Agaricus Blazei Research Articles

Antiparkinsonian Activity of Aqueous Extract of Agaricus Blazei Murill in Rotenone-induced Parkinson’s Disease

Background: Parkinsons disease is a chronic neurological disorder which may be due to reduction in the dopaminergic neurons in the brain. However, Agaricus blazei is a rich source of natural antioxidants.
 Aim: In this study, antiparkinsonian activity of Agaricus blazei Murill was evaluated using different animal models.
 Method: Antiparkinsonian activity was evaluated using two different doses (273 mg/kg and 819 mg/kg) of Agaricus blazei Murill. Rotenone and sunflower oil were used as positive and negative control, respectively. Catalepsy test, rotarod test, exploratory behavior test (rearing) and locomotor activity test were conducted to observe antiparkinsonian activity of the drug in rats.
 Result: The results of the animal models were confirmed by determining the levels of reduced glutathione, total protein, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and nitric oxide in the animal brain. Pretreatment with Agaricus blazei Murill, showed marked reduction in rotenone-induced catalepsy and a significant increase in exploratory behavior, muscular activity, and locomotor activity in rats. Agaricus blazei Murill has also shown extremely significant effect in decreasing the oxidative stress in the animal brain by increasing the brain levels of reduced GSH and total proteins and decreasing the levels of nitrite and TBARS.
 Conclusion: The results of rotenone-induced catalepsy, exploratory behavior, rotarod test and locomotor activity showed that Agaricus blazei Murill exerts a significant ameliorative effect on Parkinson’s disease in rats.

Multigene Phylogeny and Morphology Reveal Three Novel Species and a Novel Record of Agaricus From Northern Thailand.

Agaricus is a saprophytic mushroom genus widely distributed throughout the world. In this study, a survey of the Agaricus species carried out around Chiang Mai University in northern Thailand from 2018 to 2019 yielded 12 collections. Morphological characteristics and phylogenic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and a fragment of the large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and a fragment of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) genes were investigated. The results revealed that these collections belong to six species including Agaricus erectosquamosus, Agaricus pallidobrunneus, Agaricus subrufescens, and three new species. Agaricus thailandensis sp. nov. was found to belong to Agaricus sect. Minores, which is placed in Agaricus subg. Minores. Aagricus pseudoerectosquamosus sp. nov. was placed in Agaricus sect. Brunneopicti within Agaricus subg. Pseudochitonia. Furthermore, Agaricus lannaensis remains an incertae sedis in Agaricus subg. Pseudochitonia. Additionally, this study was proposed that A. pallidobrunneus was discovered in Thailand for the first time. Full descriptions, color photographs, illustrations, and phylogenetic trees are provided.

Recycling spent mushroom substrate into fuel pellets for low-emission bioenergy producing systems

This study aimed at analyzing the feasibility of converting diverse types of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) into fuel pellets for low-emission bioenergy producing systems. Sources of SMS for pelletization included paddy straw and achiote capsule shell from Pleurotus ostreatus, eucalyptus sawdust and grassy straw from Lentinula edodes, and compost with either peat or soil as a casing layer from Agaricus subrufescens. The pilot-scale manufacturing of fuel pellets consisted of compacting the feedstocks in an automatic pelletizer machine at 200 MPa and 125 °C. Pellets from SMS, irrespective of source, met the international standards for solid biofuels, except for ash content. However, due to moderate sulfur content (0.05%), they tended to low slagging (S < 0.60) and intermediate fouling (0.60 ≤ F ≤ 40.00) on a boiler's heating surface. Because of the significant ash content of 29.10–31.80%, these products resisted oxidation more at the onset of combustion, burned themselves out gradually and conducted 2.70–2.90 W g−1 heat at around 300 °C. Pellets of SMS from A. subrufescens grown on compost with soil casing, produced less heat (4.25 W g−1) than reference pellets from pinewood sawdust (5.10 W g−1), but emitted less CO2 (7.50 ppb vs 15.10 ppb), NOx (130.10 ppt vs 147.90 ppt), SO2 (3.15 ppt vs 16.70 ppt), and volatile organic compounds (17.65 mg m−3 vs 27.20 mg m−3). Pelletization of SMSs valorized these agro-food residues via waste-to-energy pathways towards a circular economy. SMS from A. subrufescens grown on compost with soil casing had the best properties for high-performance pelletization.

Chemical composition and chromatographic fingerprint of three strains of Agaricus subrufescens cultivated with handmade and commercial supplements

Exploratory factor analysis was applied to determine the chemical differences between fruitbodies of three Agaricus subrufescens mushroom strains [from Japan (JP), Brazil (ABZ), and Belgium (T2)] grown with handmade and commercial supplements. The composition of the ABZ strain cultivated with agro-industrial waste supplement presented a high nutritional composition regarding the amounts of fibre and protein, similar to mushrooms cultivated with the commercial supplement. The chromatographic fingerprints obtained for T2 and JP strains grown with commercial supplements presented similar profiles compared to those cultivated with the supplement based on peanut and the mix of supplements. The chromatographic analysis also showed that the similarities are correlated with the relative abundance of antioxidant compounds annotated by HPLC-MS, such as vanillic acid deoxyhexoside, caffeic acid hexoside, catechin hexosemalonate, digallic acid, cinnamic acid derivative, and p-coumaroylmalic acid. This study showed that handmade supplements based on agro-industrial waste could be viable alternatives for replacing high-cost supplements.

FIRST REPORT OF THE ANTICANCER EFFICIENCY OF AGARICUS BRASILIENSIS MUSHROOM ON HUMAN EMBRYONIC LIVER WRL68 AND HUMAN PANCREATIC ASPC-1 CANCER CELLS THERAPY

Mushrooms are food traditionally consumed in Asia, Europe and America. They are being studied for medicinal benefits. Extensive studies have shown that Agaricus brasiliensis mushroom used as a medical productto combat cancers. Our data reveal that the determined inhibitory concentration fifty(IC50) values were observed maximum dose responses (IC50) of WRL68 andAsPC-1 cancer cells reported of 172.6 µg/ml and 158.2 µg/ml respectively at 2.23 and 2.1 µg/ml ethanolic mushroom concentrations. The highly cytotoxic activity of the extract on growth inhibition AsPC-1 and WRL68were generally observed 97.9% and 95% at extract concentrations of 25 µg/ml and 50µg/ml respectively. Finally, Phytochemical profile of Agaricus brasiliensis mushroom extract found to beflavonoids, glycosides, saponins, phenols,alkaloids, tannins.The extracts of Agaricus brasiliensiswas tested throughGas Chromatography-Mass(GC-MS). There were five different compounds analyzed from the extracts of Agaricus brasiliensis. The compounds in the ethanolic extract of A. brasiliensis mushroom were comprised mostly of Acetic acid ethyl ester(38.39%),followed by(3-Methyl-oxiran-2-yl)-methanol (34.71%), Chlorbromuron (22.86%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (3.85%) and Heptane, 1-(1-butenyloxy) (0.19%). However, no studies were done using Agaricus brasiliensismushroom extract against WRL68 and AsPC-1 human cell lines. Therefore, the anticancer efficiency of Agaricus brasiliensis mushroom on human embryonic liver WRL68 andhuman pancreatic AsPC-1 cancer cellstherapy is being reported for the first time in the current study.

Selection and Evaluation of Potential Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Agaricus blazei Based on Transcriptome Sequencing Data

Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is widely used to detect gene expression due to its high sensitivity, high throughput, and convenience. The accurate choice of reference genes is required for normalization of gene expression in qRT-PCR analysis. In order to identify the optimal candidates for gene expression analysis using qRT-PCR in Agaricus blazei, we studied the potential reference genes in this economically important edible fungus. In this study, transcriptome datasets were used as source for identification of candidate reference genes. And 27 potential reference genes including 21 newly stable genes, three classical housekeeping genes, and homologous genes of three ideal reference genes in Volvariella volvacea, were screened based on transcriptome datasets of A. blazei and previous studies. The expression stability of these genes was investigated by qRT-PCR analysis and further evaluated by four software packages, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. Among these candidates, α-TUB (Tubulin alpha) and Cox5a (COX5A subunit VA of cytochrome c oxidase) were revealed as the most stable in fruit body, and suitable for 5 different developmental stages. α-TUB and ATP3 (ATP3 gamma subunit of the F1 sector of mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase) showed the most stable expression in stipe tissues and, Uqcrc (core subunit of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex) and PUP3 (20S proteasome subunit beta 3) performed well in pileus tissues during the process of A. blazei development, while GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) was among the least stable genes in all sample sets. Finally, the Ableln3 (homology of eln3 gene of Coprinus cinereus) was adopted to validate the reliability of these stable and unstable reference genes, indicating that the use of unsuitable reference genes as internal controls could change the target gene’s expression pattern. This study can provide guidance for choosing reference genes for analyzing the expression pattern of target genes and facilitate the functional genomic investigation on fruit body formation and development, as well as stipe elongation and pileus expansion in A. blazei.

Potential of Fumagillin and Agaricus blazei Mushroom Extract to Reduce Nosema ceranae in Honey Bees.

Simple SummaryNosemosis is a disease in bees that causes severe problems for their vitality, reproduction and productivity. Traditionally, the treatment involves the application of fumagillin, an antibiotic with proven effect. Recently, fumagillin production and registration has faced problems worldwide, leading to the absence of adequate treatment. Motivated by the reported health issues and the occurrence of residues after fumagillin application, scientists around the world have sought a medication or a supplement that could help beekeepers to control Nosema. Current trends include the search for alternative non-antibiotic treatments. In a laboratory (cage) experiment, we studied the effect of fumagillin and natural extract of mushroom Agaricus blazei on the survival of Nosema infected bees, Nosema spore loads and levels of immune-related gene expression and oxidative stress markers. The results undoubtedly confirmed the anti-Nosema effect of fumagillin, as seen in better bee survival and monitored parameters; its application without Nosema infection (preventive) caused disturbance in some of the parameters. The application of A. blazei extract, however, showed positive effects in both preventive and curative applications. These beneficial properties of A. blazei extract indicate a potential that needs to be further investigated.Depending on the infection level and colony strength, Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian endoparasite of the honey bee may have significant consequences on the health, reproduction and productivity of bee colonies. Despite exerting some side effects, fumagillin is most often used for Nosema control. In this study, in a cage experiment, N. ceranae infected bees were treated with fumagillin or the extract of Agaricus blazei mushroom, a possible alternative for Nosema control. Bee survival, Nosema spore loads, the expression levels of immune-related genes and parameters of oxidative stress were observed. Fumagillin treatment showed a negative effect on monitored parameters when applied preventively to non-infected bees, while a noticeable anti-Nosema effect and protection from Nosema-induced immunosuppression and oxidative stress were proven in Nosema-infected bees. However, a protective effect of the natural A. blazei extract was detected, without any side effects but with immunostimulatory activity in the preventive application. The results of this research suggest the potential of A. blazei extract for Nosema control, which needs to be further investigated.

Preliminary evaluation of inhibitory activity of medicinal mushroom extracts against pathogenic bacteria and spoilage yeasts

A bacterial contamination in processed foods has been a continuing challenge for the food industry. Many chemical preservatives are showing signs of inefficiencies as microorganisms build resistance. Therefore, research into novel antimicrobial compounds is critical in improving food safety. The ethanolic extracts of medicinal mushrooms (MM; Agaricus blazei Murrill, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Inonotus obliquus, Lentinula edodes, and Phellinus linteus) were tested for antimicrobial activities against the common foodborne pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes) and food spoilage yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, and Zygosaccharomyces bailii/bisporus). Inhibitory activities were measured using a disk diffusion assay (DD). Additional analysis for L. monocytogenes and Z. bailii were carried out using Optical density measurements (OD). HPLC was used to fractionate MM extracts (6–8 fractions per MM). The results from DD and OD showed that most MMs displayed statistically significant inhibition compared to the ethanol control. Stronger inhibition was observed for yeasts than bacteria. Also, the antimicrobial activities were fraction dependent. Further work is required to identify the bioactive compounds.

Can Medicinal Mushrooms Fight Against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19?

The power of mushrooms as medicine was recognized nearly two thousand years ago. They are nature’s miniature pharmaceutical factories, rich in a vast array of novel constituents and wide open for exploration. Reishi mushroom also called “the mushroom of immortality” yields miraculous health benefits and contains over 400 bioactive compounds, which have a number of medicinal effects. &#x0D; Medicinal Basidiomycetes mushrooms (including reishi mushroom, almond mushroom, pom-pom mushroom, and maitake mushroom) are usually consumed in China, Japan, Thailand, and Korea as immune response modifiers for prevention of cancer, or as nutritional support during chemotherapy, and for chronic inflammatory conditions such as hepatitis and other diseases.&#x0D; Presently medicinal mushrooms are mainly used as dietary supplements or functional food. Special precautions should be there, like cooking procedure, amount to consume, source of collection, and most importantly hypersensitivity (allergy) of individual person before consumption. Nevertheless, they have the potential to become real drugs from medicinal plants. Also, to explore them as dietary supplements, preclinical and clinical trials, and legal authorization are necessary.&#x0D;

Therapeutic Value of Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill

Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) is a mushroom that has been utilized in alternative drug to anticipate cardiac disease, diabetes, arthritis, increased cholesterol, cancer, hepatitis and cancers. It contains β-glucan, which contributes to decreasing blood sugar in-vivo and acts against cancer. The extract of this mushroom exerts antioxidant action in-vivo. AbM contains agaritine that exerts antitumor effects against leukemic cells in vitro. This mushroom is also found to have immune-stimulatory function, tumor growth suppression, action against allergy, antiviral effects, antimicrobial function and immune modulatory effects. Researchers also studied its action in decreasing blood cholesterol. According to several studies, AbM containing (1→6)-β-D-glucan-exerts anti angiogenesis action. The purpose of this extensive review on the medicinal value of AbM mushroom was to highlight its significance and its traditional uses by scientific evidence to determine the effectiveness of the mushroom in various evidence-based uses. Google Scholar and PubMed search engines were used to browse articles from 1994-2019 on the therapeutic value of AbM. Initially, 74 articles were found related to the therapeutic value of AbM. After reviewing the available article, 42 were selected based on the medicinal uses of AbM. It was concluded that AbM possessed various bioactive compounds that are responsible for its therapeutic effects.

Influence of the production environment on the cultivation of lettuce and arugula with spent mushroom substrate

After mushroom production, the substrate plus the cultivated mycelium represents a byproduct, the so-called “spent mushroom substrate” (SMS). We evaluated different SMS types in fresh form, recently taken from the cultivation rooms, for the production of lettuce and arugula in the open field, greenhouse and greenhouse in pot. Three kinds of SMS were used (i - SMS of ABL (Agaricus subrufescens), ii - SMS of POS (Pleurotus ostreatus) and iii - 50% SMS of ABL + 50% SMS of POS) at three doses (1, 2 and 4 kg m−2). For comparison purposes, two commercial soil conditioners, Forth Condicionador® and Visa Fértil Orgânico®, were used. Finally, chicken manure with reference as international organic material was used. A control treatment consisted of a soil plot without any organic material. The application of fresh SMS in the production of LE (lettuce) and AR (arugula) is feasible considering several agronomic parameters evaluated, therefore that in F (field) the superior results were obtained by the ABL dose of 4 kg m−2, in the GR (green house) at a lower dose ABL with 1 kg m−2, POS with 2 kg m−2 and mix with ABL + POS at doses of 2–4 kg m−2, and finally in GR/P (greenhouse pot) it was proved that in a protected environment by rain the combination ABL + POS at dose of 4 kg m−2 is recommended.

A Systematic Review on Bioactivity of Brazilian Mushrooms (Agaricomycetes).

The medicinal properties of Agaricomycetes mushrooms have been explored for millennia. Several biological activities produced by mushrooms have been evaluated worldwide. Therefore, this systematic review aims to present the studies that evaluated the biological activities demonstrated by mushrooms from Brazil. To select the articles, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases were used, with publications between the years 2001-2018, using the key words "mushrooms," "medicinal properties," "extracts," and "Brazil." The articles were selected according to three inclusion criteria: made with mushrooms from Brazil; title and summary with assessment of biological activity of basidioma or mycelium extracts; title and summary with evaluation of biological activity of isolated compound. Exclusion criteria were: work not done in Brazil; review articles; duplication of articles and abstracts and full texts irrelevant to the topics in question. A total of 31 articles were selected. According to the way used to assess biological activities, 54.8% evaluated from basidioma extract, 32.3% from isolated compound and 12.9% from mycelium extract. A total of 12 biological activities were evaluated, the most frequent were antioxidant (22%), anti-inflammatory (12.2%), anticancer (9.8%), antimicrobial (9.8%), and cytotoxic (7.3%). A total of 22 species of Agaricomycetes were evaluated in the studies, Agaricus blazei (=A. brasiliensis) the most studied (35.5%), mainly for antigenotoxic and anticlastogenic/antimutagenic activities. The most common isolated compounds of Agaricomycetes evaluated were β-glucan, fucogalactane, mannogalactoglucan, amaurocin, and polysaccharides. Agaricomycetes studied in Brazil are promising for medicinal applications.

Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry andBiological Activities of Agaricus blazei murrill: A Comprehensive Review

Agaricus blazei murrill is an important medicinal and edible mushroom species, widely cultivated in Japan and native to Brazil. Different in vivo and in vitro studies describe its ant mutagenic and immunomodulatory properties however, it is not still clear that what chemical substances and biological pathways are responsible for these properties. It is assumed that the polysaccharides phytocomplex may be responsible for the antitumor and immunostimulant activities, through an opsonizing biochemical pathway. A. blazei is used to cure dermatitis, hepatitis, diabetes, therosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, and cancer in traditional medicine. The present review provides a comprehensive review on traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of A. blazei.

Royal Sun Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus brasiliensis (Agaricomycetes) as a Functional Food in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Before and After Fetus Implantation.

Through preclinical tests, this study evaluated the effects of Agaricus brasiliensis consumption in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and considered its potential as a functional food. The perinatal period was evaluated considering the daily exposure to A. brasiliensis before and after GDM induction (Abb and Aba, respectively). Nutritional characterization of A. brasiliensis was performed (centesimal composition, β-glucans, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity). Concerning maternal reproductive development, the parameters assessed were maternal weight, oral glucose tolerance, hemogram, biochemical markers, redox status in blood, biochemical markers in amniotic fluid, and reproductive performance. Moreover, embryofetal development was evaluated. A. brasiliensis reduced hyperglycemia before STZ induction and maintained levels similar to the GDM group after STZ induction. A. brasiliensis also reduced alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels and increased high-density lipoprotein levels. The mushroom also presented antioxidant activity, improving parameters of oxidative stress. Furthermore, it protected the conceptus from actions promoted by STZ concerning external abnormalities. Thus, daily intake of A. brasiliensis in GDM suggests its potential as a functional food because the nutritional characterization of this mushroom indicated important antioxidant activity, improving lipid and glycemic functions and preventing oxidative damage from STZ.

Open-Label Study of the Influence of Food Containing the Royal Sun Mushroom, Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 (Agaricomycetes), on β-Glucan-Specific Antibody Production in Healthy Human Volunteers.

The edible mushroom Agaricus brasiliensis contains a large amount β-glucan, which is mainly composed of a β-1,6-glucan structure. In this study, we investigated the effect of A. brasiliensis strain KA21 on the anti-β-glucan antibody titer in healthy humans and the role of antibodies as an immunomodulator. Twenty-two healthy volunteers were fed the dried fruiting body of A. brasiliensis (900 or 1500 mg/day) for 12 weeks. The anti-β-glucan antibody titer in the serum was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) against β-glucan was significantly upregulated after intake of A. brasiliensis. Murine experiments demonstrated improvement of anti-β-glucan antibody production after intraperitoneal injection of Agaricus-derived β-glucan. To understand the role of antibody against β-glucan in exclusion of pathogenic fungi, we examined the interaction between HL-60 cells and antibody-treated heat-killed Candida albicans. Flow cytometry analysis indicated the upregulation of Candida-positive HL-60 cells after treatment with human IgG, whereas the competitive assay demonstrated that the main epitope of Candida-reacted IgG was the β-1,6-glucan structure. Binding between HL-60 and IgG-opsonized C. albicans was suppressed by anti-Fcγ receptor 1 (FcγRI) neutralizing antibody. Finally, using FcγRI-expressed cells with the nuclear factor of activated T-cell reporter assay, we demonstrated that higher titers of anti-β-glucan IgG can induce stronger Fc receptor-mediated cell activation through the formation of an antibody-β-glucan complex. In conclusion, oral ingestion of A. brasiliensis KA21 promotes anti-β-glucan antibody production and may contribute to preventing fungal infection through the activation of immune cells by forming antibody-β-glucan complexes via an FcγR-dependent pathway.

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of wheat fermented with Agaricus brasiliensis and Agaricus bisporus.

Solid-state fermentation with Agaricus brasiliensis and Agaricus bisporus on whole grain wheat was carried out. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of fermented wheat were determined. The results showed that the maximum values of polyphenols contents in wheat fermented with A. brasiliensis and A. bisporus reached, respectively (3.16± 0.21) and (3.93± 0.23) mg GAE/g, which were 2.90 and 3.61 times of unfermented control. By employing ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), 18 kinds of phenolic compounds were identified from fermented wheat. Compared with control, only 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde was the same compound. It indicated that fermentation with the two fungi changed polyphenols contents and phenolic compounds composition in wheat to a great extent. Among these phenolic compounds, except for 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid and β-N-(γ-glutamyl)-4-formylphenylhydrazine, other 15 kinds of phenolic compounds were first identified from mushroom samples (including fruit bodies, mycelia and fermentation products). DPPH radical scavenging capacity, reducing power, ferrous ion chelating ability and inhibition of lipid peroxidation of fermented wheat were significantly stronger than control (P <0.05).

Agaricus subrufescens and Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms as alternative additives to antibiotics in diets for broilers challenged with Eimeria spp.

ABSTRACT 1. The effect of A. subrufescens and P. ostreatus mushrooms as an alternative to antibiotics (avilamycin or monensin sodium) on performance, intestinal morphometry, immunity, and biochemical profile of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. was studied from 1 to 42 d old. A total of 900 male Cobb® broiler chicks were distributed, according to a completely randomised design, into five treatments with six replicates each. 2. The treatments consisted of: negative control (NC) – basal diet (BD) with no anticoccidial or antibiotic (non-challenged birds); negative control challenged (NCC) – NC fed to Eimeria spp. challenged birds; BD with 0.2% A. subrufescens inclusion for challenged birds (As), BD with 0.2% P. ostreatus inclusion for challenged birds (Po); and a positive control – BD with anticoccidial and antibiotic inclusion for challenged birds (ATB). 3. At 11 d.o., the birds were each inoculated orally with 1 ml solution containing 2 × 105 sporulated oocysts/ml Eimeria acervulina and 2 × 104 sporulated oocysts/ml E. maxima and E. tenella. 4. Birds subjected to Eimeria spp. challenge up to 21 d of age had greater crypt depth, indicating that the presence of undesirable microorganisms had an effect on cell proliferation. 5. At 21 d old, the birds receiving ATB had higher average weight gain (AWG), feed intake (AFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to those fed diets supplemented with mushrooms (As or Po). For the total rearing period (42 days), the birds that received ATB had higher AWG and AFI (P < 0.001) compared to those that received As or Po diets. Feeding avilamycin did not affect (P = 0.0676) FCR compared to the As or Po diet groups. 6. From the morphometric and blood analyses there were no differences between broilers fed ATB, Po or As diets in either rearing periods. However, Po and As supplementation lowered blood triglyceride levels. At 21d there was a difference (P < 0.05) for MCV and haemoglobin, in which the mushrooms were similar to the antibiotic. At 42 d, there was a difference (P < 0.05) in haematocrit, erythrocyte, MCV, H: L, protein and albumin variables, in which the use of mushrooms was similar to the positive control, demonstrating that both (mushrooms and antibiotics) promoted a certain improvement in the health of the chickens. 7. A. subrufescens and P. ostreatus can be used in broiler diets without compromising intestinal or haematological status, however, these ingredients did not result in improvements in performance.

Inhibitory Effects of Agaricus Blazei Murrill (FA-2-b-β) on Proliferation of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells in vivo and Its Mechanism

To investigated the anti-tumor in vivo effect and mechanism of the acid RNA protein complex (FA-2-b-β) of Agaricus blazei Murrill extract. CCK-8 method was used to detected the inhibitory effect of FA-2-b-β on proliferation of primary CML cells from newly diagnosed CML patients, the CML mouse model was established by trail-venous injection of primary CML cells, and the survival time, blood cell count and body weight were observed, the immunoflouresence and immunehistochemistry analysis, RT-qPCR, Western bolt were used to detemine the expression of caspase-3 signal pathway-related apoptosis genes and proteins. The experiments in vitro showed that the proliferative inhibitory rate in drug-treated group increased with concentration- and time-dependent manner (r24=0.9092, r48=0.9442, r72=0.9546), the inter group comparison showed the statistical difference of results. The experiments in vitro showed that the survival time prolonged, blood cell count increased and body weight recovered in FA-2-b-β-treated group and imatinib-treated group, despite the WBC count is still high. The RT-qPCR and Western blot showed that the expression of BAX and caspase-3 gene and protein were up-regulated, the expression of BCL-2, cytochroime C, caspase-8, caspase-9 and BCL-ABL gene and protein were down-regulated. The FA-2-b-β can induce apoptosis of primary CML cells and prolong the survival time of CML model mouse, which may be related with the caspase-3 signal pathway related genes and proteins.

Isolation and identification of three water-soluble selenoproteins in Se-enriched Agaricus blazei Murrill

Selenoproteins in selenium (Se)-enriched vegetables play an important role in human health. In this study, three water-soluble selenoproteins PR-Se-1, PR-Se-2 and PR-Se-3 in Agaricus blazei Murrill (ABM) were isolated by anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and SDS-PAGE. Sequence analyses performed by HPLC–MS/MS showed that PR-Se-1, a 114024 Da selenoprotein with 1019 amino acids (AAs), is an isoenzyme of isocitrate dehydrogenase. PR-Se-2, a 53983 Da selenoprotein with 508 AAs, is a kind of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. PR-Se-3, a 47179 Da selenoprotein with 415 AAs, is a kind d-proline reductase. Se content is high at 26.1 μg/g, and selenocystine is the predominant Se unit in the three selenoproteins. Se content of ABM is 9.15 μg/g, and the organic form of Se accounts for ~81% of total Se content. ABM could be a promising source of Se in Se-poor regions.

Agaricus blazei polypeptide exerts a protective effect on D-galactose-induced aging mice via the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE and P53/Trim32 signaling pathways.

This experiment mainly optimized the extraction technology of Agaricus blazei polypeptide (ABp) and evaluated its protective effect on aging mice. In this study, a novel single component, the M is 3 kD, was isolated and purified from Agaricus blazei. An aging mouse model was established using D-galactose. After the administration of ABp, the contents of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and reactive oxygen species were significantly changed. Through immunofluorescence staining, it was observed that ABp can reduce changes in brain tissue. The differential expression of genes was analyzed by RNA-seq. A total of 295 differentially expressed genes were screened out in the ABp group.RT-qPCR verified important genes and showed that the mRNA expression levels of Hsph1, Trim32, HK1, Hnrnpa1, and Grik5 were significantly increased, and those of ApoE, Atp1a3, Stxbp1, and Mapk8ip1 was significantly decreased. Western blotting showed that the protein expression levels of Keap1 and p53 were significantly lower, while the protein expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, Hsph1, and Trim32 were significantly higher in the ABP group. ABp played an anti-aging role in an aging mouse model. The specific mechanism of action may be related to the regulation of the expression of the Keap1/Nrf2/P53 signaling pathway and related factors. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The research may contribute to the development of ABp as functional foods or dietary supplements for anti-aging in the future.