African Catfish Clarias Gariepinus Research Articles

Utilization of organic waste as raw material of fish feed production for African catfish Clarias gariepinus

Utilization of organic waste as raw material for fish feed can save the cost of fish feed production. This study aimed to utilize organic waste as raw materials for making fish feed. The study was conducted at the Polytechnic Indonesia Venezuela during four months (November 2014 -February 2015). This research comprised 5 treatments with 3 replications, namely: P1 (commercial feeding), P2 (feeding with 5% organic waste formulation), P3 (feeding with 25% organic waste formulation), P4 (feeding with 50% organic waste formulation) and P5 (feeding with 75% organic waste formulation). Clarias gariepenus was fish species used during the observation with size 2 g/tail. Fish are cultivated in soil ponds (2x2 m2) with density 500 fishes/pond for 3 months. Parameters measured were growth and survival rate. The results showed that the best growth rate obtained at treatment P2 (114.2 g) and the highest survival percentage was on treatment P1 and P2 (> 60%). Conclusion, the addition of the proportion of organic waste as much as 5% in making fish feed with protein 34.19% produces the best growth.

Trial of Using Blood from Slaughtered Chicken to Replace Fishmeal in the Feed of African Catfish Clarias Gariepinus

<p><em>The aim of the work was to reduce the cost of the food produced and to value blood from poultry. It consisted of collecting the poultry blood, turning it into flour and incorporating it into the feed intended to feed Clarias gariepinus fry. Next, an attempt was made to determine the effect of the poultry blood incorporated in the locally produced feed on the growth of Clarias gariepinus fry. To do this we substitute completely the fishmeal that was used, which is expensive with the blood</em><em> </em><em>meal that is found to be free. Thus, three lots of 100 Clarias gariepinus fry of 2.01g mean weight were placed in three fiberglass tubs. In each tub we have distributed a specific feed. For each type of food a quantity of 2.5kg was used. A daily ration of 5% of fry biomass was used throughout the study. They were fed 9 times a day. It is noted that the industrial food is better but there is no significant difference between locally made foods that based on fishmeal and that with poultry blood</em><em> </em><em>meal. So it is possible to replace fishmeal with poultry blood</em><em> </em><em>meal in locally made feeds.</em></p>

Reproductive Performances of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus according to the Type of Hormones and Substrates in Recycled Water in Southern Cameroon

Aims: Improve production of Clarias gariepinus fry through the use of local materials.
 Place and Duration of the Study: From 1st April to 09th May 2016 at the Akak Essatolo Fish Farm in Ebolowa, South Region Cameroon.
 Study Design: 10 broodstock of C. gariepinus, were used for the artificial reproduction. Pituitary extract and Ovaprim hormones were used to induce oocytes maturation on females. Eggs were obtained by the abdominal pressure of the female. Wicks (or Local raffia fibbers (Raphia regalis)) and mesh frame were used as incubators of fertilised eggs. 12 experimental batches each consisting of 50 g of fertilised eggs were spread in triplicates on both types of incubators previously arranged in closed-circuit tanks.
 Methodology: Fertilized eggs were enumerated by direct observation. At the end of the hatching (D0) and of vitelline resorption (D3), larvae of each experimental lot were counted.
 Results: Similar (P = .05) absolute and relative fecundities used were recorded in all treatments. Female eggs induced with pituitary extracts and incubated on raffia fibbers recorded lower (P ˂.05) fertilisation and hatching rates. All other treatments were comparable (P = .05) for these parameters. Deformed larvae rates were comparable (P = .05) for all treatments. Survival rates at the end of yolk sac resorption (J3) were higher (> 70%) in all treatment. However, treatment with Ovaprim and wick showed a survival rate (71.1%) significantly (P ˂ .05) lower than the other treatments (> 80); which have otherwise remained comparable (P = .05).
 Conclusion: The superiority of ovaprim at the beginning of reproduction is offset by the poor survival rate, which is better with the pituitary gland. It is therefore concluded that the use of the synthetic hormone is not economical for optimal production of C. gariepinus fry. In the same way a mastery of the use of the raffia fibres will improve the cost-effectiveness and consequently will decrease the production costs.

First report on OH-PAHs in South African Clarias gariepinus bile from an urban impacted system

The concentrations of selected hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) were determined in the bile of the African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus from impoundments in the urban impacted Klip River system in Soweto, South Africa. Fish were sampled from three impoundments (Lenasia, Fleurhof, and Orlando dams) during the early high-flow season (September/October) of 2013. Biliary OH-PAHs were analysed using a high-pressure liquid chromatograph coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS). Seven of the thirteen targeted metabolites were present in the fish of Soweto. The ΣOH-PAHs ranged between 0.1 and 1 876 ng ml−1, with greatest ΣOH-PAH mean at Orlando (947 ng ml−1) followed by Fleurhof (371 ng ml−1). The most dominant metabolite in the sampling area was 2–,3–OH fluorene, ranging between not detected and 1 429 ng ml−1, with the greatest mean at Orlando (709 ng ml−1). PAH metabolites quantified in C. gariepinus most likely originated from the sediments. The hepatosomatic index of the C. gariepinus increased proportionally with the biliary OH-PAH concentrations. To the authors’ knowledge this data on biliary OH-PAH for fish is the first for South Africa.

Survival and growth performances of Clarias gariepinus (Teleotei: Clariidae) fingerlings according to the hormone type in recycled water in South Cameroon

In order to compare effects of the of hormone type (Ovaprim and pituitary extracts) on survival and growth performances of African catfish Clarias gariepinus in recycled water; this study was conducted from April to August 2016, in the South Region Cameroon. The main results are as follows: The survival rate was higher in fish from females treated with pituitary extracts regardless of stage of development, without significant differences (P> 0.05) between treatments. The fish treated with Ovaprim, expressed higher mass and linear growth performances than those treated with pituitary extracts, but not significantly (P> 0.05) regardless the considered stage of development. The relative growth rate (TCR) showed that fish grow faster at the fry stage than at the juvenile stage for both hormone types. Growth was negative Allometric type and K factor was ˂ 1 during breeding. It was concluded that the use of the synthetic hormone is not essential for optimum production of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings.

ANALISIS HISTOLOGIS GINJAL, HATI DAN JANTUNG IKAN LELE AFRIKA Clarias gariepinus YANG MENGALAMI ANOMALI PADA SIRIP PEKTORAL

The purpose of this study was to describe the histology of kidney, liver and heart organs in African catfish Clarias gariepinus not pectoral fin which originated from maintenance in aquaculture ponds. The study was conducted in June 2018 at the Reproductive Laboratory of Fisheries Cultivation Study Program, Department of Water Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang. This research method is descriptive of the object under study that is abnormal fish and the sample specified is 3 individuals. There are 3 target organs, namely kidney, liver and heart. As a comparison, a normal fish sample is used, which is a complete pectoral fin fish. Each organ is examined by the parts that most play a role in the function of the organ. The results of the study showed that abnormal African catfish glomelurus underwent changes that merged with the bowman capsule, whereas in the liver it was found that the hepatocyte nucleus was shrinking and fading. In the heart organ the pericardium layer appears thinner

The protective role of Spirulina platensis to alleviate the Sodium dodecyl sulfate toxic effects in the catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as anionic surfactant is common in household and personal care products and reach in the aquatic ecosystems from different applications. Present work aimed to study the effects of SDS and the potential ameliorative influence of Spirulina platensis (SP) in the African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Fish was exposed to SDS and SP, individually or in combination in four equal groups for two weeks. The 1st group (control), 2nd group (SDS-treated), 3rd group (SDS, 0.1 mg L−1 + SP, 100 mg L−1 water) and 4th group (SDS, 0.1 mg L−1 + SP, 200 mg L−1). Serum samples were used to analyze hepatic and renal functions, electrolytes, genetic, and antioxidant biomarkers. The results revealed that SDS exposure induced hepatic and renal dysfunction, electrolytes imbalance, as well as significant disruption in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and increase in alterations, micronuclei and apoptosis percentages in erythrocytes. SP addition restored these biochemical and genetic variations close to control levels. Thus, the present study suggests that SP could protect the catfish against SDS-induced injury by scavenging ROS, sustaining the antioxidant status and diminishing DNA oxidative damage.

Evaluation of fish protein hydrolysates in juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) diets

Fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) were used in a feeding trial with juvenile African catfish Clarias gariepinus, to determine their effects on growth and feed utilisation, and impact on non-specific immune function and body composition, at varying dietary inclusion levels. Fish processing by-products were enzymatically hydrolysed to a degree of hydrolysis of 16%, and included at 4 dietary levels: 10 g kg−1, 19 g kg−1, 28 g kg−1 and 38 g kg−1 dry matter, respectively substituting 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of dietary fish meal. The FPH had high protein content (763 g kg−1 on dry weight basis), of which a high proportion consisted of essential amino acids (417 g kg−1 protein). Feeding trial results indicated that all diets supported high specific growth rates of 4.72–5.09% day−1, and final animal weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and animal condition factor were unaffected by dietary FPH inclusion. Apparent dry matter digestibility was also not affected by FPH inclusion. Inclusion of 19 g kg−1 FPH resulted in higher (P < 0.05) serum immunoglobulin levels compared to the control, while total protein and lysozyme levels remained unaffected. FPH also affected body composition, resulting in lower (P < 0.05) moisture for all FPH treatments compared to the control, and higher (P < 0.05) lipid levels except at 28 g kg−1 inclusion. In conclusion, the FPH represents a nutritious feed ingredient which can be utilised in juvenile African catfish diets up to 38 g kg−1 inclusion without affecting growth, feed utilisation or condition factor. The FPH exhibited bioactivity through significantly enhanced immunoglobulin levels at an intermediate inclusion level of 19 g kg−1. The work demonstrates that FPH can have a dual effect when included in aquaculture diets, as it can act as nutritious feed ingredient effectively replacing a portion of dietary fish meal, while simultaneously improving components of the non-specific immune function. The work is further relevant in that it clearly demonstrates the possibility of utilising by-products not destined for fish meal production, for production of aquaculture feed ingredients. It therefore contributes to sustainable utilisation of natural resources, and the improvement of aquaculture feeding practices.

TỔNG QUAN VỀ VIỆC SỬ DỤNG SELEN (Se) TRONG NUÔI TRỒNG THỦY SẢN

Effects of antibiotics usage in aquaculture on environment and human health has prompted the search for alternative products. Recently, the microelements in organic form have been used as alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture. Se is one of the microelements that have received heightened attention. This report reviews the role of Se in the culture of fishes (cobia Rachycentron canadum L., red sea bream Pagrus major, fingerling channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, seabass Lates calcarifer, snubnose dart Trachinotus blochii, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, common carp Cyprinus carpio L., Atlantic salmon parr Salmo salar, nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, african catfish Clarias gariepinus, Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis, grouper Epinephelus malabaricus, gilthead seabream Sparus aurata, Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, fathead minnow Pimephales promelas, striped bass Morone saxatilis, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, crucian carp Carassius auratus gibelio) and crustacean (giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, white shrimp Penaeus vannamei, marron Cherax cainii, crayfish Procambarus clarkii). Suggestion for further research on the application of Se in aquaculture is also included.

Studies on the toxicity of 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran on the histopathology of gills of African catfish Clarias gariepinus

In the present study, investigation were carried out on gills of African cat fish Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub lethal concentrations (80mg/ml,400mg/ml and 800mg/ml) of 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran for 10 days. Lesions were observed in gills tissue of treated fish for long term exposure to Methyltetrahydrofuran (2MTHF). The occurrence and degree of alteration were positively related with the concentration of 2MTHF. Histological examination of the gills of fish treated with 80 mg/ml of 2MTHF for 10 days showed architectural loss, necrosis and desquamation of epithelial layer. Histological examination of the gills of fish treated with 400 mg/ml of 2MTHF for 10 days showed architectural loss, necrosis and mild vaccuolation. The gill filament exhibited telangiectesis, disorganisation of secondary gill lamellae and complete vaccuolation of gills treated with 800 mg/ml of 2MTHF for 10 days. The study indicated that 2MTHF had marked effects on the cyto-architecture of the gills of C. gariepinus. The degree of vaccuolation and necrosis were positively related with the concentration of 2MTHF.

A study on the toxicity of 4-nonylphenol on the histopathology of testes of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

In the present study, the effects of long term exposure (5 and 10 days) of 100 µg/lit 4-NP (nonyphenol) on the testis were investigated in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Histological examination of the testis of fish treated with 100 µg/lit 4-NP for 5 days showed the disintegration of cysts, separation of cells within the cysts, hypertrophy of sertoli cells and vaccuolation in testis. Histological examination of the testis of fish exposed to 100 µg/lit for 10 days showed alteration in structure of the primary spermatocytes. The structure of the spermatocytes changed from spherical to sickle shaped. Hypertrophy of sertoli cell, severe destruction of germ cells (spermatogonia), and vacuole formation was also seen. The study indicated that 4-nonylphenol had marked effects on the histology of testis of C. gariepinus. The severity of effects of fish increased with the time of exposure and it was noticed that there were marked structural changes in the testis exposed to 4-Nonylphenol for long term exposure.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF BACTERIAL FAECAL POLLUTION MARKERS IN OVERLYING WATERS FROM AN EARTHEN FISH POND

This study was carried out to examine the sanitary quality of overlying waters in an earthen pond containing African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in both wet and dry seasons. Water samples were collected twice weekly at different times of the day (i.e., morning and afternoon) from the earthen pond in Akure, Nigeria in August, September 2016, and February, March 2017 (n=48). Levels of faecal indicator bacteria were determined using membrane filtration method and physicochemical properties (such as temperature, pH, salinity etc.) of the overlying water samples were determined using standard methods. The results revealed that the concentration of E. coli in the overlying waters ranged from 0.78 to 1.40 Log10 CFU 100 ml-1 in morning samples and 0.85 to 1.38 Log10 CFU 100 ml-1 in afternoon samples while the concentration of faecal coliforms in the overlying waters ranged from 1.30 to 1.86 Log10 CFU 100 ml-1 in morning samples and 1.26 to 1.88 Log10 CFU 100 ml-1 in afternoon samples. Faecal coliforms showed the highest prevalence in both seasons compared to E. coli and intestinal enterococci and their levels were greater in the wet periods than the dry periods. The findings from this study suggest that the sources of faecal contamination of the overlying waters in the earthen pond originate mainly from non-human sources and the adoption of microbial source tracking techniques would further elucidate the appropriate management and mitigation strategies to control faecal contamination of the overlying waters in the earthen pond especially for human health protection.

Haematological and Hepatic Responses of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus to Sublethal Exposure of Industrial Effluents from Ologe Lagoon Environs, Lagos, Nigeria

Haematological and Hepatic Responses of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus to Sublethal Exposure of Industrial Effluents from Ologe Lagoon Environs, Lagos, Nigeria

Nutritional value of hydrothermally processed Jatropha curcas kernel and its effect on growth and hematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (Burchell, 1822)

The anti-nutritional components of Jatropha curcas have long limited the use of this unconventional feed ingredient in animal nutrition. In this study, the nutritional value of hydrothermally processed J. curcas kernel (JCK) meal in the diet of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) was investigated. Upon processing in boiling water (100 °C) for 0, 30, 60, and 90 min, the nutritional characteristics of the JCK improved as the process was prolonged. However, many essential amino acids were reduced beyond 30 min of processing. Four isonitrogenous (35% CP) and isocaloric (315 kcal g−1) diets were then formulated with the inclusion of processed JCK at 29% and fed to the fingerlings of C. gariepinus for 56 days. The processed JCK performed better than the control diet. The optimal time of processing which gave the maximum weight gain (9 ± 0.54 g) was 62 mins using the second order polynomial regression analysis. The dietary inclusion of the processed JCK meal resulted in significant improvement in the blood parameters of the fish compared to those fed raw JCK. Similarly, the cost of feed and fish production was substantially reduced with inclusion of the processed JCK. It was therefore concluded that hydrothermal processing improved the nutritional profile of JCK and its dietary utilization by African catfish C. gariepinus fingerlings.

Protective effect of apple mangrove Sonneratia caseolaris extract in Edwardsiella tarda-infected African catfish, Clarias gariepinus

Outbreaks of edwardsiellosis have severe impact on the aquaculture production of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. In this study, feed supplemented with apple mangrove Sonneratia caseolaris extract was evaluated for its protective effect against Edwardsiella tarda infection in African catfish. Results showed an increase in growth performance and higher survival rate in the treatment groups in a dose dependent manner. Haematological analyses showed an increase in white blood cell count in the treatment groups. Histopathological analysis revealed degenerative changes and regeneration of liver tissue architecture in both the control and treatment groups. However, the presence of inflammatory cells was found exclusively in the kidney of T3 treatment group that was supplemented with the highest dose of extract at 3.17 mg/ml, which inferred the activation of immune response in the fish. Contrast to the deteriorative alteration observed in the kidney of the control group due to E. tarda infection, treatment group exhibited tissue regeneration and well-defined kidney tissue architecture at 3 dpi. Taken together, these results demonstrated that supplementation with the methanol extract of S. caseolaris possesses protective effect in African catfish against the infection of E. tarda.

Comparative Performance of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus ) Fed Artificial and Live Feeds

Comparative Performance of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus ) Fed Artificial and Live Feeds

African catfish Clarias gariepinus farming practices in North and South 24 Parganas districts of West Bengal, India

Clarias gariepinus is widely cultured due to its tolerance to environmental extremes, high production and good feed conversion rate. This communication describes the farming practices of C. gariepinus in North and South 24 Parganas districts of West Bengal. Clarias gariepinus is cultured in ponds of 0.1–0.75 ha, where fingerlings were stocked at a density of 860–1150 cubic.m–1. The current practices of seed transportation were stressful to fish as the majority of the farmers noticed 5–10% mortalities, despite the use of antibiotics. Acclimatization of seeds was practiced by the majority of farmers before stocking. Different feeds including slaughter-house wastes and dead poultry were supplied. Multiple stocking and harvesting were a common practice. Major problems identified were insufficient feed, disease, transport, poor seed quality and lack of financial support. The survival percentage was poor, as 88% of the farmers recorded &lt;40–50% survival at harvest. Dropsy was the most common disease and had a significant impact on economy. Antibiotics or other aquadrugs were frequently used for treatment, although the success varied. In general, the C. gariepinus farming has helped to recycle the wastes generated in and around metropolitan Kolkata and adjacent municipalities into wealth, but it suffers from management issues and economic losses.

African catfish Clarias gariepinus farming practices in North and South 24 Parganas districts of West Bengal, India

Clarias gariepinus is widely cultured due to its tolerance to environmental extremes, high production and good feed conversion rate. This communication describes the farming practices of C. gariepinus in North and South 24 Parganas districts of West Bengal. Clarias gariepinus is cultured in ponds of 0.1–0.75 ha, where fingerlings were stocked at a density of 860–1150 cubic meter–1. The current practices of seed transportation were stressful to fish as the majority of the farmers noticed 5–10% mortalities, despite the use of antibiotics. Acclimatization of seeds was practiced by the majority of farmers before stocking. Different feeds including slaughter-house wastes and dead poultry were supplied. Multiple stocking and harvesting were a common practice. Major problems identified were insufficient feed, disease, transport, poor seed quality and lack of financial support. The survival percentage was poor, as 88% of the farmers recorded &lt;40–50% survival at harvest. Dropsy was the most common disease and had a significant impact on economy. Antibiotics or other aquadrugs were frequently used for treatment, although the success varied. In general, the C. gariepinus farming has helped to recycle the wastes generated in and around metropolitan Kolkata and adjacent municipalities into wealth, but it suffers from management issues and huge economic losses. This calls for immediate attention from researchers, administrators and extension personals.

Response of the african catfish Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822 to diets of comercially and locally formulated fish feed in relation to cost benefits

The growth performance of catfish Clarias gariepinus using imported feeds and locally made feeds of the same crude protein were compared. C. gariepinus (mean weight 12.8g) juvenile were reared in cages for a period of 12 weeks on different feed. Two imported feeds (skretting and copens) were purchased and two local feeds (corresponding to treatment) were compounded to contain the same level of crude protein. Locally ingredients used are maize, fish meal, groundnut cake, soya bean meal, bone meal, lysine, methionine, premix, vegetable oil, salt but varying fish meal and soya bean meal as follows, treatment 1- (11.38% to 7.5%), treatment 2-(7.5% to 11.38%) respectively. The pelleted feeds were fed at the rate of 5% of the fish biomass. The growth response was assessed in terms of daily weight gain, relative weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, mortality and survival rate. The results showed that the two local feeds promoted positive growth, implying that the use of different levels fish meal and soya bean meal (11.38% and 7.5%) favoured culture of juvenile C. gariepinus.Key Words, Clarias gariepinus, diet, fish feed, formulation, growth

Toxicological assessment of four common household surfactants on &lt;i&gt;Clarias gariepinus&lt;/i&gt; (Burchell, 1822) and &lt;i&gt;Oreochromis niloticus&lt;/i&gt; (Linnaeus, 1758)

The acute toxicity of four common household liquid detergents coded as (FL, ML, MF and LC) was evaluated on two fish species; African Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) and Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) fingerlings in a static bioassay. During the exposure period (96 hours), there was a remarkable rise of alkalinity from 22.00 mgL -1 to 62.50 mgL -1 while dissolved oxygen decreased with increased concentration. Behavioral changes such as restlessness, rapid swimming, loss of balance, opercula ventilation, respiratory distress and hemorrhaging of gill filaments were observed before mortality. Based on 96 hr LC 50 , FL (0.009 ml/L), was the most toxic followed by ML (0.014 ml/L), MF (0.056 ml/L) and LC (0.168 ml/L) against O. niloticus whereas MF (0.021 ml/L) was the most toxic followed by ML (0.033 ml/L), FL (0.038 ml/L) and LC (0.364 ml/L) against C. gariepinus in descending order. In terms of the sensitivity, O. niloticus fingerlings were more susceptible to the detergents than C. gariepinus fingerlings. The use of detergents cannot be discontinued. However, better methods of disposing the ‘after wash' needs to be worked out. At the present rate at which they are manufactured and introduced into the aquatic environment indiscriminately, aquaculture fish species could seriously be threatened. Keywords: Acute toxicity, detergents, Oreochromis niloticus , Clarias gariepinus , behavioral changes