Age Differences Research Articles

Ageing effect: the impact of chair-CEO age dissimilarity on investment efficiency

ABSTRACT According to different research paradigms, the impact of chair-CEO age dissimilarity on corporate decision-making may have a bright side or a dark side. This paper discusses the effect of chair-CEO age dissimilarity on investment efficiency in China. Using the sample of public firms from 2005 to 2019, we find an ‘ageing effect’ that a normative age gap between the chair and CEO improves firms’ investment efficiency by mitigating under-investment. Our finding deepens the understanding of the antecedent and the mechanism of investment efficiency from the micro-perspective of executives’ age differences.

Long-term renal and cardiovascular risks of tacrolimus in patients with lupus nephritis.

Despite continuous advancement, treatment of lupus nephritis (LN) remains challenging. Recent guidelines now include a regimen incorporating tacrolimus as a first-line treatment option. Even though tacrolimus is effective in combination with mycophenolate and corticosteroids, concerns remain regarding long-term use, given its association with increased cardiovascular risks including nephrotoxicity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in kidney transplant recipients. However, in LN, long-term evaluations and head-to-head comparisons are lacking and thus the safety profile remains ill-defined. We hypothesized that chronic toxicity also occurs in LN patients. Therefore, this study aimed to assess long-term cardiovascular and renal outcomes of tacrolimus in LN patients. This observational cohort study examined adult LN patients treated with tacrolimus, assessing renal outcomes, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular events and the Framingham risk score. The results were compared to a control group of CNI-naïve LN patients. Of the 219 LN patients in this study, 43 (19.6%) had tacrolimus exposure. Over a median follow-up of 7.1 years, tacrolimus use was associated with significant kidney function decline (6.8 ml/min/1.73m2, versus 0.8 in the control group). The incidence of end-stage kidney disease was similar. Cardiovascular event incidence was equally low in both groups. The 10-year risk of coronary heart disease was lower in the tacrolimus group, primarily due to age differences. HbA1c levels were higher in the tacrolimus group (37.4 mmol/mol) than in controls (33.6 mmol/mol), although the incidence of diabetes was similar. There were no differences in the occurrence of hypertension or dyslipidemia. Our study demonstrated that tacrolimus exposure was associated with long-term kidney function loss in LN patients. Although cardiovascular risk factors and events were similar to patients never exposed to tacrolimus, there may be an increased risk of developing diabetes. Therefore, our study supports vigilance towards renal adverse effects in LN patients treated with tacrolimus.

Characteristics and variations in young adults with cutaneous melanoma: A national cancer database analysis.

Many cancers in young adulthood differ in terms of biology, histologic variation, and prognosis compared to cancer in other older age groups. Differences in cutaneous melanoma among young adults compared to other older age groups, as well as between sexes in young adults are not well studied. The National Cancer Database was queried for patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma between 2004 and 2017. Patient characteristics, disease factors, and treatment were stratified by age-based cohorts and compared using standard univariate statistics. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests were used to evaluate overall survival (OS) between age-based cohorts and young adult sexes. Of the 329 765 patients identified, 10.5% were between 18 and 39 years of age at diagnosis. Compared with other older age groups, young adult patients were more likely to be female and uninsured with higher proportions of superficial spreading melanoma, melanoma of the trunk and extremities, and earlier-stage disease. Young adults had improved OS compared to other older age groups. Young male patients had a greater proportion of no insurance, nodular melanoma, higher-stage disease, and decreased OS compared to young female patients. Additionally, while the 5-year OS difference was statistically significant across all stages of disease between young males and females, the clinical significance is likely limited to later stages. Age and sex-specific differences in cutaneous melanoma highlight distinct patterns and characteristics, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches to screening, diagnosis, and treatment.

A Coordinated Data Analysis of Four Studies Exploring Age Differences in Social Interactions and Loneliness During a Global Pandemic.

Examining loneliness and social isolation during population-wide historical events may shed light on important theoretical questions about age differences, including whether these differences hold across different regions and the timecourse of the unfolding event. We used a systematic, preregistered approach of coordinated data analysis (CDA) of four studies (total N = 1,307; total observations = 18,492) that varied in design (intensive repeated-measures and cross-sectional), region, timing, and timescale during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We harmonized our datasets to a common period within 2020-2021 and created a common set of variables. We used a combination of ordinary least squares regression and multilevel modeling to address the extent to which there was within- and between-person variation in the associations between social isolation and loneliness, and whether these associations varied as a function of age. Within- and between-person effects of social interactions were negatively associated with loneliness in one study; in follow-up sensitivity analyses, these patterns held across early and later pandemic periods. Across all datasets, there was no evidence of age differences in the within-person or between-person associations of social interactions and loneliness. Applying the CDA methodological framework allowed us to detect common and divergent patterns of social interactions and loneliness across samples, ages, regions, periods, and study designs.

Early Pleistocene upper bathyal communities in fault-bounded paleovalleys of the island of Rhodes (Greece)

Abstract Two sediment sections are investigated at Cape Arkhangelos, island of Rhodes, where Pleistocene marine sediments crop out in horsts and grabens of a Mesozoic basement. There, hemipelagic sediments characterized by upper bathyal communities are atypically mixed with much shallower faunal components because they were deposited close to rugged coastal landforms. Biostratigraphic analyses show that the sections were deposited between 1.8 and 0.9 Ma, and between 1.8 and 1.6 Ma, respectively. By combining the planktonic/benthic foraminiferal ratio with 31 bathymetric indicators chosen among extant species of benthic foraminifera, mollusks, and bryozoans, we show that relative sea-level fluctuations can be reconstructed in these atypical settings despite the proximity of steep slopes that favored transportation of allochthonous fauna. The shallow-water components (including gravels and calcareous algae) were transported downslope by the combined action of gravity, currents, and tectonic disturbance that promoted drowning (with a maximum flooding recorded at ca. 1.7 Ma) and then uplift of fault-bounded paleovalleys that formed during the Early Pleistocene. Abrupt facies changes and age differences between sections have been triggered by the irregular paleotopography of the Mesozoic basement, which fostered differential depositional settings, with outer to middle neritic deposits above the horsts and upper bathyal deposits in paleovalleys.

Field Investigation on Adaptive Thermal Comfort in Rural Dwellings: A Case Study in Linyi (China) during Summer

A large number of people in China still live in rural villages. The indoor environment of these rural dwellings directly affects the quality of life of the occupants. Nevertheless, constrained by the quality of dwelling construction, rural buildings have poorer indoor environments and, at the same time, have a higher operating energy consumption. However, inadequate attention has been given to the summer thermal environment in cold regions. This work has been carried out around the thermal environment of rural residences in cold regions during summer. Field measurements, questionnaires, and data analysis were used in this study. We recorded the indoor and outdoor thermal environment parameters on a typical summer day in the Linyi rural area. Moreover, the subjective sensations and thermal adaptive behaviors of the participants were recorded in detail with a questionnaire. Linear regression showed that the neutral temperature for residents in summer was 27.52 °C, with acceptable temperatures ranging from 25.14 °C to 29.9 °C. Age and gender differences were found to affect the occupants’ sensation of thermal comfort and humidity, as well as their thermal adaptive behavior. In addition, a thermal adaptive model has been constructed in the study, which will further enrich the thermal adaptive investigation and provide a scientifically sound reference for the renovation and development of the local rural areas.

Peri-implant diseases and systemic inflammation: A preliminary analysis from a cross-sectional survey of patients with hypertension.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between peri-implant diseases and systemic inflammation assessed by serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in a sample of patients with hypertension. A total of 151 participants with hypertension were included in a cross-sectional study. The population was divided into six groups according to their peri-implant and periodontal status (healthy controls, mucositis, peri-implantitis, periodontitis, periodontitis and mucositis, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis). Linear, logistic regression, and correlation analyses were performed. CRP levels were statistically significantly higher in participants with periodontitis alone (median 3.2mg/L, interquartile range [IQR] 1.8, p=0.012), combined with mucositis (3.10mg/L, IQR 2.35, p<0.001) or peri-implantitis (2.7mg/L, IQR 2.53, p=0.002) when compared to the healthy controls (1mg/L, IQR 1.2). This association was independent of age, sex, smoking status, and adiposity differences. Participants with periodontitis with and without peri-implant diseases had the greatest odds of exhibiting CRP>3mg/L (odds ratio=7.3, 95% confidence interval 1.6-33.9). Peri-implant diseases are associated with systemic inflammation, but the nature of the association should be further investigated.

Exploring the Effect of Language-related Academic Emotions on Foreign Language Achievement: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis

Language-related academic emotions, especially foreign language anxiety (FLA) and foreign language enjoyment (FLE) have been widely explored, and foreign language boredom (FLB) has gradually attracted more and more attention. Previous research has examined the relationship between language-related academic emotions (FLE, FLA, and FLB) and language performance, but the findings have been inconsistent. By synthesizing the existing literature, we aim to provide a clearer understanding of the relationship between these emotions and language performance. Thirty-nine studies with 130 independent samples from 9 countries and 91,405 participants were included in our meta-analysis. The results show that FLE has a positive impact on foreign language achievement(r=0.339), while FLA and FLB have negative impacts (r=-0.259 and r=-0.288, respectively). FLE emerges as the most significant factor affecting foreign language achievement. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression analysis were performed to examine potential moderators, revealing that age and linguistic differences do not have a significant impact on this relationship, but education level and the type of achievement measure play a crucial role in mediating the effects of FLE and FLA on language achievement. The findings provide evidence for the effectiveness of language-related emotions on language achievement and have important implications for language learning research and practice.

The influence of immobility on muscle loss in older people with frailty and fragility fractures.

This longitudinal study aimed to assess muscle morphological and functional changes in older patients admitted with fragility fractures managed by immobilisation of the affected limb for at least 6weeks. Patients aged ≥ 70 hospitalised with non-weight bearing limb fractures, and functionally limited to transfers only, were recruited. Handgrip (HGS) and knee extensor strength (KES), Vastus Lateralis muscle thickness (VLMT) and cross-sectional area at ultrasound (VLCSA) were measured in the non-injured limb at hospital admission, 1, 3 and 6weeks later. Barthel Index, mobility aid use and residential status were recorded at baseline and 16weeks. Longitudinal changes in muscle measurements were analysed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. In a sub-study, female patients' baseline measurements were compared to 11 healthy, female, non-frail, non-hospitalised control volunteers (HC) with comparable BMI, aged ≥ 70, using independent t tests. Fifty patients (44 female) participated. Neither muscle strength nor muscle size changed over a 6-week immobilisation. Dependency increased significantly from pre-fracture to 16weeks. At baseline, the patient subgroup was weaker (HGS 9.2 ± 4.7kg vs. 19.9 ± 5.8kg, p < 0.001; KES 4.5 ± 1.5kg vs. 7.8 ± 1.3kg, p < 0.001) and had lower muscle size (VLMT 1.38 ± 0.47cm vs. 1.75 ± 0.30cm, p = 0.02; VLCSA 8.92 ± 4.37 cm2 vs. 13.35 ± 3.97 cm2, p = 0.005) than HC. The associations with lower muscle strength measures but not muscle size remained statistically significant after adjustment for age. Patients with non-weight bearing fractures were weaker than HC even after accounting for age differences. Although functional dependency increased after fracture, this was not related to muscle mass or strength loss, which remained unchanged.

Spectral Study of Age Differences in the Structure of Dental Hard Tissues in Women: The Effect of Connective Tissue Dysplasia

Spectral Study of Age Differences in the Structure of Dental Hard Tissues in Women: The Effect of Connective Tissue Dysplasia

Immediate fortification of human milk with a bovine milk-derived human milk fortifier in very low birth weight infants: a randomized clinical trial.

Double-blind randomized control trial of early addition of a bovine milk-derived human milk fortifier (HMF) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (NCT05228535). VLBW infants were randomized to receive bovine milk-derived HMF with first feedings or delayed fortification at 80 ml/kg/day. Anthropometrics were assessed weekly through 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). Unadjusted and adjusted (race, gender, gestational age, and birth weight) differences between study arms were examined using two-sample t-test and ANCOVA, respectively. Fifty-two VLBW infants (57% female, 60% Black) were enrolled. Baseline demographics did not differ between groups. Weight velocity at DOL 28 did not differ between study arms. Secondary outcomes including NPO occurrence, incidence of metabolic acidosis, NEC, retinopathy, or late-onset sepsis did not differ between groups. Immediate fortification of enteral feedings with a bovine milk-derived HMF appears safe and well-tolerated although no clear growth benefit could be established.

Transcriptome Analysis of Left Versus Right Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Associated with Innervation.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury diagnosed as idiopathic or due to short-term surgery-related intubation exhibits a higher incidence of left-sided paralysis. While this is often attributed to nerve length, it is hypothesized there are asymmetric differences in the expression of genes related to neuromuscular function that may impact reinnervation and contribute to this laterality phenomenon. To test this hypothesis, this study analyzes the transcriptome profiles of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILMs), comparing gene expression in the left versus right, with particular attention to genetic pathways associated with neuromuscular function. Laboratory experiment. RNA was extracted from the left and right sides of the rat posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA), lateral thyroarytenoid (LTA), and medial thyroarytenoid (MTA), respectively. After high-throughput RNA-Sequencing, 88 samples were organized into 12 datasets according to their age (P15/adult), sex (male/female), and muscle type (PCA/LTA/MTA). A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was conducted to compare the left-right ILMs across different conditions. A total of 774 differentially expressed genes were identified across the 12 experimental groups, revealing age, sex, and muscle-specific differences between the left versus right ILMs. Enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways implicated several genes with a left-right laryngeal muscle asymmetry. These genes are associated with neuronal and muscular physiology, immune/inflammatory response, and hormone control. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed divergent transcriptome profiles between the left-right ILMs. This preliminary study identifies putative gene targets that will characterize ILM laterality. N/A Laryngoscope, 2024.

Investigation of consumer behavior in social media in the handball

Social media exploded onto the scene roughly two decades ago, revolutionising the way we think about marketing communication and the way we think about information delivery. It has opened doors that were unprecedented. It can also be profitable for sports companies if they can deliver effective marketing communications to their existing and potential customers. To be effective in this environment, it is important to analyse consumer behaviour to identify the real needs of users and to meet those needs. We used an online questionnaire to assess the consumer needs of our respondents and the social media market from a marketing perspective. We conducted a handball specific research, excluding individuals who do not follow handball at any level from the study sample. We also looked at age differences, and device usage. Given our results, it can be stated that thorough market research is important for effective marketing communication by a handball club on different social media platforms.

Integrating a hybrid mode into kindergarten STEM education: its impact on young children’s critical thinking skills during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT Critical thinking is essential for young children and can be enhanced through appropriate and supportive curricula. With the rich affordance of digitalization, this study evaluated the effects of a hybrid STEM curriculum on critical thinking skills in 74 kindergarteners (42 boys and 32 girls) aged 5.83–7.25 years (Mean = 6.44, SD = 0.31) from a Chinese kindergarten during the COVID-19 pandemic. Employing a quantitative design across two classes, we collaborated with teachers, children, and parents to co-develop a series of STEM activities throughout an academic year. Despite the absence of a pre-test due to pandemic restrictions, no significant age differences or differences in their related assessments prior to participating in this study. Results showed that the experimental class demonstrated significant improvements in interpretation, explanation, inference, and self-regulation skills compared to the control group. These findings suggest the STEM curriculum effectively enhances critical thinking in early childhood education.

Association of Age- and Body Mass Index-Stratified High On-Treatment Platelet Reactivity With Coronary Intervention Outcomes in East Asian Patients.

Although age and body mass index (BMI) significantly affect platelet reactivity units and clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention, there are limited data on the relationship between high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) and clinical outcomes on age and BMI differences. Thus, we investigated the association of HPR with clinical outcomes according to age and BMI. The study analyzed 11 714 patients who underwent platelet function tests after percutaneous coronary intervention. The primary end point was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), whereas the secondary end point was major bleeding. HPR was defined as platelet reactivity units ≥252. Patients were categorized by age (<67 years of age or ≥67 years of age) and BMI (≤22.6 kg/m2 or >22.6 kg/m2). Patients <67 years of age with HPR had increases in both MACCEs (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.436 [95% CI, 1.106-1.867]; P=0.007) and major bleeding (adjusted HR, 1.584 [95% CI, 1.095-2.290]; P=0.015) compared with the those with non-HPR, respectively. In patients ≥67 years of age with HPR, there were no differences in MACCEs, but there was a decrease in major bleeding (adjusted HR, 0.721 [95% CI, 0.542-0.959]; P=0.024). Meanwhile, patients with HPR with BMI >22.6 kg/m2 had increases in MACCEs (adjusted HR, 1.387 [95% CI, 1.140-1.688]; P=0.001). No differences were shown in major bleeding. HPR was linked to an increase in MACCEs or a decrease in major bleeding in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention, depending on age and BMI. This study is the first to observe that clinical outcomes in patients with HPR after percutaneous coronary intervention may vary based on age and BMI. Because the study is observational, the results should be viewed as hypothesis generating and emphasize the need for randomized clinical trials.

Age and Sex Differences in the Contribution of Mean Arterial Pressure to Pulse Pressure Before Middle Age.

A lower ability to buffer pulse pressure (PP) in the face of increasing mean arterial pressure (MAP) may underlie the disproportionate increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) in women from young adulthood through middle-aged relative to men. To evaluate the contribution of MAP to the change in PP and pressure wave contour in men and women from young adulthood to middle age. Central pressure waveform was obtained from radial artery applanation tonometry in 312 hypertensive patients between 16 to 49 years (134 women, mean age 35 ± 9 years), 185 of whom were on antihypertensive treatment. Higher MAP levels (≥ 100 mmHg) were significantly associated with higher brachial and central SBP (P < 0.001), PP (P < 0.001), incident wave (P = 0.005), AP (P < 0.001), and PWV (P < 0.001) compared to lower MAP levels. The relationship between MAP and brachial PP (P < 0.001), central PP (P < 0.001), incident wave (P < 0.001), and AP (P < 0.01), but not PWV, strengthens with age. The age-related increase in the contribution of MAP to brachial PP (P < 0.001), central PP (P < 0.001), and incident wave (P < 0.001) was more prominent in women than in men beginning in the fourth decade. In multiple regression analyses, MAP remained a significantly stronger predictor of central PP and incident wave in women than in men, independent of age, heart rate, and antihypertensive treatment. In turn, age remained a significantly stronger predictor of central PP and incident wave in women than in men, independent of MAP, heart rate, and antihypertensive treatment. Women of reproductive age showed a steeper increase in PP with increasing MAP, despite comparable increases in arterial stiffness in both sexes. The difference was driven by a greater contribution of MAP to the forward component of the pressure wave in women.

Their final words: An analysis of suicide notes from the United States

The present study sought to explore motivations (affective, relationships, life events, injury/medical diagnosis) in suicide notes (N = 49) from the U.S. Authors ranged in age from 18 to 74 years and were majority male (73.5%). Four raters analyzed the notes and, through a series of meetings, came to a consensus on the motives behind each note writers’ suicide in terms of the broader motivational themes and the narrower second-level themes. All notes were primarily affectional in nature, with some gender and age differences. For example, suicide notes from males frequently refer to financial hardships whereas suicide notes from females were more focused on lowered self-worth and notes written by younger persons focused more on affect and relationships, while notes written by older adults focused on life events and marriage difficulties and separation. Findings illuminate the varied nature of suicide motivations but also highlight important patterns across groups.

Abstract PO5-03-07: Impact of age and stage on pathologic complete response rates in Black vs White patients with triple negative breast cancer

Abstract Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for approximately 10-15% of breast cancers. Women with TNBC have worse survival outcomes, increased rates of relapse, and distant metastasis as compared to women with non-TNBC. Regardless of subtype, Black women have worse breast cancer outcomes than White women. Early stage treatment of TNBC has focused on neoadjuvant therapy (NACT) with a goal of achieving a pathologic complete response (pCR), which is associated with longer event-free survival and overall survival in TNBC patients. NACT with pembrolizumab was presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium in December 2019 and FDA approved in July 2021. The Keynote-522 Trial found that patients who received NACT + pembrolizumab were more likely to achieve pCR than women who received NACT + placebo, regardless of stage. The KEYNOTE-522 trial did not examine race or age differences in treatment efficacy. Since TNBC disproportionately affects younger women and Black women, optimizing pCR rates in these groups is essential. Our objective is to examine racial differences in pCR rates by cancer stage and age among patients with TNBC who completed NACT/pembrolizumab. Methods Patient records from Ochsner Health, a regional network, were reviewed for those with early stage TNBC who had completed treatment with NACT/pembrolizumab from January 2020 to January 2022. Exclusion criteria included no surgical treatment for TNBC, unknown receptor status, and age &amp;lt; 18 years-old. Chi-square and Fisher’s Exact tests were used to examine the relationship between race and pCR stratified by stage at diagnosis and age. Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were also estimated to examine the strength of these relationships. Results We identified 92 patients with TNBC who completed treatment with NACT/pembrolizumab and underwent surgery. 52 patients (56%) were Black and 40 patients (43%) were White. 53.85% of Black patients had pCR and 67.50% of White patients experienced pCR (p=0.19). Among patients with stage III disease, only 37.50% of Black patients experienced pCR compared to 69.23% of White patients (p=0.09). Notably, Black patients were 46% less likely to experience pCR than = White patients (RR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.28-1.02) in the stage III group. Among patients less than 50 years of age, 41.18% of Black patients experienced pCR compared to 84.21% of White patients (p=0.01), where younger Black patients were 51% less likely to experience pCR than younger White patients (RR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.27-0.89) There were no observed racial differences in pCR rates for stage I/II patients (p=1.00) or patients aged 50 years or older (p=0.64). Discussion These data demonstrate that Black women are at a pCR rate disadvantage receiving NACT/pembrolizumab. This is primarily driven by advanced stage and young age. Black patients with stage III cancers had significantly lower pCR rates than their White counterparts after having received the same treatment. Additionally, young patients who are Black have significantly lower pCR rates. For older patients and those with stage I/II disease, there was no statistically significant difference in pCR rates between Black vs White race. Conclusion While NACT/pembrolizumab offers overall increased rates of pCR, Black women, especially those who are young or with more advanced disease at presentation, still have worse outcomes. Further research is needed to determine underlying predictors or alternative treatments to benefit these populations. Table 1 Distribution of Pathological Complete Response Following NACT/pembrolizumab treatment (Nf91) Table 2 Crude Risk Ratios for the Relationship between Race and Pathological Complete Response by Age and Stage (Nf92) Citation Format: Melanie Sheen, Caitlin Taylor, Rabia Cattie, Melyssa Bratton, Meredith Lakey, Victoria Chung, Erin Biggs. Impact of age and stage on pathologic complete response rates in Black vs White patients with triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-03-07.

Motives matter more with age: Adult age differences in response to sociomoral violations.

Moral judgments and emotional reactions to sociomoral violations are heavily impacted by a perpetrator's intentions and desires, which pose a threat to social harmony. Given that older adults are more motivated to maintain interpersonal harmony relative to younger adults, older adults may be more reactive to malicious desires. In three studies, we investigated adult age differences in moral judgments and emotional reactions to sociomoral violations. In all studies, participants read scenarios in which a perpetrator either (a) desired to harm another but nothing happened, or (b) harmed another accidentally without malicious desire. Study 2 incorporated additional scenarios designed to evoke anger and disgust without explicitly implicating another person to evaluate whether age differences emerge only when sociomoral violations against another are salient. In Study 3, we examined the combined effects of malicious desires and harmful outcomes by including scenarios in which (a) harmful desires were coupled with harmful outcomes, and (b) benign desires were coupled with benign outcomes. Predominantly across the studies, older adults judged perpetrators who desired to harm another more harshly but judged perpetrators who accidentally harmed another more leniently than younger adults. Emotional reactions generally corresponded with the differences in judgments. Taken together, this work suggests that desires more strongly impact older relative to younger adults' judgments and emotional reactions in sociomoral contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Prevalence of Coronary Artery Disease in Bicuspid Aortic Valve Patients: An Overview of the Literature.

The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) patients is a debatable topic. Several studies have indicated that BAV patients have a lower prevalence of CAD compared with patients with a tricuspid aortic valve (TAV), but the effects of age and gender have not always been considered. This systematic review provides an overview of articles which report on CAD in BAV and TAV patients. Searches were executed in April 2021 and January 2022 according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines in three online databases: Medline, Embase, and Scopus. Screening and data extraction was done by two investigators separately. Primary and secondary outcomes were compared between BAV and TAV patients; a fixed effects model was used for correcting on confounders. Literature search yielded 1,529 articles with 44 being eligible for inclusion. BAV patients were younger (56.4 ± 8.3 years) than TAV patients (64 ± 10.3 years, p < 0.001). All CAD risk factors and CAD were more prevalent in TAV patients. No significant difference remained after correcting for age and gender as confounders. BAV patients have a lower prevalence of CAD and CAD risk factors compared with TAV patients. However, when the age differences between both groups are considered in the analyses, a similar prevalence of both CAD and CAD risk factors is found.