Ag2O Nanoparticles Research Articles

Ag2O Nanoparticles as a Candidate for Antimicrobial Compounds of the New Generation.

Antibiotic resistance in microorganisms is an important problem of modern medicine which can be solved by searching for antimicrobial preparations of the new generation. Nanoparticles (NPs) of metals and their oxides are the most promising candidates for the role of such preparations. In the last few years, the number of studies devoted to the antimicrobial properties of silver oxide NPs have been actively growing. Although the total number of such studies is still not very high, it is quickly increasing. Advantages of silver oxide NPs are the relative easiness of production, low cost, high antibacterial and antifungal activities and low cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells. This review intends to provide readers with the latest information about the antimicrobial properties of silver oxide NPs: sensitive organisms, mechanisms of action on microorganisms and further prospects for improving the antimicrobial properties.

Biogenic synthesis of Ag and AgO nanostructures for in vitro bactericidal applications: Influence of pH and physical reaction parameters on growth and properties of the nanostructures

In the present work Ag and AgO nanostructures were biogenically synthesized employing Tamarindus indica L fruit extracts that served as a reducing and capping agent. The influence of fruit aging (ripening) and the pH of the precursor solution on the growth and properties of the nanostructures was studied. The samples prepared under acidic condition contain predominantly monoclinic AgO along with traces of secondary phases (Ag2O3 and Ag). Under alkaline conditions the material prepared is purely metallic silver exhibiting crystalline cubic phase. The extent of ripening and pH of the precursor solutions were found to have a direct influence on the crystallinity of the nanostructures. The metabolite content present in the extract was found to control the structure and morphology of the nanostructures. Isotropic growth is confirmed from the roughly spherical shape of the AgO nanoparticles having dimensions in the range 15–20 nm. Alkaline conditions cause supersaturation of the solutions resulting in the formation of nanostructures with diameter as small as 4–5 nm. The optical properties indicate occurrence of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption at 335 nm for Ag nanoparticles. The AgO nanoparticles were explored for antimicrobial applications against the bacteria S. typhi and the nanoparticles exhibit good activity.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Polyethylene Microplastics and Disinfection of E. coli in Water over Fe- and Ag-Modified TiO2 Nanotubes

In this study, Fe- and Ag-modified TiO2 nanotubes were synthesized via an anodization method as photocatalysts for degradation of polyethylene microplastics and disinfection of Escherichia coli (E. coli). The anodization voltage, as well as the Fe3+ or Ag+ concentrations on TiO2 nanotubes were evaluated and correlated to their corresponding photocatalytic properties. TiO2 nanotubes were firstly synthesized by anodization of Ti plates in a glycerol-based electrolyte, followed by incorporation of either Fe or Ag via a Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method with Fe(NO3)3 and AgNO3 as Fe and Ag precursors, respectively. UV-Vis DRS shows that the addition of Fe or Ag on TiO2 nanotubes causes a redshift in the absorption spectra. The X-ray diffractograms indicate that, in the case of Fe-modified samples, Fe3+ was successfully incorporated into TiO2 lattice, while Ag scatters around the surface of the tubes as Ag and Ag2O nanoparticles. A microplastic degradation test was carried out for 90 mins inside a photoreactor with UVC illumination. TiO2 nanotubes that are anodized with a voltage of 30 V exhibit the best degradation results with 17.33% microplastic weight loss in 90 mins. Among the modified TiO2 nanotubes, 0.03 M Ag-TiO2 was the only one that surpassed the unmodified TiO2 in terms of microplastic degradation in the water, offering up to 18% microplastic weight loss in 90 min. In terms of E. coli disinfection, 0.03M Ag-TiO2 exhibit better performance than its unmodified counterpart, revealing 99.999% bactericidal activities in 10 mins. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Green synthesis of Ag2O nanoparticles using Punica granatum leaf extract for sulfamethoxazole antibiotic adsorption: characterization, experimental study, modeling, and DFT calculation.

Silver oxide (Ag2O) nanoparticles (NPs) were generated by synthesizing green leaf extract of Punica granatum, and afterwards they were used as adsorbent to remove the antibiotic additive sulfamethoxazole (SMX) from aqueous solutions. Prior of their use as adsorbent, the Ag2O NPs were characterized by various methods such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Ag2O NPs were found to be spherically shaped and stabilized by the constituents of the extract. Further, at SMX antibiotic concentration of 100 mg L-1, the Ag2O NPs achieved almost complete removal of 98.93% within 90 min, and by using 0.8 g L-1 of adsorbent dose at pH=4 and temperature T=308 K. In addition, the experimental data were well fitted with the theoretical Langmuir model indicating homogeneous adsorbed layer of the SMX antibiotic on the Ag2O NPs surface. The maximum uptake capacity was 277.85 mg g-1. A good agreement was also found between the kinetic adsorption data and the theoretical pseudo-second-order model. Regarding the thermodynamic adsorption aspects, the data revealed an endothermic nature and confirmed the feasibility and the spontaneity of the adsorption reaction. Furthermore, the regeneration study has shown that the Ag2O NPs could be efficiently reused for up to five cycles. The geometric structures have been optimized and quantum chemical parameters were calculated for the SMX unprotonated (SMX+/-) and protonated (SMX+) using density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The DFT results indicated that the unprotonated SMX+/- reacts more favorably on the Ag2O surface, as compared to the protonated SMX+. The SMX binding mechanism was predominantly controlled by the electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bond, hydrophobic, and π-π interactions. The overall data suggest that the Ag2O NPs have promising potential for antibiotic removal from wastewater.

Bio-inspired interface engineering of Ag2O rooted on Au, Ni-modified filter paper for highly robust Zn–Ag2O batteries

Flexible zinc–silver oxide (Zn–Ag2O) batteries have attracted extensive attention for comfortable wearable electronics owing to their stable output voltage, inherent safety, and environmental benignity. However, they suffer from inferior specific capacity and poor mechanical stability due to the low utilization of Ag2O cathodic material and weak interfacial adhesion of active material/substrate. Inspired by the nature of the tree root system, we develop an interface-engineered cathode, in which Ag2O nanoparticles are rooted on an Au, Ni co-modified filter paper substrate (CFP) through an electroless plating followed by an in situ electrochemical oxidation. The staggered-stacked Ag2O nanoparticles provide abundant electrochemically active sites and convenient ion diffusion paths, and the unique biological tree-root-like structure of the electrode material creates robust interlocking interfaces. A quasi-solid-state Zn–Ag2O battery assembled with a tree-root-like Ag2O/CFP cathode delivers a high areal specific capacity of 1.08 mAh cm−2 and long-term cycling durability with a capacity retention of 77.3% even after 100 cycles. Moreover, the device presents good mechanical stability under various flexural deformations, including bending, folding, and twisting, and exhibits minimal capacity changes after 1000 bending cycles. These findings suggest that the bio-inspired interface-engineered electrode structure is an efficient approach for developing flexible batteries with excellent electrochemical performance and mechanical properties.

Synthesis and characterisation of WO3 and Ag2O nanoparticles and their nanocomposite for photocatalytic degradation of dyes

ABSTRACT In this research, tungsten oxide (WO3), silver oxide (Ag2O), and Ag2O/WO3 nanocomposites were synthesised by precipitation and sonication method, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and UV-Visible spectroscopy were used to confirm the structural, spectral, morphological, and optical properties of as-synthesised samples, respectively. The as-prepared Ag2O/WO3 nanocomposite showed improved photocatalytic degradation activity for rhodamine B and methylene blue under solar light compared to pristine WO3 and Ag2O. The percentage degradation values were 79.6%, 86.1% and 90.8% for WO3, Ag2O and Ag2O/WO3 nanocomposite for methylene blue and 70.9%, 80.7% and 87.25% for rhodamine B. One of the possible reasons behind this improved photocatalytic degradation was decreased recombination of photo-generated holes and electrons due to the formation of nanocomposite between WO3 and Ag2O. Optical band gap values for WO3, Ag2O and Ag2O/WO3 nanocomposite were 2.93 eV, 1.59 eV and 1.38 eV, respectively. The Mott-Schottky plot confirmed the formation of nanocomposite and p-type and n-type behaviour of Ag2O and WO3, respectively.

Role of Capping Molecule L-Cysteine on Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Oxide (Ag2O) Nanoparticles by Co-Precipitation Method

Biocompatible Ag2Onanoparticles have been developed using L-Cysteine biomolecule as a capping molecule via the elementary co-precipitation method resulting in a stable, efficient, and pure crystal phase of silver oxide nanoparticles at room temperature. Optical, structural, morphological, and compositional measurements indicated that L-Cysteine plays a crucial role in the synthesis because of the better surface passivation and stability of Ag2O nanoparticles. The face-centered cubic phase structure is evident from the XRD pattern, and the particle size was calculated using the Scherrer formula, which is obtained in the range of 50 nm and 76 nm. The present synthetic approach is simple, eco-friendly (non-toxic), and as obtained, silver oxide nanoparticles can be used for photocatalytic and display applications.

Synergistic effect of Ni doping and oxygen vacancies on the visible light photocatalytic properties of Ag2O nanoparticles

Chemisorbed oxygens on photocatalysts can be photo-excited and favorably generate reactive oxygen species like superoxide radicals. In the present research, we prepare oxygen vacancy (OV) mediated and Ni-doped Ag2O nanoparticles by similar hydrothermal protocols. Doping Ag2O by the higher oxidation state Ni enhanced the chemisorbed oxygen on the surfaces of the prepared nanoparticles but reduced the OV proportion. The inclusion of OVs widened the bandgap of Ag2O nanoparticles, which was also validated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. DFT formation energy calculations indicated that the dopant Ni atom could be substituting an Ag site in the Ag2O lattice. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that doping caused Ag2O lattice contraction possibly due to the smaller Ni substituting the larger Ag atom. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed that OV-mediated Ag2O nanoparticles have a negative conduction band position and Ni-doping slightly narrowed the bandgap along with a more positive valence band position. DFT calculations also showed shifting of the density of states (DOS) due to Ni doping in OV Ag2O. Both OV mediated and Ni-doped Ag2O nanoparticles photocatalyzed ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation under visible light irradiation. Increased chemisorbed oxygen due to Ni-doping enhances the CIP degradation rate.

Two-Step Visible Light Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Phenomena in Ag2O-Impregnated ZnO Nanorods via Growth of Metallic Ag and Formation of ZnO/Ag0/Ag2O Heterojunction Structures.

Visible light photocatalytic activity follows the single-slope pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics in pristine ZnO nanorods, while for pure Ag2O, a two-slope paradigm is pursued with a higher slope at a later period. For the Ag2O-impregnated ZnO heterostructured nanorod photocatalyst, the two-step photocatalysis phenomena proceed with dye degradation rate constants emerging higher than those of individual ZnO and Ag2O, at both time zones. Improved performance of ZnO/Ag2O heterostructures arises initially from the reduced e-/h+ recombination rate by the synergistic effect between ZnO and Ag2O. At a later phase, metallic Ag is produced, which traps the valence electrons of Ag2O nanoparticles and advances the e-/h+ separation across the ZnO/Ag0/Ag2O heterojunction structures, rendering them promptly accessible for dye degradation. At an increased Ag2O loading, the photodegradation rate constants boost up in both time zones, and the corresponding crossover time (tC) between the two phases steadily diminishes, leading toward a unique photocatalytic phenomenon that prevails with a superior rate constant. The optimized ZAO25 heterostructure photocatalyst demonstrates ∼96.24% photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye within 30 min of visible light exposure, and its degradation rate constant is ∼0.24848 min-1, which is ∼26.75 times superior than that of pristine ZnO samples. The metal-induced biphasic photocatalysis phenomena have never been reported earlier.

Optical properties containing of bioinspired Ag2O nanoparticles anchored on CA/PES polymer membrane shows an effective adsorbent material

Effective and selective removal of organic dye from water systems is a pressing global challenge for both drinking water and wastewater purification. Removal of dyes from wastewater is a challenging task, the combined use of inorganic nanomaterials and membrane technology to overcome these problems using adsorption. In this paper, optical properties containing of bioinspired Gomutra mediated Ag2O NPs prepared by hydrothermal method and it’s anchored onto CA/PES polymer composite membrane via phase inversion method for enhance the surface of the membrane properties. According to the resulting experiment pristine membrane there is no adsorption ability towards dye molecules but with 0.5 wt.% of Ag2O NPs dosage of membrane showed superior removal efficiency of 88% and 77% at MB dye and textile effluents. The most effective temperature, pH and concentration were found to be 273 K, pH 9 and 1 ×10-5 M. Kinetic studies exhibit the rate of the reaction for MB dye shows R2 = 0.8780 and R2 = 0.9607 for textile effluents which obeys the pseudo first order reaction. Furthermore, when non-treated effluent samples were compared to those treated with prepared membrane all physiochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, BOD, COD, TDS, sulfate, chloride and hardness showed significant decrease in concentration. Therefore, the modified composite material demonstrates that highly efficient and universally applicable for wastewater treatment.

Studies on AC Conductivity and Dielectric Properties of Conducting Polyaniline-AgO Nanocomposites

Polymers with metal oxide materials constitute a new class of polymer composite materials, that integrates materials science and technology. Chemical oxidation of aniline is carried out for PANI (PANI) and in-situ polymerization for PANI/AgO nanocomposite materials. Characterization tools such as XRD and SEM were used. The AC conductivity and dielectric behavior are investigated in the frequency range 100 to 2MHz at room temperature. It is observed that, the AgO nanoparticles in the PANI matrix have a greater influence on the AC conductivity and dielectrics.

Excellent photocatalytic activity of Ag2O loaded ZnO/NiO nanocomposites in sun-light and their biological applications

In this paper, Ag2O decorated ZnO and NiO-based nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized through a simple chemical method. The prepared samples are characterized using different techniques to approve the chemical structure, elemental composition, morphology, and optical properties. In addition, the photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in an aqueous solution under sunlight irradiation has been investigated. The observed results indicated the heterostructures of ZnO/Ag2O have significantly higher activity than the bare ZnO and Ag2O nanoparticles under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation of MB by the ZnO/Ag2O sample has occurred within 50 min compared to other higher-cost methods in the literature. ZnO/NiO nanocomposite has also been shown to be an effective antibacterial agent against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus and Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella sp.

Evolvulus alsinoides plant mediated synthesis of Ag2O nanoparticles for the removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution: modeling of experimental data using artificial neural network

The objective of this research is to evaluate the applicability of Ag2O nanoparticles prepared using the Evolvulus alsinoides plant extract by green method for the removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution. The adsorbents were characterized by several instrumental techniques, whereas the adsorption experiments were performed in a laboratory batch process using diphenylcarbazide method. The X-ray diffraction pattern proved that the synthesized nanoparticles were face-centered cubic phase structure with an average crystalline size of 47 nm. The optimum conditions for Cr(VI)ions adsorption were found to be pH 2, contact period of 60 min, and an initial Cr(VI) ions concentration of 100 mg/L. The isotherm model was fitted with Langmuir adsorption isotherm for both adsorbents. According to the study, Cr(VI) ions have a maximum adsorption capacity of 99.05 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order model and the kinetic data were in good agreement. The effect of temperature and thermodynamics confirmed that adsorption was spontaneous, feasible, and endothermic in nature. In a competitive environment, the ion selectivity was also tested in the presence of a variety of competing ions, and Cr(VI) ions were preferentially removed. Artificial neural network modeling of Cr(VI) ions adsorption was used to obtain the best values of the variables for highest removal efficiency. With a lowest mean squared error of 0.0056, the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was judged to be the best. Higher R2 and lower mean squared error values were obtained with the ideal artificial neural network architecture with a 6-12-1 topology. The linear regression between the network outputs and the generated targets was found to be good, with a correlation coefficient of around 0.995, and the experimental data was best matched to the artificial neural network.

Ag2O Decorated ZnO Nanorods Demonstrating Two-Step Visible-Light Photocatalytic Dye-Degradation Phenomena

ZnO/Ag2O heterostructures, as the functional materials for photodegradation of MB dye under visible light irradiation, have been grown using inexpensive hydrothermal and ultrasonic-assisted synthetic routes. The heterostructures have revealed wurtzite ZnO peaks that demonstrate its highly crystalline and hexagonal structure, as well as the cubic Ag2O peaks. The ZnO/Ag2O photocatalyst has demonstrated two-step dye degradation slopes, with the higher-slope arising later in the process when the metallic-Ag traps the valence electrons of Ag2O nanoparticles and advances e–/h+ separation across the ZnO/Ag0/Ag2O heterojunction structures, making them readily accessible for superior dye degradation.

Preparation of Halloysite/Ag2O Nanomaterials and Their Performance for Iodide Adsorption

Halloysite/Ag2O (Hal/Ag2O) nanomaterials were prepared by growing Ag2O nanoparticles on the surface of nanotubular halloysite using silver nitrate solution under alkaline conditions. The nanomaterials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N2 adsorption. Good dispersion of Ag2O nanoparticles with average sizes of 6.07 ± 2.5 nm and 8.04 ± 3.8 nm was achieved in the nanomaterials when using different concentrations of alkali. The nanomaterial with 6.36% Ag2O (Hal/Ag2O-2) exhibited rapid adsorption to iodide (I−); adsorption equilibrium can be reached within 100 min. The adsorption capacity of I− on Hal/Ag2O-2 is 57.5 mg/g, which is more than 143 times higher than that of halloysite. The nanomaterial also showed a better adsorption capacity per unit mass of Ag2O due to the better dispersion and less coaggregation of Ag2O in the nanomaterial than in the pure Ag2O nanoparticles. Importantly, Hal/Ag2O-2 exhibited high selectivity for I−, and its I− removal efficiency was hardly affected by the coexistence of Cl−, Br−, or SO42−, as well as the initial pH of the solution. With an excellent adsorption performance, the prepared Hal/Ag2O nanomaterial could be a new and efficient adsorbent capable of the adsorption of radioactive I− from aqueous solution.

Ag2O@PANI nanocomposites for advanced functional applications: A sustainable experimental and theoretical approach

Separately metal nanoparticles and conducting polymers have applications in fields like adsorption, composite electrode material, dielectrics, photocatalytic, purification, separation, sensing, energy storage, highly conducting materials, etc. But together as a nanocomposite (NCs) very few applications were reported. The silver nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by inverse micelle and conducting polymer, polyaniline (PANI) by the low-temperature chemical oxidative method. TEM, photoluminescence, X-ray diffraction, UV–visible, and FTIR techniques were used for the characterization of Ag2O NPs, PANI, and Ag2O@PANI NCs. The computational (DFT) and ab-initio techniques were employed to verify the experimental results. The NCs were tested as an anticorrosive, photocatalytic and antibacterial agent. The maximum corrosion inhibition observed was 90.73% at 1000 ppm of NCs. The photocatalytic property of NCs was investigated against methyl-orange dye in UV light. The NCs degrades 92.53% of organic dye at 100 ppm concentration. The bactericidal activity of Ag2O@PANI NCs was tested against Gram +ve and Gram −ve bacteria and shows 18.2 mm and 20.2 mm zone of inhibition, respectively. The Ag2O@PANI NCs show significant anticorrosive, photocatalytic, and bactericidal properties and hence can be used as a broad-spectrum antibiotic, acid corrosion inhibitor, and for the purification of water by photodegradation of organic pollutants.

Optical and structural studies of PVP capped silver oxide nanoparticles

Biocompatible silver oxide (Ag2O) nanoparticles have been developed using Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a capping molecule via elementary co-precipitation method resulting in a stable, efficient and pure crystal phase of silver oxide nanoparticles at room temperature. Optical, structural, morphological and compositional measurements clearly indicated that PVP plays a crucial role in the synthesis of Ag2O nanoparticles, because of better surface passivation and stability. The optical absorption measurements show clear blue shift, The photoluminescence study confirms the emission in the blue region. The results from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) evident that Ag2O nanoparticles have better crystallinity and purity, the average particle size is 18 nm. The present method of synthesis of Ag2O nanoparticles is simple, eco-friendly (non-toxic) and can be used for photocatalytic, humidity sensor and display applications.

Development and Characterization of a Hydrogel Containing Silver Sulfadiazine for Antimicrobial Topical Applications. Part II: Stability, Cytotoxicity and Silver Release Patterns

Hydrogels are interesting for use in the treatment of topical wounds due to their virtually zero toxicity, and capacity for extended release of pharmaceuticals. Silver sulfadiazine (SSDZ) is the drug of choice in the treatment of skin burns. The aim of the study was to determine cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity and stability of a PVA hydrogel with integrated silver sulfadiazine. SSDZ-hydrogels were prepared using 10% (w/w) PVA (either 89% or 99% hydrolyzed) and 1% (w/w) silver sulfadiazine. Cellular viability was assessed via MTS assays, antimicrobial activity via disk-diffusion and accelerated stability tests were carried out with analysis at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 180 days of storage at 40 ± 2 °C and a relative humidity of 75 ± 5%. The parameters evaluated included organoleptic characteristics, moisture, swelling ability, mechanical strength, FTIR, XRD, TGA and DSC, and silver release patterns via XRD and potentiometry. Cell viability tests indicated some cytotoxicity, although within acceptable levels. After 90 days of storage, SSDZ hydrogel samples exhibited a brown coloration, probably due to the formation of Ag or Ag2O nanoparticles. The SSDZ-loaded hydrogels suffered visual and physical changes; however, these changes did not compromise its use as occlusive wound dressings or its antimicrobial properties.

Synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles-enzyme-polymer conjugate hybrids as dual-activity catalysts for chemoenzymatic cascade reactions.

Novel hybrids containing silver or gold nanoparticles have been synthesized in aqueous media and at room temperature using enzymes or tailor-made enzyme-polymer conjugates, which directly induced the formation of inorganic silver or gold species. The choice of pH, protein, or bioconjugate strongly affected the final metallic nanoparticles hybrid formation. Using Candida antarctica lipase (CALB) in a solution, nanobiohybrids containing Ag2O nanoparticles of 9 nm average diameter were obtained. The use of tailor-made bioconjugates, for example, the CALB modified with dextran-aspartic acid polymer (Dext6kDa), resulted in a nanobiohybrid containing smaller Ag(0)/Ag2O nanoparticles. In the case of nanobiohybrids based on gold, Au(0) species were found in all cases. The Au-CALB hybrid contained spherical nanoparticles with 18 nm average diameter size, with a minor range of larger ones (>100 nm) while the AuNPs-CALB-Dext6kDa hybrid was formed by much smaller nanoparticles (9 nm, minor range of 22 nm), and also nanorods of 20-30/40-50 nm length. Using Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL), apart from the nanoparticle formation, nanoflowers with a diameter range of 100-200 nm were obtained. All nanobiohybrids maintained (dual) enzymatic and metallic activities. For instance, these nanobiohybrids exhibited exquisite dual-activity for hydrolysis/cycloisomerization cascades starting from allenic acetates. By merging the transition metal reactivity with the inherent lipase catalysis, allenic acetates directly converted to the corresponding O-heterocycles in enantiopure form catalysed by AgNPs-CALB-Dext6kDa, taking advantage of a kinetic resolution/cyclization pathway. These results showed the high applicability of these novel hybrids, offering new opportunities for the design of novel reaction cascades.

Preparation and physico-chemical studies of Ag2O nanoparticles using newly formed malonic acid and ZnCl2-based deep eutectic solvents

Among the many metallic nanoparticles used in biomedical applications, Silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2O NPs) are the most important and fascinating nanoparticles, and they are particularly relevant in nanomedicine. To prepare Ag NPs, many methods have been employed; we chose the most typical chemical reduction method utilizing a reducing agent. In this investigation, deep eutectic solvents (Malonic acid with Glucose and Fructose, Zinc chloride with Glucose and Fructose) were used as a medium to prepare silver oxide (Ag2O) nanoparticles by the chemical reduction method, and hydrazine hydrate was used as a reducing agent in the presence of sodium hydroxide, a stabilizing agent. The capacity to synthesize a high number of NPs in a short time is one of the most significant advantages of this method. The product silver NPs were characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX). It was observed that Ag2O nanoparticles were formed due to the high viscosity of DESs.The XRD proved that Ag2O nanoparticles were formed in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) of MA-GLU, MA-FRU, ZC-GLU, and ZC-FRU with the grain sizes of the particles -in the nano scale. Furthermore, the SEM analysis also supported that the morphology of the Ag2O particles is very clear at the nano scale and the EDAX analysis supported the purity of the Ag2O nanoparticles obtained in the DESs medium.