement, 4 cases had partial improvement, 0 case had no improvement. The WSRS score and scores of wrinkles, textures and pores were decreased compared with those before treatment (P<0.01). Stuck acupuncture combined with facial acupuncture could effectively improve the symptoms of facial aging.

Treatment of Facial Ageing with Ozone Therapy: Clinical Case Report

INTRODUCTION: Ozone therapy has been used as an effective alternative for aesthetic treatments and facial aging, as it induces changes in facial cells, stimulates collagen synthesis, activates peripheral circulation and microcirculation, and slows down the processes of oxidation and skin aging. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the effects of ozone therapy in treating facial aging through a clinical case report. CASE DESCRIPTION: A case report on the treatment of facial aging with ozone therapy is presented. Six clinical sessions were conducted, with seven-day intervals between them, applying one ml of medical ozone to each demarcated area. The ozone concentration increased over time, starting at five mcg/mL and reaching 12 mcg/mL. RESULTS: The six-session ozone therapy protocol showed promising results in treating facial aging by reducing expression lines and stimulating collagen synthesis. CONCLUSION: Ozone therapy is an effective alternative for the biostimulation of collagen and other mechanisms that improve facial tissue aesthetics, helping to restore the appearance of aging skin.

Population aging, Chair of Older Adults in the Isle of Youth and development

Introduction: This research projects a current topic related to population aging and the functioning of the University Chair for the Elderly on the Isle of Youth.Objective: To analyze the aging process in Cuba, as well as the functioning of the University Chair for the Elderly on the Isle of Youth.Development: A qualitative approach was used, combining methods to obtain data through observations, interviews, documentary analysis, personal experiences and narratives to explore objectives, nature, possibilities and limitations of the program. The educational program is highly valued in increasing the self-esteem of the elderly, resulting in positive success in the elderly people who make up the chair, increasing awareness of the importance of caring for the elderly.Conclusions: Adult education in Cuba favors the continuous and permanent education of this population sector to put them at the level of technological, social and scientific changes and developments in the current context, thus enabling the increase in their well-being and quality of life. The participants of Isla de la Juventud demonstrate personal successes in the development of skills to face aging and cooperate with the development of society.

Effects of Face and Body Acupuncture on Glabellar Frown Lines in Women Aged 30-59: a Study Protocol for a Double-Arm Randomized Waitlist-Controlled Trial.

As average life expectancy increases, the role of beauty in quality of life (QOL) becomes more important. Invasive rejuvenation methods, such as cosmetic surgery and botulinum toxin injections, do not address the underlying causes of facial aging, are expensive, and carry inherent risks. Acupuncture, as a holistic alternative, may offer a safer method for facial rejuvenation by addressing the overall health of the body. This study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of facial and body acupuncture in reducing frown lines in women aged 30-59 in Mashhad, Iran. A total of 72 participants will be randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. The intervention group will receive 12 sessions of face and body acupuncture over six weeks, while the control group will receive no treatment. The primary outcome will be the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) assessed using standardized photographs. Secondary outcomes include the Subject Satisfaction Scale (SSS) and the QOL scores. Outcomes will be measured at three time points: baseline (week 0), posttreatment (week 7), and follow-up (week 12). The results of this trial will provide robust evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of acupuncture in reducing frown lines.

Causality of genetically determined glucosamine supplementation on cognition and sarcopenia: a Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundEvidence indicates a negative link between glucosamine and age-related cognitive decline and sarcopenia. However, the causal relationship remains uncertain. This study aims to verify whether glucosamine is causally associated with cognitive function and sarcopenia.MethodForty-eight genetic variants linked to glucosamine use were extracted from the MRC-IEU consortium. Besides, we gathered cognition proxy indicators [cognitive performance and fluid intelligence score (FIS)], and sarcopenia-related indicators, namely, appendicular lean mass (ALM), whole body fat-free mass (WBFM), low hand grip strength, facial aging (FA), moderate to vigorous physical activity levels, usual walking pace and DNA methylation GrimAge acceleration from the large publicly available genome-wide association studies. Initially, Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were conducted to ascertain the causal impact of glucosamine on cognition and sarcopenia-related traits. Subsequently, the two-step MR and multivariable MR (MVMR) were employed to examine whether any mediators causally mediated the observed associations.ResultMR analysis indicated that glucosamine was associated with increased cognitive performance (p = 8.46E-04), FIS (p = 7.50E-04), ALM (p = 6.45E-08), WBFM (p = 1.97E-03), usual walking pace (p = 2.55E-07), and moderate to vigorous physical activity levels (p = 3.29E-03), but associated with decreased FA risk (p = 3.77E-05) and DNA methylation GrimAge acceleration (p = 0.001). However, there were no significant causal associations between glucosamine and low hand grip strength. Multivariable MR showed that glucosamine continued to have a significant effect on cognitive performance, FIS, ALM, WBFM, usual walking pace, and moderate to vigorous physical activity levels after controlling for osteoarthritis (OA) and body mass index (BMI) (p &amp;lt; 0.05). We further found that C-reactive protein levels (CRP) may mediate the association of glucosamine and ALM, WBFM, usual walking pace, and physical activity (p &amp;lt; 0.05), and basal metabolic rate (BMR) may mediate the association of glucosamine and cognitive performance, FIS, ALM, WBFM, and usual walking pace (p &amp;lt; 0.05).ConclusionRegular glucosamine use enhances cognitive function and postpones sarcopenia for preserving the functional capacities necessary, and the impact of glucosamine on cognition and sarcopenia could be partially attributed to the mediation of BMR and CRP.

Low-cost predictive models of dementia risk using machine learning and exposome predictors

Abstract Purpose Diagnosing dementia, affecting over 55 million people globally, is challenging and costly, often leading to late-stage diagnoses. This study aims to develop early, accurate, and cost-effective dementia screening methods using exposome predictors and machine learning. We investigate whether low-cost exposome predictors combined with machine learning models can reliably identify individuals at risk of dementia. Methods We analyzed data from 500,000 UK Biobank participants, selecting 1523 diagnosed with dementia and an equal number of healthy controls, matched by age and sex. A total of 3046 participants were included: 2740 for internal validation and 306 for external validation. We used 128 low-cost exposome factors from baseline visits, imputed missing data, and assessed two predictive models: a classical logistic regression and a machine learning ensemble classifier (XGBoost). Feature importance was estimated within the predictive models. Results The XGBoost model outperformed the logistic regression model, achieving a mean AUC of 0.88 in external validation. We identified novel exposome factors that might be combined as potential markers for dementia, such as facial aging, the frequency of use of sun/ultraviolet light protection, and the length of mobile phone use. Conclusions Machine learning models utilizing exposome data can reliably identify individuals at risk of dementia, with XGBoost showing superior performance. This approach highlights the potential of low-cost, readily available exposome factors as markers for dementia. Future studies should validate these findings in diverse populations and explore the integration of additional exposome factors to enhance prediction accuracy.

Cognitive Reserve? Cognitive Capacity!

The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) has been a cornerstone in cognitive aging research, offering a framework to explain how life experiences like education, occupation, bilingualism, and physical exercise may buffer individuals from cognitive decline in the face of aging or neurological disease. However, this paper argues that the CR model, while influential, may have outlived its usefulness due to inherent limitations that constrain future research directions and unintentionally encourage "magical thinking". Specifically, CR's definition, which relies on cognitive performance being "better than expected" based on known measures of brain structure and function, makes the concept temporally bound to current scientific understanding, potentially stifling novel insights into cognition. In contrast, we propose a shift to a cognitive capacity (CC) framework, which views cognitive performance as being always determined by the brain's structural and functional capacities, without needing to invoke expectations based on incomplete knowledge. The CC framework is broader, encompassing factors that either promote or demote cognitive performance by directly modifying brain structure and function. This reconceptualization opens avenues for investigating cognitive enhancement not only in the context of aging or disease but also in young, healthy individuals. By emphasizing causal pathways between brain changes and cognitive outcomes, this perspective provides a more flexible and testable approach to understanding the mechanisms behind cognitive performance and its modulation across the lifespan.

A Remotely Delivered Light-Intensity Physical Activity Intervention for Older Cancer Survivors: Protocol for a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial.

Older cancer survivors face age- and treatment-related comorbidities, including physical functional impairment, which are exacerbated by physical inactivity and sedentary behavior. Regular physical activity can reduce this risk, yet less than 30% of older cancer survivors meet the recommended guidelines for physical activity. This study aims to describe the design, methods, and rationale for a remotely delivered intervention that uses a whole-of-day approach to physical activity in older cancer survivors. This approach focuses on the accumulation of intermittent bouts of light-intensity activity throughout the entire day by disrupting and reducing sedentary activity. The intervention was guided by social cognitive and self-determination theories and incorporated motivational interviewing. The 12-week Move for Your Health trial randomly assigned 64 older cancer survivors to a theory-based physical activity intervention or a waitlist control. A Fitbit (Google) activity tracker and smartphone app were used to promote awareness of activity levels and enable self-monitoring of both activity and inactivity in tandem with health coaching phone calls. Motivational interviewing was used to engage participants and tailor strategies to achieve goals during the 12-week intervention. Data were collected at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and at longer-term follow-up (3 months thereafter). Feasibility outcomes included recruitment, retention, adherence, adverse events, and acceptability. Other outcomes included obtaining the parameter estimates for changes in physical function, physical performance, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and quality of life. Recruitment for the Move for Your Health randomized controlled trial was completed in June 2023. Data collection was completed in March 2024. Data analyses are ongoing. The results of this trial will provide information on the feasibility of implementing this intervention in the target patient population, as well as data that will provide information about the potential impact of the intervention on the outcomes. Both of these outcomes will inform the design of a larger randomized controlled trial to more fully test a physical activity intervention in an older cancer survivor population. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05582889; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05582889. DERR1-10.2196/59504.

Press Freedom in The Digital Era in Indonesia: A Human Rights Perspective

This research discusses press freedom in the digital era in Indonesia from a human rights perspective. With the growth of information and communication technology, especially the internet and social media platforms, access to information becomes easier. However, press freedom often faces challenges such as online censorship and the dominance of major platforms limiting diversity of opinions. The protection of press freedom is regulated in international laws such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as at the national level by the 1945 Constitution and the Press Law. Efforts to realize press freedom in Indonesia's digital age face challenges from online censorship, restrictions on internet access, and attacks on journalists. The importance of safeguarding press freedom demands cooperation between the government, the media industry, and civil society to ensure the sustainability of democracy. Through regulations that respect human rights and increase public awareness, Indonesia can ensure that press freedom is respected and protected in the digital age.

Cara Wirausaha Muda Menghadapi Tantangan di Era Digital

Rapid developments in the digital era offer vast opportunities for young entrepreneurs, while also bringing complex challenges. Technological advances have opened up opportunities for wider access to information and markets. However, the challenges of fierce competition and changing technological dynamics are the main obstacles that need to be overcome. Young entrepreneurs must have the ability to adapt to the latest technological developments, such as digital marketing and artificial intelligence, while understanding how consumption patterns are changing with greater emphasis on convenience and personalization. However, overcoming dependence on digital platforms and resource limitations need to be overcome. In overcoming this situation, young entrepreneurs need to use technology to increase efficiency, be creative in creating new products and services, as well as expand networks and collaborate strategically. By managing finances wisely and being able to adapt to changes, it is hoped that young entrepreneurs can continue to exist and grow, and achieve success in an ever-changing global market, Young entrepreneurs in the digital age face big challenges along with advances in technology and changes in consumer behavior. However, with the right strategy, these obstacles can be turned into opportunities for growth and success. Utilizing technology, product innovation and digital marketing can increase efficiency, reach a wider market and increase profits. The ability to overcome digital challenges well opens up opportunities for young entrepreneurs to dominate the market, improve business reputation and achieve long-term growth. Adapting to change quickly will increase competitiveness and support sustainable growth.

An Evaluation of VYC-17.5L for the Treatment of Marionette Lines: A Prospective, Open-Label, Postmarketing Study.

Marionette lines are a feature of the aging face, descending from the oral commissures towards the jaw. VYC-17.5 L is a dermal filler that contains 17.5 mg/mL of hyaluronic acid (HA) and lidocaine (3 mg/mL); it is intended for the treatment of skin depressions. VYC-17.5 L has been shown to be safe and effective in different conditions, but there is a lack of published literature on its effectiveness in marionette lines. This 12-month prospective, open-label, post-marketing study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of the injectable HA filler VYC-17.5 L for the improvement of marionette lines. Adults (≥ 18 years) with mild-to-severe marionette lines on the validated Allergan Marionette Line Scale (AMLS) received VYC-17.5 L on Day 1 with optional touch-up on Day 14. The primary endpoint was proportion of participants with ≥ 1-point change in AMLS from baseline at Month 1 (M1). Secondary endpoints were investigator- and participant-rated Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS), FACE-Q satisfaction with facial appearance, and appraisal of lines: marionette. Safety was assessed throughout. A total of 83 participants completed the study; 69.9% of participants had ≥ 1-point change in AMLS at M1. Investigator and participant GAIS showed improvement. Both FACE-Q scores significantly improved from baseline (p < 0.0001). A significant volume improvement was seen and maximized at M1. Most participant-reported injection site reactions were mild or moderate and resolved within 8 days; 14 subjects reported adverse device effects, with the most common being pain, which resolved within 8 days. This prospective, open-label study showed that VYC-17.5 L effectively improved marionette lines and was well tolerated.

Insights into AI and facial ageing.

Insights into AI and facial ageing.

Temple Volumization: A Review of Anatomy and Optimal Injection Techniques.

Cosmetically unappealing temporal volume loss can develop as a result of facial aging. To present an evidenced-based approach towards safe and effective temple filling. We review the underlying anatomy of the temple and optimal anatomy-driven injection techniques associated with temple volumization. Multiple safe injection planes exist to achieve temporal volumization. A thorough understanding of optimal injection techniques based on the underlying anatomy mitigates the incidence and severity of adverse events, enhancing treatment success.

A clinical study on the efficacy of high frequency therapy on nasolabial and periorbital wrinkles

ABSTRACT The high-frequency generator is considered a collagen stimulator and skin revitalizer, however there are few studies exploring its effects in the field of rejuvenation and aesthetics. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the impact of high frequency generator therapy on facial aging. A total of 26 participants aged between 50 and 60 years were selected and received high frequency generator treatment for eight weeks. The evaluation was conducted using a combination of photographic records and assessment tools, including Rosenberg scale, perception and satisfaction with treatment evaluation, overall aesthetic improvement scale, and modified Fitzpatrick scale. The analysis conducted by the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale yielded significant results. The Modified Fitzpatrick Wrinkle Scale showed that high frequency therapy led to statistically significant improvements in the appearance of nasolabial wrinkles (right T0: 1.48, T8: 0.87; left T0: 1.51, T8: 1.05) and periorbital wrinkles (right T0: 1.69, T8: 1.05; left T0: 1.71, T8: 1.08). In conclusion, high frequency generator therapy can be a highly effective tool for treating skin aging on the face, however, we recommend that future research includes control groups, and adopts objective measures to expand knowledge about the effects of high frequency.

Perioral Rejuvenation: Lip Lifts, Corner of Mouth Lifts, and Vermillion Advancements.

Perioral rejuvenation is a critical component in the comprehensive approach to the aging face. The perioral region-comprising the lips, philtrum, and areas surrounding the oral commissures-plays a significant role in an individual's perceived age, attractiveness, and emotional expressions. However, the perioral region is often the "forgotten area" and has the potential to undermine the success of otherwise outstanding rejuvenation surgeries. This article will shed light on 40 years of experience in perioral rejuvenation surgery, demonstrating techniques and methodologies that have consistently yielded long-term, reliable results in my practice.

Different facets of age perception in people with developmental prosopagnosia and “super-recognisers”

The interplay between facial age and facial identity is evident from several scenarios experienced in daily life, such as when recognising a face several decades after the last exposure. However, the link between age and identity processing, and how age perception abilities might diverge in individuals with different face processing abilities, has scarcely been considered. Furthermore, the approach used to test age perception ability may also influence outcome, but the effect of different paradigms on performance is not yet known. Across three studies, we compare super-recognisers (SRs), people with developmental prosopagnosia (DPs), and a group of neurotypical controls, on three age perception paradigms. There were no differences on the numeric age estimation task (i.e. providing precise age estimates for a series of faces; Study 1), and numeric age estimation task with added noise-distortion to stimuli (Study 2). However, SRs were more accurate when instructed to classify ambient faces as either over- or under- the age of 18 compared to both DPs and controls (Study 3). Thus, there may be nuanced differences in age processing which can be tapped into using separate paradigms; however, given that the difference is only with SRs it remains unclear to what extent these are linked to facial identity processing.

Facial aging, cognitive impairment, and dementia risk

BackgroundFacial aging, cognitive impairment, and dementia are all age-related conditions. However, the temporal relation between facial age and future risk of dementia was not systematically examined.ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between facial age (both subjective/perceived and objective) and cognitive impairment and/or dementia risk.MethodsThe study included 195,329 participants (age ≥ 60 y) from the UK Biobank (UKB) with self-perceived facial age and 612 participants from the Nutrition and Health of Aging Population in China Project (NHAPC) study (age ≥ 56 y) with objective assessment of facial age. Cox proportional hazards model was used to prospectively examine the hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of self-perceived facial age and dementia risk in the UKB, adjusting for age, sex, education, APOE ε4 allele, and other potential confounders. Linear and logistic regressions were performed to examine the cross-sectional association between facial age (perceived and objective) and cognitive impairment in the UKB and NHAPC, with potential confounders adjusted.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 12.3 years, 5659 dementia cases were identified in the UKB. The fully-adjusted HRs comparing high vs. low perceived facial age were 1.61 (95% CI, 1.33 ~ 1.96) for dementia (P-trend ≤ 0.001). Subjective facial age and cognitive impairment was also observed in the UKB. In the NHAPC, facial age, as assessed by three objective wrinkle parameters, was associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment (P-trend < 0.05). Specifically, the fully-adjusted OR for cognitive impairment comparing the highest versus the lowest quartiles of crow’s feet wrinkles number was 2.48 (95% CI, 1.06 ~ 5.78).ConclusionsHigh facial age was associated with cognitive impairment, dementia and its subtypes after adjusting for conventional risk factors for dementia. Facial aging may be an indicator of cognitive decline and dementia risk in older adults, which can aid in the early diagnosis and management of age-related conditions.

Comparative Bulk RNA-Seq Analysis of Poly-l-Lactic Acid Versus Calcium Hydroxylapatite Reveals a Novel, Adipocyte-Mediated Regenerative Mechanism of Action Unique to PLLA.

Injectable biostimulators are widely used to improve facial aging signs. This study was performed to compare the genetic pathways affected by 2 different injectable biostimulators. Randomized 13-week study (n = 21) comparing gene expression after poly l-lactic acid (PLLA-SCA) and calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA-R) injections (baseline [BL] and Day 28) as treatment of nasolabial fold wrinkles. Punch biopsy was performed at BL and day 90; RNA was isolated, gene expression was analyzed, and bulk RNA sequencing performed. Data from both pathways were studied using the Search Tool for Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins and Reactome databases. Analysis at Day 0 and Day 90 showed differing gene regulation for PLLA-SCA and CaHA-R (after accounting for minor differences at BL, p < .05 at Day 90 for 9-12 genes). PLLA-SCA uniquely correlates with genes involved in adipocyte regeneration, while CaHA-R did not affect these genes. Clinically, this could translate to healthy fat replacement with an enhanced effect beyond the improvement of the collagen structure and a longer-lasting effect with PLLA-SCA. Furthermore, the adipokines that appear to be upregulated are regenerative with a positive impact on skin health. PLLA-SCA has a novel and unique signature, which supports a potential regenerative mechanism of action through its role in the modulation of adipocyte function.

Causal linkage of Graves’ disease with aging: Mendelian randomization analysis of telomere length and age-related phenotypes

BackgroundAging is an irreversible progressive decline in physical function. Graves’ disease (GD) is a common cause of hyperthyroidism and is characterized by elevated levels of the thyroid hormone (TH). High TH levels are associated with aging and a shortened lifespan. The causal relationship between GD and aging has yet to be investigated.MethodsWe used genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets and Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal link between GD and aging. To assess the statistical power of instrumental variables (IVs), F-statistics and R2 were used. MR analysis was conducted using inverse-variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI were calculated to estimate the relative risk of GD to the outcomes. The Cochran Q test, I2, MR-PRESSO test, and MR-Egger regression intercept were calculated using statistical and leave-one-out analyses to test the heterogeneity, horizontal pleiotropy, and stability of the IVs on the outcomes.ResultsF-statistics of the five IVs were greater than 10, and the R2 values ranged from 0.033 to 0.156 (R2 > 0.01). According to the results of the IVW analysis, GD had no causal effect on facial aging (p = 0.189), age-related macular degeneration (p = 0.346), and Alzheimer’s disease (p = 0.479). There was a causal effect of GD on the remaining outcomes: telomere length (TL) (OR = 0.982; 95%CI:0.969–0.994; p = 0.004), senile cataract (OR = 1.031; 95%CI:1.002–1.060; p = 0.033), age-related hearing impairment (OR = 1.009; 95%CI:1.004–1.014; p = 0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR = 1.055; 95%CI:1.008–1.103; p = 0.020), and sarcopenia (OR = 1.027; 95%CI:1.009–1.046; p = 0.004).ConclusionsGD accelerates the occurrence of age-related phenotypes including TL, senile cataracts, age-related hearing impairment, COPD, and sarcopenia. In contrast, there are no causal linkages between GD and facial aging, age-related macular degeneration, or Alzheimer’s disease. Further experimental studies could be conducted to elucidate the mechanisms by which GD facilitates aging, which could help slow down the progress of aging.